Антифосфолипидный синдром - часть 7

27. Perez MC, Wilson WA, Brown HL,

Scopelitis E. Anticardiolipin antibodies in unse
lected pregnant women in relationship to fetal out
come. J Perinatal 1991; 11: 33—36.

28. Soloninka CA, Laskin CA, Wither J, Wong

D, Bombardier C, Raboud J. Clinical utility and
specificity of anticardiolipin antibodies. J
Rheumatol 1991; 18: 1849—1855.

29. The Antiphospholipid Antibodies in Stroke

Study Group (APASS). Clinical, radiological,
and pathological aspects of cerebrovascular dis
ease associated with antiphospholipid antibod
ies. Stroke 1993; 24(12 Suppl): 20—ll23.

30. Edwards T, Thomas RD, McHugh N J.

Anticardiolipin antibodies in ischaemic heart disease
(letter, comment). Lancet 1993; 342(8877): 989.

31. de Jong AW, Han W, Terburg M, Molenaa

JL, Herbrink P, Ho. WC. Cardiolipin antibodies
and lupus anticoagulant in young patients with a
cerebrovascular accident in the past. Neth J Med
1993; 42(3—4): 93—98.

32. Pattison NS, Chamley LW, McKay EJ,

Liggins CC, Butler W.S. Antiphospholipid anti
bodies in pregnancy: prevalence and clinical
associations. Br J Obster Gynaecol 1993; 100:
909—9I3.

33. Phadke KV, Phillips RA, Clarke DT, Jones

M, Naish P, Carson P. Anticardiolipin antibodies
in ischaemic heart disease: marker or myth? Br
Heart J 1993; 69: 391—394.

34. Stuart RA, Kornman LH, McHugh NJ. A

prospective study of pregnancy outcome in women
screened at a routine antenatal clinic for anticar
diolipin antibodies. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1993;
I00: 599—600.

35. Lynch A, Marlar R, Murphy J, Davila G,

Santos M, Rutledge J, Emlen W. Antiphos
pholipid antibodies in predicting adverse preg
nancy outcome: a prospective study. Ann Intern
Med 1994; 120: 470—475.

36. Muir KW, Squire IB, Alwan W. Anticar

diolipin antibodies and cerebral infarction (letter,
comment). J Neural Neurosurg Psychiatry 1994;
5: 253—254.

37. Chakravart KK, AIHillaw AH, Byron MA,

Durkin CJ. Anticardiolipin antibody associated
ischemic strokes in elderly patients without sys
temic lupus erythematosus. Age Ageing 1990; 19:
114—118.

38. Candore G, Di Lorenzo G, Mansueto P, et

al. Prevalence of organspecific and non organ
specific autoantibodies in healthy centenarians.
Mech Ageing Dev 1997; 94: 183—190.

39. RichaudPatin Y, Cabiedes J, Jakez

Ocampo J, et al. High prevalence of protein
dependent and proteinindependent antiphospho
lipid and other autoantibodies in healthy elders.
Thromb Res 2000; 99: 129—133.

40. Caporali R, Ravelli A, De Gennaro F, et al.

Prevalence of anticardiolipin antibodies in juve
nile chronic arthritis. Ann. Rheum Dis 1991; 50:
599—601.

41. Ginsburg KS, Liang MH, Newcomer L, et

al. Anticardiolipin antibodies and the risk for
ischemic stroke and venous thrombosis. Ann
Intern Med 1992; 117:997—1002.

42. Vaarala O, Manttari M, Manninen V, et al.

Anticardiolipin antibodies and risk of myocardial
infarction in a prospective cohort of middleaged
men. Circulation 1995; 91:23—27.

43. Levine SR, Brey RL, Joseph CLM, Havstad

S. Risk of recurrent thromboembolic events in
patients with focal cerebral ischemia and
antiphospholipid antibodies. Stroke 1992; 23:
Suppl I:I—29.

44. Runchey SS, Folson AR, Tsai MY et al.

Anticardiolipin antibodies as a risk for venous
thromboembolism in a populationbased prospec
tive study. Br J Haematol 2002; 119: 1005—
1010.

45. Ahmed E, Stegmayt B, Trifunovic J, et al.

Anticardiolipin antibodies are not an independent
risk factor for stroke. An incident casereference
study nested within THE MONICA and
Vasterbotten Cohort Progecy. Stroke 2000; 31:
1289—1293.

46. Wachl DG, Guillemiv F, de Maistre E, et al.

Metaanalysis of the risk of venous thrombosis in
individuals with antiphospholipid antibodies
without underlying autoimmine disease or previ
ous thrombosis. Lupus 1998; 7: 15

47. Levine SR, SalowichPalm L, Sawaya KL,

et al. IgG anticardiolipin antibody titer>40 GPL
and risk of subsequent thromboocclusive events
and death. Stroke 1997; 28: 1660—1665.

48. Escalante A, Brey RL, Mitchell BD,

Dreiner U. Accuracy of anticardiolipin antibodies
in identifying a history of thrombosis among

33

ГЛАВА 1. Эпидемиология антифосфолипидного синдрома

patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Am J
Med 1995; 98: 559—565.

49. Finazzi G, Brancaccio V, Moia M, et al.

Natural history and risk factors for thrombosis in
360 patients with antiphospholipid antibodies: a
fouryear prospective study from the Italian
Registry. Am J Med 1996; 100: 530—536.

50. Brey RL, Abbott RD, Curb Jd, et al. Beta2

glycoproteindependent anticardiolipin antibod
ies and risk of ischemic stroke and myocardial
infarction. The Honolulu Heart Program. Stroke
2001; 32: 1701—1706.

51. Brey RL, Stallworth CL, McGlasson DL, et

al. Antiphospholipid antibodies and stroke in
young women. Stroke 2002; 33: 2396.

52. Tanne D, D`Olhaberriague L, Trivedi AM,

et al. Anticardiolipin antibodies and mortality in
patients with ischemic stroke: a prospective fol
lowup study. Neuroepidemiology 2002; 21: 93—
99.

53. Schved JE, DupuyFons C, Biron C, et al. A

prospective epidemiological study on the occur
rence of antiphospholipid antibody: the
Montpellier Antiphospholipid (MAP) study.
Haemostasis 1994; 24: 175—182.

54. Mosek A, Yust I, Treves TA, Vardinon N,

Korczyn AD, Chapman J. Dementia and  anti
phospholipid antibodies. Dement Geriatr Cogn
Disord 2000; 11: 36—8.

55. Juby A, Davis P, Genge T, McEllhaney J.

Anticardiolipin antibodies in two eldery subpopu
lations. Lupus 1995; 4: 482—485

56. Tietjen GE, Day M, Norris L et al. Role of

anticardiolipin antibodies in young persons with
migraine and transient focal neurologic events: a
prospective study. Neurology 1998; 50:1433—
40.

57. Verrotti A, Cieri F, Pelliccia P, Morgese G,

Chiarelli F. Lack of association between
antiphospholipid antibodies and migraine in chil
dren. Int J Clin Lab Res 2000; 30: 109—11.

58. Cimaz R, Romeo A, Scarano A, et al.

Prevalence of anticardiolipin. antibeta2 glyco
protein I, and antiprothrombin antibodies in
young patients with epilepsy. Epilepsia 2002; 43:
52—59. 

59. Schwartz M, Rochas M, Weller B et al. High

association of anticardiolipin antibodies with psy
chosis. J Clin Psychiatry 1998; 59: 20—3. 

60. Kenet G, Sadetzki S, Murat H, et al. Factor

V Leiden and antiphospholipid antibodies are sig
nificant risk factor for ischemic stroke in children
stroke 2000; 31: 1283—1288.

61. De Veber G, Monagle P, Chan A, et al.

Prothrombotic disorders in infants and shildren
with cerebral thromboembolism Arch Neurol,
1998; 55: 1539—1543.

62. McColl MD, Chalmers EA, Thomas A, et

al. Factor V Leiden, prothrombin 20210G, and
the MTHFR C677T mutations in childhood
stroke. Thromb Haemost 1999; 81: 690—694.

63. Andre E, Siguret V, AlhencGelas M,

SaintJean O, Gausserm P. Venous thrombosis in
older people: prevalence of the factor V gene
mutation Q506. J Am Geriart Soc 1998; 46:
2069—2073.

64. Hamsten. A, Norberg R, Bjorkholm M, de

Fairc. U, Holm. G. Antibodies to cardiolipin in
young survivors of myocardial infarction: an asso
ciation with recurrent cardiovascular events.
Lancet 1986; 1:113—116.

65. Morton KE, Gavaghan TP, Krilis SA,

Daggard GE, Baron DW Hiskie JB, Chestcrman.
CN. Coronary artery bypass graft failure — an
autoimmune phenomenon? Lancet 1986:11:
1353—1357.

66. De Caterina R, D'Arcanio A, Mazone A,

Gazzeiii P, Bernini W, Neri R, Bombardieri S,
Prevalence of anlicardiolipin antibodies in coro
nary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 1990: 65:922—
924.

67. Conellaro M, Cofrancesco E, Boscheni C.

Cardiolipin antibodies in survivors of myocardial
infarction. Lancet 1993; 342: 192.

68. Sletnes KE, Smith P, Abdelnoor M, Amesen

H, Wislof. F. Antiphospholipid antibodies after
myocardial infarction and their relation to mor
tality, reinfarction, and nonhaemorrhagic
stroke. Lancet 1992: 339: 451—453.

69. Yilmaz E, Adalet K, Yilmaz G, Badur S,

Erzengin F, Koylan. N, et al. Importance of serum
anlicardiolipin antibody levels in coronary heart
disease. Clin Cardiol 1994; 17(3): 117—121.

70. Raghavan C, Dilchncld J, Taylor RJ,

Haeney M.R, Bames P.C. Influence of anlicardi
olipin antibodies on immediate patient outcome
after myocardial infarction. J Clin Pathalol 1993;
46(12): 1; 113—1115.

Насонов Е.Л. Антифосфолипидный синдром

34

71. Klemp P, Cooper RC, Strauss FJ, Jordaan

ER, Przybojewski JZ, Neri N. Anticardiolipin
antibodies in ischemic heart disease. Clin Exp
Immunol 1988; 74: 254—257.

72. Eber B, Schumacher M, AuerGrumbach P,

et.al. Increased IgM anticardiolipin antibodies in
patients with restenosis after percutaneous trans
luminal coronary angioplasty. Amer J Cardiol
1992; 69: 1255—1258.

73. Насонов ЕЛ, Ноева ЕА, Ковалев ВЮ,

Драгнев АА, Лопаева ОВ, Руда МЯ. Антите
ла к кардиолипину у больных инфарктом мио
карда и нестабильной стенокардией. Кардио
логия, 1992; 5: 32—34.

74. Bili A, Moss AJ, Francis CW et al.

Anticardiolipin antibodies and reccurent coro
nary events. A prospecive study of 1150 patients.
Circulation 2000; 102: 1258—1263.

75. Farsi, A, Domeneghetti, MP, Fedi, S, et al.

High prevalence of antibeta2 glycoprotein I anti
bodies in patients with ischemic heart disease.
Autoimmunity 1999; 30: 93.

76. Puisieux F, de Groote P, Masy E, et al.

Association between anticardiolipin antibodies
and mortality in patients with peripheral arterial
disease. Am J Med 2000; 109: 635.

77. Zuckerman E, Toubi E, Shiran A, et al.

Anticardiolipin antibodies and acute myocardial
infarction in nonSLE patients: A controlled
prospective study. Am J Med 1996; 100: 381.

78. Aoki K, Hayashi Y, Hirao Y, Yagami Y.

Specific antiphospholipid antibodies as a predic
tive variable in patients with recurrent pregnancy
loss. Am J Reprod Immunol 1993; 29: 82—87.

79. Lockshin MD. Antibody to cardiolipin as a

predictor of fetal distress or death in pregnant
patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. N
Engl J Med 1985; 313: 152—156.

80. Silver RM. Anticardiolipin antibodies: clin

ical consequences of low titer. Obstet Gynecol
1996; 87: 494—500.

81. Kutteh WH. Antiphospholipid antibodies

and reproduction. J Reprod Immunol 1997;
35:151.

82. Polzin WJ, Kopelman JN, Robinson RD,

et al. The association of antiphospholipid anti
bodies with pregnancies complicated by fetal
growth restriction. Obstet Gynecol 1991;
78:1108.

83. Harris EN, Spinnato, JA. Should anticardi

olipin tests be performed in otherwise healthy
pregnant women? Am J Obstet Gynecol 1991;
165:1272.

84. InfanteRivard C, David M, Gauthier, R,

Rivard, GE. Lupus anticoagulants, anticardi
olipin antibodies, and fetal loss. N Engl J Med
1991; 325:1063.

85. Lockwood CJ, Romero R, Feinberg RF, et

al. The prevalence and biologic significance of
lupus anticoagulant and anticardiolipin antibod
ies in a general obstetric population. Am J Obstet
Gynecol 1989; 161:369.

86. Parke AL, Wilson D, Maier, D. The preva

lence of antiphospholipid antibodies in women
with recurrent spontaneous abortion, women with
successful pregnancies, and women who have
never been pregnant. Arthritis Rheum 1991;
34:1231.

87. Petri M, Golbus, M, Anderson, R, et al.

Antinuclear antibody, lupus anticoagulant, and
anticardiolipin antibody in women with idiopath
ic habitual abortion. A controlled, prospective
study of fortyfour women. Arthritis Rheum 1987;
30:601.

88. Haddow JE, Rote NS, DostalJohnson,

D, et al. Lack of an association between late
fetal death and antiphospholipid antibody
measurements in the second trimester. Am J
Obstet Gynecol 1991; 165:1308.

89. Canosa RT, Sise HS. Chlorpromazine

induced lupus anticoagulant and associated
immunologic abnormalities. Am J Hematol 1982;
13: 121—129.

90. Zarrabi M, Zucker S, Miller F, et al.

Immunologic and coagulation disorders in chlor
promazinetreated patients Ann Intern Med
1979; 91: 194—199. 

35

ГЛАВА 1. Эпидемиология антифосфолипидного синдрома

Причины АФС (а также синтеза аФЛ) до конца не ясны. Вирусные и

бактериальные инфекции могут служить этиологическими факторами

разнообразной аутоиммунной патологии человека

1

, нельзя исключить

их роль и при АФС

4, 5

. 

Увеличение уровня (как правило, транзиторное) аФЛ наблюдается

на фоне широкого спектра бактериальных и вирусных инфекций (таб

лица 2.1). 

Таблица 2.1. Инфекции, при которых обнаружен синтез аФЛ

6, 7

1. Вирусные: гепатит С, инфекции, вызванные вирусом Эпштейна—Барр, ВИЧ, ци

томегаловирусом, парвовирусом В19, аденовирусом, вирусами Herpes zoster,
кори, краснухи, HTLV1

2. Бактериальные: лепра, туберкулез и заболевания, вызванные другими микобак

териями, сальмонеллезы, стафилококковые, стрептококковые инфекции, лихо
радка Q

3. Инфекции, вызванные спирохетами: сифилис, лептоспироз, болезнь Лайма (воз

будитель Borrelia burgdorferi ) 

4. Паразитарные: малярия, лейшманиаз, токсоплазмоз

36

А

А Н

Н Т

Т И

И Ф

Ф О

О С

С Ф

Ф О

О Л

Л И

И П

П И

И Д

Д Н

Н Ы

Ы Й

Й    С

С И

И Н

Н Д

Д Р

Р О

О М

М ::   

Э

Э Т

Т И

И О

О Л

Л О

О Г

Г И

И Я

Я    И

И    Г

Г Е

Е Н

Н Е

Е Т

Т И

И Ч

Ч Е

Е С

С К

К А

А Я

Я   

П

П Р

Р Е

Е Д

Д Р

Р А

А С

С П

П О

О Л

Л О

О Ж

Ж Е

Е Н

Н Н

Н О

О С

С Т

Т Ь

Ь

глава 2