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C o p p e r - p 1 a t i n g is used as an undercoating for nickel, chromium , or silver plating. The copper-coating thickness does not exceed 1 5 !l . The use of copper-plating for protective and decorative coatings is not advisable , a s copper has a high electropositive potential and cannot protect iron atmospheric air. Electrolytes used for copper-plating are of the acid o r the cyanide type. TABLE 1 1 The pH numbers of various solutions Reaction of solution pH number Strongly acid Weakly alkaline 1- 3 7 11- 14 T h e a c i d c o p p e r e l e c t r o l y t e s include two components: 2 00 to 2 5 0 g/1 of copper sulfate (CuS04· 5Hz0 ) and 50 to 6 0 g/1 of sulfuric acid. The temperature is 18 to 2 5°C and the current density 1 to 3 amp / dm 2 . The acid electrolytes are stable in operation, less s ensitive to contami nation a n d suitable f o r high current densities (up to 2 0 t o 3 0 amp/ dm2 ) . The current efficiency is near 1 00 % . Their shortcoming is their poor throwing power which leads to the formation of a coarse- grained and porous coating of uneven thicknes s and poor adherenc e . Cyanide electrolytes are therefore gene rally used for the first layer ( 2 - 3 !l thick), which is then increased to 2 0 ft in an acid bath. C y a n i d e c o p p e r e 1 e c t r o 1 y t e s give a deposit of fine - grained s tructure, showing good adherence to the base metal . They have better throwing power and operate at lower current densities . Their sho rtcoming lies in their toxicity . Various coppe r cyanide electrolyte compos itions exist . The following composition is widely used for copper-plating b rass and steel parts : Copper cyan ide CuCN . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . Sodium cyanide NaCN, . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . Sodium hyposulfite Na2s2o3 ·5H20 . . . . . . . . . . 12-18 g/1 4-6 g/1 1-2 g/1 The holding time is 1 to 2 min at 3 0 to 4 0°C . The current density is 0 . 5 to 0 . 8 amp / dm 2 . Satisfactory results are obtained by periodically revers ing N i c k e 1 - p 1 a t i n g is used both as an underlayer for chrome-plating and as an external protective - decorative coating. Its wide use is due to the phy sical prope rties of deposited nickel. Nickel like chromium readily becomes pass ivated and is therefore corrosion- resistant and preserves its gloss for a long tim e . It can be well polished, and it adheres well to the base m etal . The deposit structure is very fine and is difficult to see even under high magnification. Nickel coatings are very hard and wear- resistant. Nickel coatings on iron are of the cathodic type and, if porous , will cause the base 3 5 7 |