Антифосфолипидный синдром - часть 92

ГЛАВА 13. Антифосфолипидный синдром: профилактика, лечение и прогноз 

373

factors and preventive treatment in antiphospho
lipid syndrome. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2002;
41: 924—929.

29. Решетняк ТМ, Мач ЭС, Александрова

ЕН и соавт. Тромбо АСС в профилактике со
судистых нарушений при антифосфолипидном
синдроме. Клин. медицина, 1999; 10: 30—34.

30. Насонов ЕЛ, Иванова ММ. Антималя

рийные (аминохинолиновые) препараты: но
вые фармакологические свойства и перспек
тивы клинического применения Клин. фарма
кол. терапия, 1998; 3: 65—68.

31. Yoon KH. Sufficient evidence to consider

hydroxychloroquine as an adjunct therapy in
antiphospholipid antibody (Hughes`) syndrome. J
Rheumatol  2002; 29: 1574—1575.

32. CostedoatChalumeau N, Amoura Z, Du

haut P, et al. Safety of hydroxychloroquine in
pregnant patients with connective tissue diseases.
A study of one hundred thirtythree cases com
pared with a control group. Arthritis Rheum 2003;
48: 3207—3211.

33. Rosove MH, Brewer PM. Antiphospholipid

thrombosis: Clinical course after the first throm
botic event in 70 patients. Ann Intern Med 1992;
117: 303—308.

34. KrnicBarrie S, O`Connor CR, Looney SW,

et al. A retrospective review of 61 patients with
antiphospholipid syndrome: analysis of factors
influencing recurrent thrombosis. Arch Intern
Med 1997; 157: 2101—2108.

35. Meroni PL, Moia M, Derksen RHWM, et

al. Venous thromboembolism in the antiphospho
lipid syndrome: management guidelines for sec
ond prophylaxis. Lupus 2003; 12: 504—507.

36. Brey RL, Chapman J, Levine SR, et al.

Stroke and the antiphospholipid syndrome: con
sensus meeting Taormina 2002. Lupus 2003; 12:
508—513.

37. Valentini KA, Hull RD. Clinical use of war

farin. UpToDate 2003; 12.1.

38. Hirsh J, Poller L. The International Nor

malisation Ratio: a guide to understanding and
correcting its problems. Arch Intern Med 1994;
154: 282.

39. Hirsh J, Fuster V, Ansell J, Halperin JL.

American Heart Association/American College of
Cardiology Foundation Guide to warfarin thera
py. Circulation 2003; 107; 1692—1711.

40. Jillella AP, Lutcher CL. Reinstitution war

farin in patients who develop warfarin skin necro
sis. Am J Hematol 1996; 52: 117—119.

41. Buller HR, Prins MH. Secondary prophy

laxis with warfarin for venous thromboembolism.
New Engl J Med 2003; 349: 702—704.

42. Van Dongen CJJ, Vink R, Hutten BA Buller

HR, Prins MH. The incidence of recurrent venous
thromboembolism after treatment with vitamin K
antagonists in relation to time since first events. A
metaanalysis. Arch Intern Med 2003; 163:
1285—1293.

43. Shulman S. Care of patients receiving long

term anticoagulant therapy. New Engl J Med
2003; 349: 675—683.

44. Van der Meer FJM, Rosendaal FR, Van

denbroucke JP, Briet E. Bleeding complications
in oral anticoagulant patients. Arch Intern Med
1993; 153: 1556—1562.

45. Fitzmaurici DA, Blann AD. Lip GYH.

Bleeding risk of anticoagulant therapy. BJM
2002; 325: 828—831.

46. Gullov AL, Koefoed BG, Peterson P.

Bleeding during warfarin and aspirin therapy in
patients with atrial fibrillation: the AFASAK 2
study. Atrial fibrillation aspirin and anticoagu
lant. Arch Intern Med 1999; 159: 1322—1328.

47. Hylek EM, Heiman H, Skates SJ, et al.

Acetaminophen and other risk factors for exces
sive warfarin anticoagulation. JAMA 1998; 279:
657.

48. River G, Khamashta MA, Hughes GRV.

Warfarin and azathioprin: a drug interaction does
exist. Am J Med 1993; 95: 342.

49. CostedoatChalumeau N, Amoura Z, et al.

Potentiation of vitamin K antagonist by high dose
intravenous methylprednisolone. Ann Intern Med
2000; 132: 831—635.

50. Aithal GP, Day CP, Kesteven PJ, Daly AK.

Association of polymorphism in the cytochrome
P450CY2C9 with warfarin dose requirement and
risk of bleeding complications. Lancet 1999; 353:
717—719.

51. Gorter JW. Major bleeding during anticoag

ulation after cerebral ischemia: patterns and risk
factors. Neurology 1999; 53: 1319—1327.

52. Schulman S, Svenungsson E, Granqvist S.

Anticardiolipin antibodies predict early recur
rence of thromboembolism and death among

Насонов Е.Л. Антифосфолипидный синдром

374

patients with venous thromboembolism following
anticoagulant therapy. Am J Med 1998; 104: 332.

53. Ginsberg JS, Wells PS, BrillEdwards P, et

al. Antiphospholipid antibodies and venous
thromboembolism. Blood 1995; 86: 3685.

54. Prandoni P, Simioni P, Girolami A. Anti

phospholipid antibodies, recurrent thromboem
bolism, and intensity of warfarin anticoagulation.
Thromb Haemost 1996; 75: 859.

55. Rance A, Ememrich J, Fiessinger JH. Anti

cardiolipin antibodies and recurrent thromboem
bolism. Thromb Haemost 1997; 77: 221—222.

56. RuizIrastorza G, Khamashta MA, Caetel

lino G, Hughes GRV. Systemic lupus erythemato
sus. Lancet 2001; 357: 1027—1032.

57. Crowther MA, Ginsberg JS, Julian J, et al.

A comparison of two intensities of warfarin for the
prevention of recurrent thrombosis in patients with
the antiphospholipid antibody syndrome. New
Engl J Med 2003; 349: 1133—1138.

58. Ridker RM, Goldhaber SZ, Danielson E, et

al. Longterm, lowintensity warfarin therapy for
the prevention of recurrent venous thromboem
bolism. New Engl J Med 2003; 348: 1425—1434.

59. Kearon C, Ginsberg JS, Kovacs MJ, et al.

Comparison of lowintensity warfarin therapy
with conventionalintensity warfarin therapy for
longterm prevention of recurrent venous throm
boembolism. New Engl J Med 2003; 349: 631—
639.

60. Hankey GJ. Warfarinaspirin recurrent

stroke study (WARSS) trial. Is warfarin really a
reasonable therapeutic alternative to aspirin for
preventing recurrent noncardioembolic ischemic
stroke? Stroke 2002; 33: 1723—1726.

61. Adam HP. Emergent use of anticoagulan

tion for treatment of patients with ischemic stroke.
Stroke 2002; 33: 856—861.

62. Sandercock P, Gubitz G, Foley P, Counsell

C. Antiplatelet therapy for acute ischemic stroke.
Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003; CD000029.

63. Hart RG, Benavente O, McBride  R, Pearce

LA. Antithrombotic therapy to prevent stroke in
patients with atrial fubrilation: a meta analysis.
Ann Intern Med 1999; 131: 492—501.

64. Mohr JP, Thompson JLP, Lazar RM, et al.

A comparison of warfarin and aspirin for the pre
vention of recurrent ischemic stroke. New Engl J
Med 2001; 345: 1444—1451.

65. Alberts MJ. Update on the treatment and

prevention of ischemic stroke. Curr Med Research
and Opinions 2003; 19: 438—441.

66. RuizIrastorza G, Khamashta M, Hunt B,

et al. Bleeding and recurrent thrombosis in defi
nite antiphospholipid syndrome. Analysis of a
series of 66 patients with oral anticoagulation to a
target international normalization ratio of 3.5.
Arch Untern Med 2002; 162: 1164—1169.

67. Castellino G, Cuadrado MJ, Godfrey T, et

al. Characteristics of patients with antiphospho
lipid syndrome with major bleeding after oral
anticoagulant treatment Ann Rheum Dis 2001;
60: 527—530.

68. WARSS, APASS, PICSS and HAS study

groups. The feasibility of a collaborative, double
blind study using anticoagulant: the warfarin
aspirin recurrent stroke study (WARSS), the
antiphospholipid antibody in stroke stusy (APASS),
the patients foramen ovale study (PICSS) and the
hemostatic system study (HAS). Cerebrovascular
Dis 1997; 7: 100—112. 

69. Moll S, Ortel TL. Monitoring warfarin the

rapy in patients with lupus anticoagulants. Ann
Intern Med 1997; 127: 177.

70. Robert A, Le Querrec A, Delahousse B, et

al. Control of oral anticoagulation in patients with
the antiphospholipid syndrome — Influence of the
lupus anticoagulant on international normalized
ratio. Thromb Haemost 1998; 80: 99.

71. Lawrie AS, Purdy G, Mackie IJ, Machin

SJ. Monitoring of oral anticoagulant therapy in
lupus anticoagulant positive patients with the
antiphospholipid syndrome. Br J Haematol
1997; 98: 887.

72. Douketis JD, Crowther MA, Julian JA, et

al. The effects of lowintensity warfarin on coagu
lation activation in patients with antiphospholipid
antibodies and systemic lupus erythematosus.
Thromb Haemost 1999; 82:1028.

73. Tripodi A, Chantarangkul V, Clerici M, et

al. Laboratory control of oral anticoagulant treat
ment by the INR system in patients with the
antiphospholipid syndrome and lupus anticoagu
lant. Results of a collaborative study involving
nine commercial thromboplastins. Br J Haematol
2001; 115: 672.

74. Решетняк ТМ, Широкова ИЕ, Кондра

тьева ДВЮ и соавт. Варфарин в комплекс

ГЛАВА 13. Антифосфолипидный синдром: профилактика, лечение и прогноз 

375

ной терапии антифосфолипидного синдрома:
предварительные результаты. Научнопрак
тическая ревматология, 2003; 3: 37—41.

75. Crowther MA, Julian J, McCarty D, et al.

Treatment of warfarinassociated coagulopathy
with oral vitamin K: a randomized controlled
trial. Lancet 2000; 356: 144—1553.

76. Nee R, Doppenschmidt D, Donovan DJ,

Andrews TC. Intravenous versus subcutaneous
vitamin K1 in reversing excessive oral anticoagu
lation. Am J Cardiol 1999; 83: 286—8, A6A7.

77. Markis M, Greaves M, Phillips WS, et al.

Emergency oral anticoagulant reversal: the rela
tive efficacy of infusions of fresh frozen plasma
and clotting factor concentrate on correction og
the coagulopathy. Thromb Haemost 1997; 77:
477—480.

78. Chapman J, Randl JH, Levine SR, et al.

Nonstroke neurological syndrome associated
with antiphospholipid antibodies: evaluation of
clinical and experimental studies. Lupus 2003;
12: 514—517.

79. Cuadrado MJ, Sanna G, Sharief M, et al.

Double blind, crossover, randomized trial com
paring low molecular weight heparin versus place
bo in the treatment of chronic headache in
patients with antiphospholipid syndrome.
ACR/ARHP Annual Scientific Meeting October
24—28, 2003; Orlando, 883 (abst).

80. Lockshin M, Tenedios F, Petri M, et al.

Cardiac disease in the antiphospholipid syn
drome: recommendations for treatment. Commit
tee consensus report. Lupus 2003; 12: 518—523.

81. EspinolaZavaleta N, VargasBarron J,

ColmenaresGalvis T, et al. Echocardiographic
evaluation of patients with primary antiphospho
lipid syndrome. Am Heart J 1999; 137: 973—978.

82. Berkum Y, Elami A, Meir K, et al. Inc

reased morbidity and mortality in patients with
antiphospholipid syndrome undergoing valve
replacement surgery. ACR/ARHP Annual
Scientific Meeting October 24—28, 2003; 877
(abst).

83. Weitz JI. Lowmolecularweight heparins.

New Engl J Med 1997; 337: 688—698.

84. Moonis M, Fisher M. Considering the role of

heparin and lowmolecularweight heparins in
acute ishchemic stroke. Stroke 2003; 33: 1927—
1933.

85. Coul BM, Williams LS, Goldstein LB, et al.

Anticoagulants and antiplatelet agents in acute
ischemic stroke. Report of the joint stroke guide
line development committee of the American
Academy of Neurology and the American Stroke
Association (a Division of the Americam Heart
Associations). Stroke 2002; 33: 1934—1942.

86. Asherson RA, Espinosa G, Cervera R, Font

J, Reverter JC. Catastrophic antiphospholipid
syndromr; proposed guidelines for diagnosis and
treatment. J Clin Rheumatol 2002; 8: 157—165.

87. Aherson RA, Cervera R, de Groot P, Erkan

D, et al. Catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome
(CAPS): International consensus statement on
classifacation criteria and treatment guidelanes.
Lupus 2003; 12: 530—544.

88. Erkan D, Cervra R, Asherson RA. Catastro

phic antiphospholipid syndrome; where do we
stand. Arthritis Rheum 2003; 48: 3320—327. 

89. Belmont HM, Abramson SB, Lie jt.

Pathology and pathogenesis of vascular injury in
systemic lupus erythematosus: interaction of
inflammatory cells and activated endothelium.
Arthritis Rheum 1996; 39: 9—22.

90. Lockwood CJ, Schur PH. Monitoring and

treatment of pregnant women with the antiphos
pholipid syndrome. UpToDate 2003; 11.2.

91. Sammaritano L. Update on the manage

ment of the pregnant patients with antiphospho
lipid antibody. Curr Rheumatol Report 2001; 3:
213—221.

92. Derksen RHWM, de Groot Ph G, Nieuwen

huis HK, Christiaens GCML. How to treat
women with antiphospholipid antibodies in preg
nancy? Ann Rheum Dis 2001; 60: 1. 

93. Branch WD, Silver RM, Blackwell JL, et

al. Outcome of treated pregnancies in women with
antiphospholipid syndrome: An update of the
Utah experience. Obstet Gynecol 1992; 80: 614.

94. Tincani A, Branch W, Levy RA, et al.

Treatment of pregnant patients with antiphospho
lipid syndrome. Lupus 2003; 12: 524—529.

95. Ermel, LD, Marshburn, PB, Kutteh, WH.

Interaction of heparin with antiphospholipid anti
bodies (APA) from the sera of women with recur
rent pregnancy loss (RPL). Am J Reprod Immu
nol 1995; 33:14.

96. Girardi G, Berman J, Tudoran R, et al. A

potential mechanism for therapeutic efficacy for

Насонов Е.Л. Антифосфолипидный синдром

376

heparin in antiphospholipidinduced pregnancy
loss inhibition of complement. ACR/ARHP
Annual Scientific Meeting, Orlando, October
24—28, 2003; 324 (abst).

97. Triolo G, Ferrante A, Ciccia F, Accardo

Palumbo A, Perino A, Castelli A, et al. Rando
mized study of subcutaneous low molecular weight
heparin plus aspirin versus intravenous immuno
globulin in the treatment of recurrent fetal loss
associated with antiphospholipid antibodies.
Arthritis Rheum 2003; 48: 728—731.

98. Erkan D. The relation between antiphos

pholipid syndromerelated pregnancy morbidity
and nongravid vascular thrombosis: a review of
the literature and management strategies. Curr
Rheumatol Rep 2002; 4: 379.

99. Dahlman TC. Osteoporotic fractures and

the recurrence of thromboembolism during preg
nancy and the puerperium in 184 women under
going thromboprophylaxis with heparin. Am J
Obstet Gynecol 1993; 168: 1265.

100. RuizIrastorza G, Khamashta MA, Nel

sonPiercy C, Hughes GRV. Lupus pregnancy: is
heparin a risk factor for osteoporosis. Lupus
2001; 10: 597—600.

101. American College of Obstetricians and

Gynecologists. Anticoagulation with lowmolecu
larweight heparin during pregnancy. ACOG
committee opinion 211. ACOG 1998;
Washington, DC.

102. Pauzner R, Dulitzki M, Langevitz P, et al.

Low molecular weight heparin and warfarin in the
treatment of patients with antiphospholipid syn
drome during pregnancy. Thromb Haemost 2001;
86: 1379. 

103. Udoff LC, Branch DW. Management of

patients with antiphospholipid antibodies under
going in vitro fertilization. J Autoimmun 2000; 15:
209.

104. Cowchock S. Prevention of fetal death in

the antiphospholipid antibody syndrome. Lupus
1996; 5: 467.

105. Lockshin MD. Answers to the antiphos

pholipidantibody syndrome? (editorial). N Engl
J Med 1995; 332: 1025.

106. Rosove MH, Tabsh K, Wasserstrum N, et

al. Heparin therapy for pregnant women with
lupus anticoagulant and anticardiolipin antibod
ies. Obstet Gynecol 1990; 75: 630.

107. Cowchock FS, Reece EA, Balaban D, et

al. Repeated fetal losses associated with antiphos
pholipid antibodies: A collaborative randomized
trial comparing prednisone to lowdose heparin.
Am J Obstet Gynecol 1992; 166: 1318.

108. Rai R, Cohen H, Dave M, Regan L. Ran

domised controlled trial of aspirin and aspirin
plus heparin in pregnant women with recurrent
miscarriage associated with phospholipid anti
bodies (or antiphospholipid antibodies). BMJ
1997; 314: 253.

109. Valensise H, Vaquero E, De Carolis C,

Stipa E, et al. Normal fetal growth in women with
antiphospholipid syndrome treated with highdose
intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG). Prenat
Diagn 1995; 15: 509.

110. Branch DW, Peaceman AM, Druzin M, et

al. A multicenter, placebocontrolled pilot study of
intravenous immune globulin treatment of
antiphospholipid syndrome during pregnancy. Am
J Obstet Gynecol 2000; 182: 122.

111. Vaquero E, Lazzarin N, Valensise H, et al.

Pregnancy outcome in recurrent spontaneous
abortion associated with antiphospholipid anti
bodies: A comparative study of intravenous
immunoglobulin versus prednisone plus lowdose
aspirin. Am J Reprod Immunol 2001; 45: 174.

112. Scott JR, Branch WD, Kochenour NK, Ward

K. Intravenous immunoglobulin treatment of preg
nant patients with recurrent pregnancy loss caused
by antiphospholipid antibodies and Rh immuniza
tion. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1988; 159: 1055.

113. Spinnato JA, Clark AL, Pierangeli SS,

Harris EN. Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy
for the antiphospholipid syndrome in pregnancy.
Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995; 172: 690.

114. Carp HJA, Asherson RA, Shoenfeld Y.

Intravenous immunoglobulin in pregnancies com
plicated by the antiphospholipid syndrome: what
is its role? J Clin Rheumatol 2001; 7: 291—294.

115. Frampton G, Cameron JS, Thom M, et al.

Successful removal of antiphospholipid antibody
during pregnancy using plasma exchange and low
dose prednisolone. Lancet 1987; 2: 1023.

116. Fulcher D, Stewart T, Exner T, et al. Plasma

exchange and the anticardiolipin syndrome in preg
nancy. Lancet 1989; 2: 171.

117. Denis AL, Guido M, Adler RD, et al.

Antiphospholipid antibodies and pregnancy rates