Document No:
Chapter –12 Reliablity Centered Maintenance
Version No: 1.0-d0
Date Issued: dd/mm/yyyy
Document Title: MANUAL MAINTENANCE FOR DIESEL LOCOMOTIVES
Revised 2013
Printed: 2015/03/08
Page 256 of 303
12
R
ELIABILITY
C
ENTERED MAINTENANCE
12.1 Concept of Reliability Centered Maintenance:
Reliability Centered Maintenance (RCM) can be defined as "an approach to maintenance
that combines reactive, preventive, predictive, and proactive maintenance practices and
strategies to maximize the time (life) during which an equipment functions in the required
manner." RCM strives to create an optimal mix of an intuitive approach and a rigorous
statistical approach to decide as to how to maintain an asset.
12.2 Reactive Maintenance:
Reactive maintenance is referred to by many different names viz: breakdown maintenance,
repair, fix-when-fail, and run-to-failure (RTF) maintenance. When applying this
maintenance strategy, a component receives maintenance (e.g. repair or replacement) only
when the deterioration of the component’s condition causes a functional failure. The major
disadvantage of reactive maintenance is unexpected and unscheduled downtime. If a
component fails and repair parts are not available, delays ensue while the parts are
arranged. If these parts are urgently required, a premium for expedited delivery would need
to be paid. If the failed part is no longer manufactured or stocked, more drastic and
expensive actions are required to restore Locos like cannibalization of component from
another loco or using an alternate component which may sometimes not meet the
requirement. However, it can be effective if used selectively and performed as a conscious
decision based on the results of an RCM analysis which compares the risk of failure with
the cost of the maintenance required to mitigate that risk and cost of failure.
12.3 Preventive Maintenance (PM):
PM consists of regularly scheduled inspection, adjustments, cleaning, lubrication, parts
replacement, calibration, and repair of components and equipment. PM is also referred to as
time-driven or calendar-based maintenance. It is performed without regard to equipment
condition or degree of use. PM schedules periodic inspection and maintenance at pre-
defined intervals (intervals based on time, operating hours) in an attempt to reduce
equipment failures for susceptible equipment. Depending on the intervals set, PM can result
in a significant increase in inspections and routine maintenance; however, it would reduce
the seriousness and frequency of unplanned failures for components with defined, age-
related wear patterns. Failure rate or its reciprocal, Mean-Time-Between-Failure (MTBF),
is often used as a guide to establish the interval at which the maintenance tasks should be
performed. The major weakness in using such measurements to establish task periodicities
is that failure rate data helps to determine only the average failure rate whereas in reality
failures are equally likely to occur at random times and with a frequency unrelated to the
average failure rate. Thus, sometimes selecting a specific time to conduct periodic
maintenance for a component which has a random failure pattern is quite difficult.
12.4 Condition Monitoring (CM):
Condition monitoring, also known as predictive maintenance, uses nonintrusive testing
techniques, visual inspection, and performance data to assess components’ condition. It
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