Document No:
Chapter –8 Fuel & Lubricants
Version No: 1.0-d0
Date Issued: dd/mm/yyyy
Document Title: MANUAL MAINTENANCE FOR DIESEL LOCOMOTIVES
Revised 2013
Printed: 2015/03/08
Page 184 of 303
8.31.1.2 As is well known, oils thin out rapidly when heated and thicken when cooled. If
viscosity at two temperatures such as at 37.7
o
C and 98.9
o
C has been
determined, viscosity at any other temperature can be determined from the
Temperature – Viscosity chart.
8.31.2
Viscosity Index:
8.31.2.1 Since rate of change of viscosity with temperature varies considerably for various
oils, having identical viscosities at any stated temperature, their viscosities will
vary widely at all other temperatures. The term viscosity index (VI) refers to
this phenomenon. Oils which show relatively small viscosity changes with
changes in temperatures are said to have high VI. Those with large changes in
viscosity are said to have low VI.
8.31.2.2 Viscosity index is of interest principally in oils employed in engines or other
applications where they have to function at widely different temperatures and
those which operate with widely varying loads. A high VI oil causes less
starting resistance and at the same time maintains its body to an appreciable
degree as the engine comes up to operating temperature.
8.31.3
Flash Points:
8.31.3.1 The ‘closed’ flash point is the temperature above which inflammable vapours are
produced in an enclosed space above the oil. The open flash point is the
temperature above which inflammable vapours are produced when the surface
of the oil is exposed to the surrounding atmosphere. The fire point is the
temperature above which the oil continues to burn in an open cup after ignition.
In all these tests a naked flame is used to check inflammability. The exact value
of the result obtained depends on the particular apparatus used, of which there
are several kinds. In specification it is necessary to state which instrument is
intended to be used.
8.31.3.2 Lubricating oils, usually, have closed flash points above 150
o
C, in consequence;
evaporation loss has little influence on oil consumption in an engine. Flash
point has significance in relation to fire hazard. A flash point lower than normal
indicates contamination of the oil with a more volatile material, such as diesel
fuel in an engine.
8.31.4
Cloud Point: This is the temperature at which wax begins to crystallize from the
oil. Below the cloud point, the oil does not behave as a normal liquid and its
effective viscosity is higher than would be predicted from measurements made at
higher temperatures.
8.31.5
Pour Point: This is the temperature below which it is impossible to pour the oil.
The pour point is usually about 5
o
C below the cloud point. The pour point of an oil
should always be below the lowest temperature at which it is expected to start an
engine. Under running conditions pour point has no significance.
8.31.6
Carbon residue: This is the solid residue obtained when the oil is heated to
complete vaporization. It is more important for fuel oils than lubricating oils, except
in the case of IC engines and some equipments where some or all of the oil is
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