Military reference books and manuals (2009-2023, Volume 5)

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MXP-1(D)(NAVY)(AIR)

CASEX S-9

ADVANCED EXERCISE OF DETECTION, TRACKING AND ATTACK OF A TRANSITING

SUBMARINE ON A SUBNOTE

PURPOSE

1. To exercise a patrolling submarine in detecting, classifying, tracking and attacking another

submarine.

2. To exercise a submarine in Counter-detecting another submarine and evading.

3. To take advantage of PASSEX Training opportunities presented between a patrolling submarine

and a submarine transiting on a SUBNOTE.

REQUIRED FORCES

1. FRNFOR

a. One attacking submarine. The submarine should be TA equipped.

2. OPFOR

a. One target submarine.

SITUATION

1. This exercise can be effectively use in case of non-delaying PASSEX based on a SUBNOTE.

2. At Go Time a transit lane which corresponds to the SUBNOTE MHN, is established

geographically, with the OPFOR start position based upon the OPFOR submarine’s SUBNOTE.

3. The FRNFOR submarine is on patrol waiting for a transiting submarine. It is free in depth outside

of the transit lane and the safety zones. It must operate in its allocated depth zone when in the transit

lane or the safety zone.

4. The OPFOR submarine is transiting in a transit lane in its allocated depth zone.

5. The transit lane is defined by he Mean Line of Advance (MLA) of the OPFOR Submarine

SUBNOTE and as specified in para M and N2 of the CASEX Order Table. Safety zones are a

minimum of 2nm wide.

6. Para J, JJ, N2, SS of the CASEX Order Table in accordance with the OPFOR submarine’s

SUBNOTE.

4-S9-1

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Table S9-1 TRANSIT LANE

TRANSIT LANE

SAFETY ZONES

OUTSIDE OF

TRANSIT LANE

OPFOR

As specified in CASEX

Forbidden

Submarine

Order Table para PP2

FRNFOR

As specified in CASEX

Free

submarine

Order Table para PP1

S is the average speed of the OPFOR submarine.

T is the duration of the CASEX.

MM is the width of the channel of transit lane as specified in para MM of the CASEX Order.

Figure S9-1 Submarine Transit Lane

PROCEDURES

1. The OPFOR submarine transits in the transit lane. If requested, it can be at the most favourable

depth to be detected during the first part of the CASEX. It tries to counter-detect the FRNFOR

submarine. It evades and counter-attacks according to the directions of the CASEX Order Table.

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2. The OPFOR submarine is to remain at less than ½ MM from the PIM defined in the CASEX Order

Table.

3. The FRNFOR submarine tries to detect and track the OPFOR submarine. From a given time, the

FRNFOR submarine is allowed to attack the OPFOR submarine. A rendezvous may be planned at

STOP TIME to exchange first impression report.

4. The Noise Augmentation Units (NAU) are used in accordance with the CASEX Order Table. The

NAU of the FRNFOR submarine should be switched off during the attack.

NOTE:

This CASEX can also be used when both submarines are transiting on SUBNOTEs provided the

OPFOR submarine is allocated a Sub Area for the duration of the exercise.

4-S9-3 (Reverse Blank)

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CHAPTER 5

COMMUNICATIONS

5000 INTRODUCTION

1. Some positive means of communication between all exercise participants is essential to provide for

safety and control. This is normally accomplished by a combination of radio, underwater telephone

(UWT), keyed sonar (SST), explosive or electronic sound signals (SUS and ESUS), and visual signals.

2. Selection of the best communication system to employ will largely depend on equipment fitted. For

example, modern submarines and aircraft are not well suited for flashing light signalling. Environmental

conditions are also major factors to be considered when using SST or UWT.

3. This chapter contains:

a. The requirements and procedures for Submarine Diving and Surfacing Messages and Check

Reports.

b. Tables of communications procedures and signals between surface ships, submarines and

aircraft.

5001 - 5009 SPARE

5010 COMMUNICATION METHODS

When appropriate, submarines are to acknowledge all explosive charge signals, and ships are to

acknowledge smoke flares. Explosive charge signals and submarine pyrotechnics (except B1) need not

be used when in good communications by other means.

5011 EXPLOSIVE CHARGE SIGNALS

1. The safety of submarines is involved in the proper use of explosive charges and explosive charge

signals. Explosive charges are not to be dropped in the immediate vicinity of submarines because of

the danger of damage should the charge explode in contact with the hull.

(Article

2240.)

2. Explosive charges dropped by aircraft must comply with the prescriptions of Article 2240.

3. In multiple charge signals, charges should be dropped in a regular manner and without undue delay

between charges. Commanding officers of surface ships originating explosive charge signals are

responsible for ensuring that a proper number of actual explosions takes place for the signal intended.

4. Submarines must have a supply of explosive charge signals on board for use when on the surface.

5. As it is never certain that a submarine will hear an explosive charge signal, ships initiating COMEX

at long range may repeat the COMEX signal when they have closed the contact.

6. Table 5-2 details Explosive Charge Signals, their meanings and action to be taken.

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7. Since the MK 84 MOD 0 and 1 ESUS are non-explosive devices, they are also acceptable for use in

communications with submarines (see Table 5-5, MK 84 MOD 0 and 1 ESUS Underwater Signal Code).

5012 SUBMARINE PYROTECHNIC SIGNALS

Submarine pyrotechnic signals (Table 5-3) may be in the form of floats (both smoke and flame), stars,

flares, rockets or grenades (See Relaxation 2L). They may emit colored smoke and/or flame; their

characteristics vary according to the nationality of the submarine. Submarines taking part in exercises

with aircraft by day should, where possible, fire yellow smokes in order to avoid confusion with

aircraft smoke markers, which normally give off white smoke. The varieties used by some nations are

set forth in Table 5-1. If a red pyrotechnic is released by mistake, the submarine must surface as soon

as possible to assure other forces that no emergency exists.

5013 SONAR SIGNAL CODE TABLE

This signal code is primarily for use between ASW ships/helicopters and submarines (Table 5-4). In

order to ensure that the submarine understands the signal transmitted, dots should be 0.5 seconds,

dashes should be 2 seconds with 5 seconds between dots and dashes and 10 seconds between letters.

Thus, transmission time for the letter A is 7.5 seconds and the sequence AAA requires 42.5 seconds.

This should be followed by at least 11 seconds before any other character is transmitted.

5014 SUBMARINE SAFETY AND CONTROL SIGNALS

1. Communications between the submarine and the OCE/OTC/OCS must be established in

accordance with the requirements laid down for the particular CASEX. If possible this should be

carried out at least 30 minutes prior to Go Time.

2. The OCS is to ensure that the submarine has received the CASEX order and must confirm that

torpedoes may be fired where this has been planned.

3. The procedure for the particular exercise is to be followed for diving the submarine.

4. COMEX is generally initiated by the first unit obtaining contact. Where this is at long range, the

OCS may delay the execution of COMEX.

5. Where the exercise order (designator K) allows, the ASW action may be repeated. To repeat an

ASW action, a new COMEX is to be initiated at least 5 minutes before the present ASW action ends.

Then, FINEX is delayed until the end of the new ASW action (from the new COMEX). The OCS must

decide if the ASW action is to be repeated, keeping the submarine informed.

5015 SHIP/SUBMARINE TORPEDO ATTACK SIGNALS

1. The signals to be displayed by ships to show whether or not have they are open to submarine

torpedo attack are given in Table 5-6. In CASEXes where torpedoes may be fired, the OTC/OCS must

confirm this fact at Start Time by message to the submarine. If, at some later time, during the

CASEX, weather conditions or any other factor prevents torpedo firing, every effort should be made to

inform the submarine. In addition to the visual signals from Table 5-6, ships should be ordered to:

(a) Switch on navigation lights to full brilliancy.

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(b) Switch off long and medium range sonar.

Where the type of exercise requires communications to a greater range, or sonar equipment

does not allow CS transmissions, the CASEX order may allow long and medium range

sonar to transmit in a mode easily recognized by a submarine to indicate that torpedoes are

not to be fired. (Frequency modulation of a sonar is an example of such a mode.)

5016 SIGNALS BY AIRCRAFT MANOEUVRE

Signals by aircraft manoeuvre (Table 5-7) may be used to start or stop exercises or to acknowledge

messages.

5017 AIRCRAFT OR SURFACE EMERGENCY/CONTINGENCY DISTRESS SIGNALS

Aircraft distress signals and signals indicating assistance by the submarine is required are set forth in

Table 5-5 and Table 5-8.

5018 SPECIAL SIGNALS

Submarines may use an air bubble to indicate their position.

5019 SUBMARINE ATTACK SIGNALS

1. Submarines can mark their attacks using different modes to communicate to a unit that is being

attacked.

a. Marking of Short Range Torpedo Attacks by UWT Communication. The submarine is

always free to transmit the appropriate code from Table 5-4 to mark an attack. In fact this method

is recommended if all participating units are equipped with UWT.

b. Marking of Short Range Torpedo Firing by Release of a Green Flare/Smoke. The release

of a green pyrotechnic signal is a clear and unmistakable way to indicate an attack. However,

when helicopters are operating in the vicinity, the submarine is restricted in the use of green flares

(Table 5-3, Relaxation 2L and Article 2231 pertain).

c. Marking of a Simulated Long Range Torpedo Firing by a DEEP FIELD Signal -

(1) When the submarine is attacking from such a long range that the unit being attacked is not

likely to notice the green flare, nor to be able to clearly interpret the transmissions of UWT

attack signals, the submarine is to transmit a DEEP FIELD signal to inform the target that a

simulated attack by long range torpedoes has taken place.

(2) An unclassified DEEP FIELD Signal with FLASH precedence is to be transmitted on the

Weapon Simulation Circuits (as designated in the Order Table for the Exercise) and UWT in the

following format:

(a) NAWS DE (encrypted call- sign)

(b) DEEP FIELD, DEEP FIELD, DEEP FIELD

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(d) GEOGRAPHIC POSITION OF TARGET

(e) TARGET BY TYPE AND NAME (encrypted call sign if known)

(f) NUMBER OF TORPEDOES FIRED

(g) DTG OF FIRING

(3) The DEEP FIELD Signal is to be repeated twice, or more if necessary, to ensure that the

minimum transmission time is at least 60 seconds.

d. Marking by a SNIPE Signal of a Simulated Missile Attack -

(1) An unclassified, FLASH precedence signal is to be made by the submarine using the

following format:

(a) NAWS DE (encrypted call sign)

(b) SNIPE CHARLIE, SNIPE CHARLIE, SNIPE CHARLIE

(d) GEOGRAPHIC POSITION OF TARGET

(e) TARGET BY TYPE AND NAME (encrypted) call sign if known

(f) NUMBER OF MISSILES FIRED

(g) DTG OF FIRING

(2) This signal is to be repeated twice or more, if necessary, to ensure that the minimum

transmission time is at least 60 seconds.

(3) Frequency to be used as in preceding subpara c.(2).

(4) In addition to transmitting the SNIPE Signal as above, the submarine has to shine his radar

down the firing bearing during the simulated missile flight.

5020 DIVING MESSAGES, SURFACING MESSAGES AND CHECK REPORTS

ATP 10 lays down the requirement for these messages.

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Table 5-1 Characteristics of National Submarine Pyrotechnics

COUNTRY

SMOKE CANDLES/SMOKE BOMBS/

GRENADES (FLARES)

SMOKE FLOATS

United

White and yellow smoke candles. After

Green, yellow and red grenades

Kingdom,

ejection from the submarine, the candle floats

(flares) are fired from floats ejected by

Germany

on the surface, emitting white or yellow

the submarine and resemble Very

smoke for several minutes. White smoke

lights.

candles also emit flame. Yellow smoke

candles are more conspicuous in bad weather

but do not emit flame. Only white smoke

candles are used by night.

France

Calcium Phosphate bombs that float on the

Green and red grenades similar to

surface after ejection and emit white flame

those above.

and smoke, yellow smoke or green smoke.

Certain types leave a green fluorescent stain

on the surface.

Germany

NOT RELEASABLE.

Italy

Smoke candles (without flame) emitting

Green, yellow and red flares. They

green, yellow and red smoke.

are fired about 300 feet into the air and

float downwards suspended by

parachute. They leave a distinct

smoke trail and burn about 30 secs.

USA, Turkey

Smoke candles emitting red, yellow, green

Green, yellow and red flares as above.

and Greece

and black smoke. Black and green smoke

have the same meaning.

Canada

Same pyrotechnics as USA and UK.

Netherlands

White and yellow smoke candles. (See UK)

Red, yellow and green grenades.

(See

UK)

Norway

White and yellow smoke candles.

Red and green flares. They are fired

from floats ejected by the submarine

and resemble Very lights.

Portugal

Calcium Phosphate bombs that float on the

Green and red flares are fired from

surface after ejection and emit white or

floats ejected by the submarine and

yellow smoke and flame. Certain types leave

resemble Very lights.

a green fluorescent stain on the surface.

Spain

White and yellow smoke candles that float on

Green, yellow and red flares are fired

the surface. Only white smoke candles, that

from floats ejected by the submarine

also emit flame, are used by night. Certain

and resemble Very lights.

types leave a green fluorescent stain on the

surface.

5-6

CHANGE 2

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Table 5-2 Explosive Charge Signals

ACTION BY

SUBMARINE

SURFACE

NO.

SIGNAL

MEANING

IF FULLY

SHIPS OR

REMARKS

SUBMERGED

AIRCRAFT

One

(1) Record your course,

Records time,

Records any

Is to be used by

explosive

speed and depth when

course, speed

attack data

ships and aircraft

charge

used by ships or

and depth.

required.

for record purposes

helicopters. An attack

when the submarine

carried out.

is not required to

indicate its position.

Not to be used

within one minute

of signal A4.

Two

(1) Indicate your

RRR.

Acts in

Signal A2 is not to

explosive

position if fully

accordance

be repeated within

charges

submerged.

Release an

with

two minutes to

(QQQ)

answering

circumstances

avoid interfering

(2) Record your course,

smoke/flare

or the detailed

with Signal A4.

depth and speed.

other than red.

orders for the

exercise.

Flare must be

used during

darkness.

Records time,

course, speed

and depth.

Three

(1) ECB/SLOT Buoy

RRR.

(1) Ship

explosive

received (if recently

making signal

charges

sent). Remain at depth.

and other

(JJJ)

exercise ships

(2) Danger. Remain at

close at hand

safe depth.

come to safety

course and

proceed clear

of submarine.

(2) Repeat

signal within

15 minutes if

submarine is

to remain at

safe depth.

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Table 5-2 Explosive Charge Signals (Cont'd)

ACTION BY

SUBMARINE

SURFACE

NO.

SIGNAL

MEANING

IF FULLY

SHIPS OR

REMARKS

SUBMERGED

AIRCRAFT

Four

COMEX. Indicate the

As directed by

The ASW unit

explosive

start of ASW action.

orders for the

initiating the signal

charges

exercise.

is to inform all

(CCC)

other co-operating

Unless

ASW units.

otherwise

ordered, the

submarine is not

to answer this

with a

smoke/flare.

Five

(1) Return to periscope

RRR.

All warships

If ships are in the

Explosiv

depth and establish

close at hand

immediate vicinity,

tactical radio

(1) Carry out

proceed clear

the submarine's

Charges

communications. All

procedures to

of submarine's

position must be

(DDD)

clear during the next 10

come to PD or

position and

known before this

minutes.

surface. (See

steer Safety

signal is made.

Article 2273)

Course or

Signal A2 (or

(2) If repeated two or

reciprocal.

"QQQ") can be

more times, establish

(2) Establish

(See Article

used if necessary.

tactical communications

tactical

2273.)

as soon as possible.

communications

(Aircraft distress or

with aircraft or

other emergency

previously

requiring assistance

designated

from the submarine.

exercise

(See Table 5-8)

unit/commander

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Table 5-2 Explosive Charge Signals (Cont'd)

ACTION BY

SUBMARINE

SURFACE

NO.

SIGNAL

MEANING

IF FULLY

SHIPS OR

REMARKS

SUBMERGED

AIRCRAFT

Nine

A Rescue Bell

RRR.

Remain in

Charges must not

explosive

Operation will be

vicinity.

be dropped closer

charges

attempted.

than 500 yards to

the submarine.

A12

Twelve

Ships are standing by.

RRR.

Remain in

Charges must not

explosive

vicinity.

be dropped closer

charges

Safe to abandon

Prepare to

than 500 yards to

submarine.

pick up

the submarine.

survivors.

A Rescue Bell

Charges must not

Operation will not be

be dropped until

attempted.

at least one

lifeboat is ready.

It is most

important that

there should be

the least possible

delay in firing the

12 charges.

5-9

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Table 5-3 Submarine Pyrotechnics and SST/UWT Signals by Day and Night

ACTION BY

NO.

SIGNAL FROM SUBMARINE

ASW UNITS

ACTION BY

REMARKS

AS APPROPRIATE

SUBMARINE

Signal

Meaning

Release one

Keep clear.

Keep clear. If

(1) Make

A/S ships are to regard

yellow or

impracticable, order

TTT

either of the following

white flare;

My position

submarine to stay at

followed by

as indicating a

three

is as

Safe Depth using

safety course

submarine intending to

minutes

indicated. I

Signal A3. By night,

and own call

surface:

later release

intend to

switch on navigation

sign.

second

carry out

lights. Acknowledge

(1) Unexpected SST

smoke/flare

surfacing

with QPQ, Roger

(2) Carry out

signals (that is, SST

procedures.

smoke or Roger flare

surfacing

signals not in answer to

as appropriate. (See

procedure.

signal in Table 5-2).

Article 2273.)

(See Article

2273.)

(2) Pyrotechnic signals

not in answer to signal

in Table 5-2.

NOTE:

If after 10 minutes

neither a second

smoke/flare nor

submarine has

appeared, exercise may

be continued. Smoke/

flares are sometimes

fired in answer to

signals from adjacent

areas.

5-10

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Table 5-3 Submarine Pyrotechnics and SST/UWT Signals by Day and Night (cont’d)

ACTION BY

NO.

SIGNAL FROM

ASW UNITS

ACTION BY

REMARKS

SUBMARINE

AS APPROPRIATE

SUBMARINE

Signal

Meaning

One green

I have fired

As directed by orders

As directed

Unless otherwise

flare or

(or

for the exercise.

by orders for

ordered by OSE, the

smoke

simulated

the exercise.

moment of firing (or

bomb.

firing)

simulating firing) the

(BBB by

exercise

first torpedo should be

SST or

torpedoes.

the moment at which

UWT)

the submarine fires the

green flare. The

submarine is to fire a

green smoke bomb

instead of a green flare

when helicopters are

taking part in the

exercise, unless

Relaxation 2L is in

force.

B3 NOT RELEASABLE

5-11

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Table 5-3 Submarine Pyrotechnics and SST/UWT Signals by Day and Night (cont’d)

ACTION BY

NO.

SIGNAL FROM SUBMARINE

ASW UNITS

ACTION BY

REMARKS

AS APPROPRIATE

SUBMARINE

Signal

Meaning

One red

Keep clear.

(1) Break off attacks.

(1) Act as

This signal may

pyrotechnic

I am

(2) Clear immediately the

necessary.

also be used by a

repeated as

carrying out

area of the submarine and

(2) Make

submarine on the

often as

emergency

act in accordance with

every

bottom which is

possible.

surfacing

Articles 2203 and 2273.

endeavour to

unable to surface,

procedures,

(3) Switch on navigation

turn to safety

in order to indicate

(SOS by

or I am in an

lights (night time only).

course and

that it is in

SST or

emergency

(4) Mark ship’s position.

release smoke/

difficulty, and as a

UWT)

and unable

(5) Establish Datum based

flare.

means of marking

to surface/on

on bearing, time and

(3) At night,

its position. If a

the bottom.

approximate range of Red

switch on

red pyrotechnic is

or unexpected pyrotechnic.

navigation

released by

(6) Cavitate.

lights.

mistake, the

(7) Switch off/recover/ cut

submarine must

decoys.

surface as soon as

(8) Consider recovering

possible to assure

other towed systems

other forces that

(i.e.VDS).

no emergency

(9) Call S/M on UWT

exists.

(consider minimizing

MRS/LFAS or reducing

power).

(10) Set Watch on SM

Safety Net.

(11) Broadcast

‘Emergency Surfacing’ to

all units.

(12) Inform OCE.

(13) Direct all available

lookouts to watch datum

area.

(14) If available,

Helicopter/MPA carry out

visual search of datum

area.

(15) Stand By to lay

Danbuoy.

(16) When considered

appropriate attempt to gain

MRS contact (consider

reduced power).

(17) In case of a DEU

submarine, secure the

pyrotechnics(s) and check

for emergency

messages(s).

5-12

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Table 5-4 Underwater Signal Code Table

NOTE:

2. This signal code is primarily designed for use between ASW ships, helicopters and submarines, but

may be employed between aircraft and submarines.

3. Governing pennants (e.g. Negat) are never to be used with this code.

SIGNAL

MEANING

ACA

Keep clear. Do not pass over me.

ASA

Wait. Temporarily discontinue exercise.

BBB

I am simulating firing straight running torpedoes at target vessel.

(May be followed by

the call sign of target vessel.)

BLR

I am firing a long range stand off weapon. (May be followed by target vessel call sign.)

BNN

NOT RELEASABLE

BNS

NOT RELEASABLE

BRS

I am simulating firing a long range stand off weapon.

(May be followed by target vessel

call sign.)

CCC

COMEX

DDD

Return to periscope depth and establish tactical radio communications. All clear during

the next 10 minutes.

FFF

Change speed (followed by numerals to indicate new speed).

* FFT

Open to attack. Torpedo may be fired in accordance with exercise orders.

GGG

Change base course (followed by numerals to indicate new course).

HHH

I am firing or I have fired ... torpedoes (followed by numerals to indicate number of

torpedoes fired).

* ICI

Open to attack. Torpedoes are not to be fired.

III

I have lost contact. Send Vs.

* IPI

No torpedoes sighted. Surface when safe to do so and proceed to search.

JJJ

(1) ECB/SLOT Buoy received (if recently sent),

- or-

(2) Danger, remain at safe depth.

KKK

I am at correct depth, course and speed and am ready to commence the exercise.

LLL

Change depth to that indicated by the following numerals

; Take exercise depth.

MMM

I have sighted torpedo. (If followed by numerals, indicates number of torpedoes sighted.)

MUT

My Underwater Telephone is inoperative.

NNN

I am unable to comply with your last signal.

* NON

Submarines are not to attack.

OOH

I am firing flight delivered torpedo.

OON

NOT RELEASABLE

*Submarine torpedo attack signals to be used in conjunction with procedure outlined in Article 5015

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Table 5-4 Underwater Signal Code Table (cont’d)

SIGNAL

MEANING

OOO

I am simulating firing homing torpedo (followed by bearing of the target but may also be

followed by call sign of the target vessel).

OOW

I am simulating firing wire guided torpedo.

(May be followed by call sign of target

vessel.)

PPP

Prepare to surface or to come to periscope depth.

QAP

Listen for me on ordered radio frequency (or KC).

QPQ

Pyrotechnic/smoke sighted (bearing

QQQ

Fire (or fired) smoke/flare to indicate position.

QRS

Send slower.

QRZ

You are being called by

QSY

Shift to another frequency.

QSZ

Send each group twice.

QTE

Your true bearing is (degrees) at (time); or What is my true bearing from you?

RLR

Repeat last run.

RRR

Received last transmission or message.

SOS

Emergency; I desire to surface (or I am surfacing).

SSS

I am firing simulated or practice ASW weapon:

Plus long dash (end of long dash is instant of firing).

Second dash (submarine sends water slug/smoke filters at time indicated).

SXS

Stop the attack. Exercise cancelled. Surface when safe to do so.

TAS

I have streamed Critical-Angle Towed Array System.

TRT

Steer Safety Course.

* TSX

Torpedo or torpedo track in sight; carry on with the exercise.

TTT

I desire to surface (not an emergency).

TXT

Cease present exercise; further instructions follow.

UJO

NOT RELEASABLE.

UUU

You are standing into danger.

VAA

Course and speed of indicated YBA or YBB ship is

(followed by numerals to indicate

course and speed).

VAC

My course is (followed by numerals to indicate course).

VBS

My speed is (followed by numerals to indicate speed).

VCD

My depth is (followed by numerals to indicate keel depth in metres).

VDM

My VDS/DTAS is being towed outside allocated depth limits and is at (followed by

numerals to indicate keel depth in metres).

VDS

I have streamed VDS or DTAS. (May be followed by numerals to indicate cable length

in metres (feet), depending on the Relaxation in force.)

VFM

Stand by for range by method Mark - Snap (UWT) (see Table 5-9).

*Submarine torpedo attack signals to be used in conjunction with procedure outlined in Article 5015

5-14

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Table 5-4 Underwater Signal Code Table (cont’d)

SIGNAL

MEANING

VFR

Your range is (followed by numerals to indicate range in yards).

VLN

Cavitate for bearing.

VPO

I am coming to periscope depth.

VQC

What is your present course?

VQS

What is your present speed?

VRD

What is your present depth?

VRR

I have detected you by radar.

VRS

I have detected you by sonar.

VSS

I see you.

VVV

This is my position and I am resuming base course and speed (repeated several times for

sonar location).

WSN

Your air bubble not sighted. Use more air.

WWW

Release air bubble or turn on underwater/navigation lights to indicate position.

XXA

I am at periscope depth.

XXX

Come to periscope depth.

YBA

Fishing vessel or boat engaged in underwater activities is in the immediate area.

(May

be followed by numerals to indicate true bearing and range from submarines.)

YBB

Ship with draught expected to exceed the draught assumed for this exercise is in the

immediate area. (May be followed by numerals to indicate true bearing and range from

submarine.)

YBC

Exercise ship in immediate area.

YYY

Non-exercise ship is in immediate area.

(May be followed by numerals to indicate true

bearing from submarine.)

ZPZ

Snorkel (followed by numerals to indicate speed).

ZZZ

I am out of action in accordance with umpire rules.

*Submarine torpedo attack signals to be used in conjunction with procedure outlined in Article 5015.

5-15

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Table 5-5 ESUS MK 84 Underwater Signal Code

CODE

MEANING

ONE

ATTACK/COMEX Signal

1.5 sec

TWO

(1) ECB/SLOT Buoy received (if recently

sent)

1.5 sec

- or -

(2) Remain at Safe Depth

THREE

(1) Return to periscope depth and establish

tactical radio communications. All clear

.5 sec

during the next 10 minutes.

(2) If repeated two or more times, establish

tactical communications as soon as

possible.

(Aircraft distress or other

emergency requiring submarine assistance.)

(See Table 5-8)

FOUR

(1)FINEX. Indicates completion of ASW

action.

Establish

tactical

radio

.5 sec .5 sec

communications (unless otherwise directed

in the exercise message).

Suspect that you are a non-exercise

submarine, communicate with me.

FIVE

(1) Fishing vessel within 4000 yards, return

to PD as soon as safe to do so and establish

(available in MK 84 MOD 1 only)Steady tone (high

VHF communications

(on assigned

frequency F-2).

channel).

NOTES:

1. The ESUS MK 84 transmits on two primary frequencies: f1 of 3.2kHz and f2 of 3.5kHz. F2 must

be at least

3% greater than f1 to ensure that the operators can differentiate between the two

frequencies. F1 must be greater than 2.95kHz and f2 must not be greater than 3.55kHz.

a. The adjacent code illustrations indicate the high and low frequency shifts; the amplitude (or

signal level) remains the same.

b. The pulse lengths are 0.5 sec and 1.5 sec.

c. The codes are repeated until the battery is exhausted (45-120 sec).

2. Exercise codes of Table 5-5 are to be used for all training evolutions unless, during support

submarine or air/sub cooperation exercises, one side or the other is required to employ separate

operational codes. If so, the OCE must specify ESUS Code FOUR application for each opposing

force to avoid any unit misinterpreting FINEX for some other code meaning.

3. Code 5 is not agreed by NATO.

5-16

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Table 5-6 Ship/Submarine Torpedo Attack

DESCRIPTION

USED BY

MEANING

Flag FOUR over Flag

Target Ship for

Open to attack by submarines. Torpedoes

SEVEN (Displayed both

Submarine Attack

may be fired in accordance with orders for the

sides)

exercise.

(See Note below.)

Flag FOUR over Flag

Target Ship for

Open to attack by submarines. Torpedoes

FOUR (Displayed both

Submarine Attack

must not be fired. (See Note below.)

sides)

Flag QUEBEC

Submarines

1. Disregard me. I am not open to attack. I

am not to be reported.

- or -

2. Disregard me. I am participating in

EVENT SUBMISS/SMASHEX as part of the

Search Force.

NOTE:

See Signals in Table 5-4 denoted *.

Table 5-7 Signals by Aircraft

MANOEUVRE

MEANING

Lateral movement of wings (rocking wings)

Roger - I have received your last message or

signal.

Gentle dive along course of submarine. Aircraft

Start or recommence exercise. Time of aircraft

are not to descend below 200 feet by day or below

passing overhead is Go Time or COMEX as

500 feet by night. Navigation and anti-collision

applicable.

lights are to be shown at night.

Gentle dive along reverse course of submarine.

Stop exercise.

(Stop Time or FINEX as

Altitude restrictions and light instructions above

applicable.)

apply.

Series of gentle dives and climbs while orbiting

Wait

(Porposing)

Sharp turn to starboard

Spare

Sharp turn to port

Spare

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Table 5-8 Aircraft Distress Signal

SIGNAL BY AIRCRAFT

ACTION BY SHIP

NATURE OF

ACTION BY

AIRCRAFT

SURFACED

EMERGENCY

SUBMARINE

TO SHIP OR

TO SURFACE A

SURFACED

SUBMERGED

SUBMARINE

DISTRESS -

Fire one red flare

Fire five

If time permits,

Inform OSE and/or

Grave imminent

or a succession of

explosive charges

inform ship by

appropriate Rescue

danger threatens

red flares singly at

two or more times

radio or visual

Coordination Centre

and immediate

short intervals

at short regular

signals of the

(RCC) giving:

assistance is

directed near ship

intervals*.

(See

following:

required.

or submarine.

Signal A5, Table

1. Identity of aircraft.

5-2)

1. Identity.

Aircraft not

2. Nature of distress.

carrying flares or

Two or more MK

2. Intention, i.e.

without multiple

84 Code 3 buoys

ditching,

3. Aircraft position

flare-dispensing

can be dropped

abandoning

and time.

capability, conduct

simultaneously in

aircraft, or

low pass close

lieu of explosive

deferred landing

aboard surface unit

charges. (See

(see

with all

Table 5-5)

emergencies 1,

navigation/landing

2 and 3 below).

lights on steady

These signals

while rocking

should be used

3. Position and

wings and

only if no

time.

transmitting Morse

participating

letter Zulu (dash-

naval ships are in

4. Assistance

dash-dot-dot) by

the vicinity.

required.

Aldis lamp or

blinker light.

1. Ditching

Land in sea near

Man boats equipped

ship or

with rescue gear and

submarine.

manoeuvre ship as

Switch on

necessary to permit

navigation lights

earliest rescue

by night.

operations. Some

aircraft are equipped

with a Sonar Locator

Beacon (SLB). Were

an aircraft to sink

after ditching, the

SLB is depth

activated, and

transmits on 9.5 Khz

(pulse length 14 msec,

repetition rate 1 pulse

per sec) for 10 days.

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Table 5-8 Aircraft Distress Signal (cont’d)

SIGNAL BY AIRCRAFT

ACTION BY SHIP

NATURE OF

ACTION BY

AIRCRAFT

SURFACED

EMERGENCY

SUBMARINE

TO SHIP OR

TO SURFACE A

SURFACED

SUBMERGED

SUBMARINE

2. Abandon

Position aircraft in

Manoeuvre ships so as to

aircraft by

order that personnel

be in the centre of landing

parachute

may bail out as near

area of parachuting

as possible to the

personnel, with boats

ship or submarine,

manned and lookouts

and from an upwind

posted in preparation for

direction if

rescue of personnel.

practicable.

3. Deferred forced

Inform ships of

Follow aircraft, as

landing on or near

additional

navigation permits, with

land

information, viz.

rescue boats manned for

immediate launching. At

a. Endurance

closest approach point,

remaining.

dispatch properly manned

boats to effect landing on

b. Point of intended

shore and assist in rescue

landing.

of aircraft personnel.

Notify OSE and/or

If practicable, pass

appropriate Rescue

over ship or

Coordination Centre

submarine en route

giving additional

to point of intended

information as below:

landing. Switch on

navigation lights by

1. Endurance remaining.

night.

2. Point of intended

landing.

Notify of details of actual

landing when available.

N.B. In cases where

aircraft is unable to

pass any information

other than the distress

signal by itself, ships or

surfaced submarine

should prepare to

mount rescue

operations as required,

informing OSE and/ or

appropriate Rescue

Coordination Centre.

5-19

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Table 5-8 Aircraft Distress Signal

SIGNAL BY AIRCRAFT

ACTION BY SHIP

NATURE OF

ACTION BY

AIRCRAFT

SURFACED

EMERGENCY

SUBMARINE

TO SHIP OR

TO SURFACE A

SURFACED

SUBMERGED

SUBMARINE

URGENCY -

Succession of white

Fire five explosive

Inform ship by

Render any assistance

Aircraft in

flares.

charges two or more

radio or visual

possible. Inform OSE

difficulties

times at short

signals of the

and/or Rescue

which compel it

Aircraft not carrying

regular intervals*.

following:

Coordination Centre.

to land without

flares or without

(See Signal A5,

immediate

multiple flare

Table 5-2)

1. Identity.

assistance.

dispensing capability

fly left-hand

Two or more MK

2. Nature of

racetrack pattern

84 Code 3 buoys

distress.

perpendicular to

can be dropped

surface unit's track,

simultaneously in

3. Aircraft

passing overhead the

lieu of explosive

position and time.

surface unit, while

charges. (See Table

flashing

5-5)

4. Endurance.

navigation/landing

lights.

These signals

5. Intentions.

should be used

only if no

participating naval

ships are in the

vicinity.

Aircraft has a

Succession of green

Fire five explosive

Transmit message

Relay message or act as

very urgent

flares.

charges two or more

by radio or visual

required.

message to

times at short

signals.

transmit

Aircraft not carrying

regular intervals*.

concerning the

flares or without

(See Signal A5,

safety of a ship,

multiple flare

Table 5-2)

aircraft or other

dispensing capability

person or

fly left-hand circular

Two or more MK

vehicle.

pattern around

84 Code 3 buoys

surface unit with all

can be dropped

navigation lights on

simultaneously in

steady while rocking

lieu of explosive

wings and

charges. (See Table

transmitting Morse

5-5)

letters Mike Mike

(dash-dash-dash-

These signals

dash) by Aldis lamp

should be used

or blinker light.

only if no

participating naval

ships are in the

vicinity.

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Table 5-9 Range by Method MARK

Having established communication by UWT, Ship "A", wishing to carry out ranging by Method

MARK - SNAP, makes:

"Stand by for range check."

Ship "B" when ready makes:

"Ready."

Ship "A" makes:

"5-4-3-2-1 MARK" (Starting a chronoscope on the word "MARK")

When Ship "B" hears the count-down he makes:

"SNAP" at the same time as "MARK" from Ship "A" is anticipated, and starts his

chronoscope.

Ship "A" makes:

"MARK" on hearing "SNAP" from Ship "B", and stops his chronoscope.

Ship "B" stops his chronoscope on hearing the second "MARK" from Ship "A".

Ships then exchange ranges.

NOTE:

Count-down from Ship "A" must be made at an even cadence so that "MARK" can be anticipated by

Ship "B"

5-21(Reverse Blank)

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CHAPTER 6

RECORDS AND ANALYSIS

6000 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS

1. It is of the utmost importance that submarine and anti-submarine warfare exercises should be

analyzed in order to establish any errors in procedure or drill and to allow the formulation of new and

improved techniques. Such analysis will also enable a senior officer to assess the efficiency of his

forces.

(The value of post-exercise discussions is covered in Article 1003.)

2. In order to permit satisfactory analysis, it is of the utmost importance that track charts and records

should be neatly and accurately produced. Track charts should include the direction of true North, the

scale of the chart, the appropriate latitude and longitude scale (where possible), a geographic reference

point, COMEX/FINEX times, and the name and hull number of the submitting command.

3. The analysis of ASW exercises falls into two broad categories which are discussed in the following

articles:

a. analysis or assessment of weapon attacks; and

b. tactical analysis.

6001 ANALYSIS OR ASSESSMENT OF WEAPON ATTACKS

1. ASW Ships. Two methods are available to assist in evaluating the effectiveness of surface ship

attacks:

a. Method A - Recording of Attack and Submarine Data. This method may be the most

suitable for long range attack systems or when it is not desired to compromise the submarine's

position by requiring it to fire a smoke flare.

(1) The surface ship sends the appropriate signal by explosive charge signal, SST, or UWT, at

the time of firing its weapon(s) and records the target data used (that is, submarine's estimated

course, speed and depth).

(2) The submarine, on receipt of the signal, records its course, speed, and depth, together with

any changes during the anticipated time flight of the weapon.

b. Method B - Marking the Position of Submarine and Weapon. This method is best suited for

evaluation of short range weapon attacks, where there is not objection to compromising the

submarine's position.

(1) The surface ship fires (or drops a marker on the surface which is related to the position at

which the weapon or projectiles would enter the water) and makes the appropriate signal by

explosive charge, SST, or UWT to alert the submarine to fire smoke/ flare or bubble.

(2) The submarine marks its position by smoke/flare or bubble, subject to any time delay in

use, and records time, course, speed and depth. This information is to be passed in the

submarine vectored attack (SUBVEC) message format given below:

6-1

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IDENTIFIER (SUBVEC Serial No./Run No.) Passed as:

SUBVEC.../...

TIME of attack (second charge heard)

BEARING of submarine from smoke candle at second charge

DISTANCE in yards of submarine from smoke candle at charge

COURSE of sub marine at second charges

Speed of submarine to nearest half knot

DEPTH of submarine keel in metres (feet)

(Units of measurement must be specified)

NOTE:

This system is subject to errors caused by the smoke/flare being washed aft, which increases submarine

speed or depth up to a maximum of 40 yards.

2. ASW Aircraft. During ASW attacks by aircraft, attack positions should be marked, when

practicable, to permit the results to be assessed. The procedure for marking attacks aims to provide a

visual representation of the result and is conducted as follows:

a. The aircraft marks the position of the attack using underwater charges, smoke combs, markers,

and so forth. It should be noted, however, that since attacks using a single charge (Signal A1 or

ESUS Mk84 code one ) are not answered by the submarine, a visual aiming point is necessary to

allow the assessment or analysis of such attacks.

b. In reply to an attack in which two charges have been used, the submarine releases an answering

smoke/flare, other than red, to indicate its position.

6002 TACTICAL ANALYSIS

1. When so ordered, ships, aircraft and submarines taking part in tactical exercises are to record such

information as is required for preparing an accurate account of the exercises for use at a post exercise

conference and/or for preparing a general report on the exercises.

2. The OCE will promulgate in the relevant OPORD or CASEX message a list of FORMEX and/or

CASEX forms specifically required. Figures 6-1 to 6-4 illustrate the CASEX forms that may be used.

Examples and instructions for completing FORMEXes that may be required are in the Maritime

Analysis Handbook.

3. In addition to other forms required for record keeping which must be ordered in the CASEX

message, the submarine is to forward the following records to the ship or other specified authority on

completion of the exercise:

a. Narrative (FORMEX 101);

b. Contact Evaluation Plot (CEP) (FORMEX 116);

6-2

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c. Range Evaluation Plot (REP) if kept;

d. Ship Position Plot (AUTOLOG print out) (FORMEX 114);

e. Machinery Log; and

f. Artifact Log.

6003 CLAIMS FOR ATTACKS BY SUBMARINES OR ASW SHIPS

1. The following message is available to enable attacking units to claim their attacks. Claim message

(ME - YOU) may be made by the appropriate communication method, as described in the paragraphs

which follow:

a. Message from Attacking Unit. The attacking unit is to send as follows:

(1) the target attacked, and its estimated course and speed,

(2) the number of weapons that have or would have been fired, followed by the word Fired or

Dummy,

(3) the mean course or bearing on which weapons would have been set to run,

(4) estimated range on firing, and running range/time where appropriate (in hundreds of yards

or seconds),

(5) time interval between consecutive firings a salvo,

(6) DTG of firing, and

(7) Estimated position of target unit.

b. This information is to be made by the attacking unit in accordance with the following example:

"YOU 180-12-2 FIRED ME 090-12-30-13-250925Z." This would mean "I estimated your course to

be 180 degrees at 12 knots when I fired. Two weapons have been fired, their mean course was 090

degrees, my estimated range on firing was 1200 yards, their running range is 3000 yards. The

interval between consecutive firings in the salvo was 13 seconds. I fired at 250925Z."

c. Message from the Attacked Unit. The attacked unit is to reply to the Me-You message with a

message concerning relevant courses, speeds and times. Information to be made by the attacked

unit in accordance with the following example:

ME 175 - 15 - 250910Z 185 - 12

This would mean: During the ASW attack period my course was 175 at 15 knots until 0910Z and from

then onwards my course was 185 at 12 knots.

6-3

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6004 SUBMARINE TRACK MESSAGE

1. The Submarine Track Message is designed to provide a method by which accurate and concise

records of an exercise submarine's movement and operating events can be exchanged with

participating units following a short term action period. These records are required to provide for a

rapid post exercise analysis.

2. The Submarine Track Message is a numerical method of recording the submarine's movement

during each exercise serial. It employs a grid system based on initial position coded as 500 500, and

measure displacement in hundreds of yards East-West and North-South from the initial position. The

first group indicates displacement East-West; the second group displacement North-South.

Displacements East and North of the initial position will be added to, and displacements West and

South of the initial position will be subtracted from 500. To indicate the time of each position

reported, a third group is included. The first figure denotes the last figure of the hour and the last two

figures denote the time in minutes of the hour.

Example: Time 1435, position 4100 yards East and 3600 yards South of the Initial position, would

encode as 541 464 435.

3. On reaching 50,000 yards from the initial position in either an East-West or North-South direction,

the numbering sequence for that particular direction will revert to 500. The sequence should never be

allowed to progress to a four figure group.

4. At COMEX, the submarine will note the latitude and longitude and include this information at the

beginning of the Track report. The submarine is to record its position whenever an alteration of course

is made, and on the hour, or, is to record its position every 10 minutes, whichever is more convenient.

5. To assist in analysis, the submarine is to report pertinent operating events using the Brevity Code,

Table 6-1. The letter designator is to be included after the three group position report. More than one

designator may be used.

6. The last group of the track message is to be the position in which the submarine surfaces; the

group is to be preceded by the words "SURFACING POSITION".

Example:

TO C/S FM C/S COMEX POSIT 3150N 6410W 500 475 430 GD37/496 461 435

J/492 472 444C/490 454 500/500 430 503 VS 00010/500 400 525 SEA 280/ ETC.

Meaning:

To participating Unit from Submarine

COMEX 3150N 6410W.

500 475 AT 1430Z GO TIME DIVED TO DEPTH 37 METRES

POSITION

496

461 AT

1435Z DETECTED JULIE. POSITION

492

472 TIME

1444Z

COMMENCED SNORKELLING. POSITION 490 454 AT 1500Z ON THE HOUR POSITION.

POSITION 500 430 AT 1503Z SIGHTED SHIPS BEARING 000 AT 10 MILES. POSITION 500

400 TIME 1525Z SECURED SNORKELLING AIRCRAFT RADAR INTERCEPTED BEARING

280, ETC.

6005 DATA FORMS

The authority requiring records is to order those required, for analysis and subsequent reporting, from

the Major NATO Commanders' Exercise Directives Volume IV, CASEX forms A, B, C and D and

National Forms.

6-4

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Table 6-1 Brevity Code

LETTER

DESIGNATION

EVENT MEANING

Began out-of-action.

End out-of-action.

Commenced snorkelling.

Dived, to be followed by numerals indicating depth in metres (tens of feet).

Electronic emission information from aircraft bearing in true three figure group.

Electronic emission information from ships bearing in true three figure group.

Running on surface.

Go Time.

HF transmission from submarine.

Missile fired.

Changed depth, to be followed by numerals indicating depth in meters (tens of

feet).

Radar transmission from submarine.

Secured snorkelling (routine).

SEA

Secured snorkelling (aircraft radar intercepted). Bearing true.

SES

Secured snorkelling (ship's radar intercepted). Bearing true.

SVA

Secured snorkelling (aircraft visual).

SVS

Secured snorkelling (ship visual).

Secured snorkelling (ship HE bearing true).

Torpedo fired with target's course and speed in five figure group.

Visual sighting aircraft.

Visual sighting ships, with bearing and range (in miles) in five figure group.

Initiated action enables aircraft to regain contact.

NOTE:

All bearings are True.

6-6

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CASEX FORM A--A/S SHIP/TARGET SHIP RECORD FORM

SECTION I -- GENERAL INFORMATION

Name of Ship __________________________________________________________________

CASEX Number or description of the exercise __________________ Date _________________

Time zone used in report _________________________________________________________

Weather __________________ Sea State _________________ Visibility __________________

Position in formation of A/S ship or ship acting as submarine target ______________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

Layer depth (measured from surface to top of layer) ___________________________________

Temperature drop in layer _______________________________________________________

Predicted sonar range ___________________________________________________________

Observed Sonar Range __________________________________________________________

SECTION II - NAVIGATIONAL RECORD DURING A/S

ACTION OR WHEN A TARGET SHIP FOR SUBMARINE ATTACK

Own Ship

Contact

Position

and

Time

with

Remarks**

Submarine

Course*

Speed*

Bearing

Range

Estimated Course and

Speed of Submarine

Own ship's course and speed need not be recorded during A/S actions.

** Remarks column is to include (1) times of sighting or hearing signals from Table 5-3 or Table

5-4, (2) times of making signals laid down in Tables 5-2, 5-4, or 5-5 or 5-6, and (3) own

geographic positions.

Figure 6-1 CASEX Form A - A/S Ship/Target Ship Record Form

6-9

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CASEX FORM A (Cont'd)

SECTION III--DETAILS OF EACH A/S ACTION OR

SUBMARINE ATTACK (TO BE COMPLETED FOR EACH CONTACT)

Time of first contact or sighting of torpedo track or green flare __________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

Course and speed of own ship at time of sighting torpedo track or green flare _______________

_____________________________________________________________________________

Ship's head when torpedo crossed track _____________________________________________

Range and bearing of first contact _________________________________________________

Method of obtaining first contact __________________________________________________

Range and bearing of own ship from guide of the fleet or commodore of the convoy _________

_____________________________________________________________________________

Attack Number

Time of firing

Weapon

Practice projectiles fired

Estimated distance between ship marker and submarine

marker

Estimated bearing of ship marker from submarine marker

SECTION IV--GENERAL REMARKS

Remarks on evasion tactics by submarine, ease of holding contact, and intensity of propeller

noise.

Figure 6-1 CASEX Form A - A/S Ship/Target Ship Record Form (Cont'd)

6-10

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CASEX FORM B—FIXED WING AIRCRAFT ANTI-SUBMARINE SORTIE REPORT

CASEX Number or

Date

description of the

exercise

SECTION I--AIRCRAFT DETAILS

Base or Parent

Squadron

Aircraft Type

Aircraft

Ship

Number, Letter,

Commander

or Callsign

SECTION II--SORTIE TIMES

Airborne

Landed

(DTG)

On Task

Off Task

(DTG)

Ordered

Actual

Punctuality

Reason

Ordered

Actual

Punctuality

Reason

To include types of searches or patrols carried out, area covered, and details of any deviations

from the ordered task.

This form is intended for use in peace and wartime exercises. Section VII (Submarine

Detection and Attack Report) is to be answered at the discretion of the commanding officer and

the form classified accordingly.

SECTION IV--NARRATIVE OF SORTIE

To include all important incidents, sightings of own or enemy forces, and narrative of attack with

positions and times.

SECTION V--UNSERVICEABILITY OF EQUIPMENT

To include unserviceabilities to aircraft, radio, underwater tracking equipment, and so forth.

SECTION VI-DISAPPEARING RADAR CONTACTS

Time

Type of

Geographic

Relative Bearing and

Classification of

Underwater

Radar

Position of

Range

Contact (Positive,

Detection and

Contact

Probable,

Tracking

Possible, or Non-

Equipment Used

submarine

and Results (see

Section IV)

Figure 6-2 CASEX Form B - Fixed Wing Aircraft Anti-Submarine Sortie Report

6-11

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CASEX FORM B (Cont'd)

SECTION VII--SUBMARINE DETECTION AND ATTACK REPORT

a. Initial Detection and Sighting

First Sighting

Second Sighting

1. Time and position of initial contact

2. Relative bearing and range from aircraft

3. First detected by _______ (visual, radar,

sonobuoys, ESM, and so forth, including

type of radar or equipment used)

4. If visual, was radar being used? If not,

give reason

5. Altitude of aircraft

6. Nature of first visual sighting (surfaced,

snorting, periscope depth, and so forth)

7. Contact gained by _______ (position in

aircraft)

8. Aspect of submarine when first sighted

(beam on, bow or stern on, and so forth)

9. Estimated course and speed of submarine

on sighting

10. Was submarine sighted in daylight,

darkness, moonlight, or twilight?

11. Was sighting up or down sun or moon?

Figure 6-2 CASEX Form B - Fixed Wing Aircraft Anti-Submarine Sortie Report (Cont'd)

6-12

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CASEX FORM B (Cont'd)

First Sighting

Second Sighting

a. Initial Detection and Sighting (Cont'd)

12.

Was sighting by means of

illuminants? If so give:

(a) Type of illuminant

(b) Distance from submarine illumination

was used

target

during the attack run

(d) Height of aircraft at time of

illumination

(e) Was illumination adequate? If not, give

details.

13.

Bearing and distance of submarine

from combatant force, convoy or ship

14.

If sonobuoy contact, number and

position of buoys holding contact

15.

Hydrophone depth of sonobuoy

16.

Length of time contact held

17.

Time taken to classify

18.

Predicted detection range

19.

Distance of target from sonobuoy, if

known

20.

BT data obtained

Action by Aircraft

Was submarine attacked? (See

Section IX below.)

Reason if no attack was made

Was underwater tracking equipment

used? (See Section IX below.)

Figure 6-2 CASEX Form B - Fixed Wing Aircraft Anti-Submarine Sortie Report (Cont'd)

6-13

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CASEX FORM B (Cont'd)

c. Cooperation with Surface Ships

First Sighting

Second Sighting

Action taken to home A/S ships

Reason for failure to contact or home

A/S ships

Identity of ships contacted

Time of arrival and identity of ships

homed to the datum

Cooperation with Other Aircraft

Did any other aircraft cooperate?

Give details and times (If VECTACs were

carried out, see subsection g below)

Was sighting aircraft relieved, or did

it leave before being relieved? If so, why?

e. Underwater Tracking

Time of laying first buoy

Was positive contact made?

Length of time contact was held

Notes: The following information should be

shown on the plotting grid in Section IX:

(a)

Sonobuoys (details of pattern(s) laid,

position(s) of Master Buoy(s), distance of

other buoys, and extensions)

(b)

Description of results, and plot of

submarine's movements

f. Weather Conditions at Time of Sighting or

Attack

General weather (fair, fine, rain, and

so forth)

Visibility at patrol height

Figure 6-2 CASEX Form B - Fixed Wing Aircraft Anti-Submarine Sortie Report (Cont'd)

6-14

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CASEX FORM B (Cont'd)

Weather Conditions at Time of

First Sighting

Second Sighting

Sighting or Attack (Cont'd)

Cloud type, base, amount below 5000

feet, and total amount.

Moon, phase, altitude, and azimuth.

Wind direction and speed.

Sea state.

Attack Report

Run 1

Run 2

Run 3

Run 4

Time and position of attack.

Attack approach (direct, manoeuvring

in cloud, down sun, up moon, and so forth).

Was target visible at time of attack?

If not, what was aiming point?

Angle of attack relative to

submarine's course.

Height of release of weapon(s).

Ground speed of attack.

Time interval between disappearance

of submarine and release of weapon(s).

Position of either point(s) of entry of

weapon(s) or explosions relative to submarine

or swirl.

Position of answering submarine

smoke candle relative to entry point(s) of

weapon(s).

10.

Was a VECTAC conducted with

another aircraft or helicopter? If so, give

details and estimated results.

Figure 6-2 CASEX Form B - Fixed Wing Aircraft Anti-Submarine Sortie Report (Cont'd)

6-15

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CASEX FORM B (Cont'd)

Weapon(s) Used

Run 1

Run 2

Run 3

Run 4

Number and type of weapons used or

simulated

Was a gunnery attack simulated? If

so, with what results?

Submarine Data

Type

Name or number (if known)

Details of submarine tactics before,

during, and after attack.

(Any photographs

taken are to be attached to this report)

Aircraft Commander's Assessment of Attack

Aircraft commander's assessment of accuracy of attack, and estimation of results.

Aircraft Commander Signature

SECTION VIII--COMMENTS BY COMMANDING OFFICER

The commanding officer's comments are to include an assessment of crew efficiency and of

attacks carried out.

Run

Commanding Officer Signature

Figure 6-2 CASEX Form B - Fixed Wing Aircraft Anti-Submarine Sortie Report (Cont'd)

6-16

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CASEX FORM C--SUBMARINE RECORD FORM

SECTION I--GENERAL INFORMATION

Name of submarine _____________________________________________________________

CASEX Number or description of the exercise ________________________________________

Time zone used in report _________________________________ Date ____________________

Weather ______________________________________ Sea State ________________________

Visibility ______________________________________________________________________

Geographic position of diving _____________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

Layer depth (measured from surface to top of layer) ____________________________________

Temperature drop in layer _________________________________________________________

SECTION II--NAVIGATIONAL RECORD (FOR USE WHEN

CARRYING OUT TORPEDO ATTACKS OR DURING A/S ACTION

Time

Submarine

Target, or A/S ship or Aircraft

Remarks

Estimate

Depth

Course

Speed

Range

Bearing

Course

Speed

To include signals made or

received from Tables 5-2,

5-3, 5-4, 5-5 and 5-6, and

use of decoy.

Own geographic position

to be included for initial

contact and each A/S

action.

Figure 6-3 CASEX Form C - Submarine Record Form

6-18

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CASEX FORM C (Cont'd)

SECTION III--DETAILS OF TORPEDO ATTACK

Time of first sighting or contact on target ___________________________________________

Method ______________________________________________________________________

Range and bearing of first contact on target _________________________________________

Range and bearing of target and nearest screening ship, when penetrating screen ___________

_____________________________________________________________________________

Torpedo firing data (to include range and bearing of target at moment of firing, estimation of

enemy course and speed, number of torpedoes fired or simulated, and number in salvo aimed to

hit) _________________________________________________________________________

SECTION IV--GENERAL REMARKS

General remarks are to include:

Short description of torpedo attack

Effectiveness of screen and air patrols

Bathythermograph records

Number of opportunities to fire defensive weapons against A/S ships

Effectiveness of A/S ships in holding contact

Effectiveness of aircraft detection and/or attack, with remarks on accuracy of

sonobuoy patterns, bombs, or markers, giving range and bearing when observed

Figure 6-3 CASEX Form C - Submarine Record Form (Cont'd)

6-19

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CASEX D*--HELICOPTER ANTI-SUBMARINE SORTIE REPORT

CASEX Number or description of

Date

the exercise

SECTION I--AIRCRAFT DETAILS

Base or Parent Ship

Squadron

Helicopter

Helicopter Number,

Pilot

Observer

Operator

Type

Letter, or Callsign

SECTION II--SORTIE TIMES

Airborne

On Task

Off Task

Landed

(DTG)

Ordered

Actual

Punctuality

Reaso

Ordered

Actual

Punctuality

Reason

SECTION III--TASK

To include types of searches or patrols carried out, area covered, and details of any deviations from the ordered task.

SECTION IV--NARRATIVE OF SORTIE

To include all important incidents, sightings of own or enemy forces, and narrative of attack with positions and times.

SECTION V--UNSERVICEABILITY OF EQUIPMENT

Helicopter unserviceability sonar equipment, and so forth.

SECTION VI--SONAR REPORT

Dip

Time

Ball

Bearing

Pulse

Range

Range Scale in Use

Echo Pitch

Letter

Depth

Length

* This form is intended for peace and wartime exercises.

Figure 6-4 CASEX Form D - Helicopter Anti-Submarine Sortie Report

6-20

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GLOSSARY

NOTE:

Definitions or portions thereof that appear in APP-6 as NATO agreed terminology, or in ACP-167,

are indicated by underlining.

Air Bubble. A bubble of air discharged from a submerged submarine. It is used by a submarine to

indicate its position to surface and air units. It is sometimes termed a 'water slug'.

Aircraft. The collective term for fixed-wing aircraft and helicopters.

Area of Probability (AOP). A defined area in which the presence of one or more submarines or surface

vessels is suspected.

ASW Action. An exercise ASW action is an operation by one or more ASW units against a particular

submarine. In order to permit the necessary manoeuvres for ASW action to be safely executed,

safety precautions to be taken by the submarine(s) and ASW units may be in addition to the safety

precautions required in the exercise as a whole. In exercises, ASW action begins with COMEX

and ends with FINEX or Stop Time, whichever is earlier. If it is desired to continue the ASW

action after FINEX, then a new COMEX must be ordered, providing that this is allowed by the

exercise orders (see Article 5014.5).

AUTT(s). Autonomous Underwater Training Target.

Base Course. A reference course or direction desired to be made good when evasive steering is being

carried out.

Base Speed. The speed resulting along the base course when evasive steering is being carried out.

CASEX. Standard ASW exercises.

Cavitation. The formation of local cavities (bubbles) in a liquid as a result of the reduction of total

pressure. This pressure reduction may result from a negative pressure produced by rarefaction or

from the reduction of pressure by hydrodynamic flow such as is produced by highspeed

movement of an underwater propeller.

Close ASW Action. An action in which one or more ASW units attempt to engage an enemy submarine

within 8,000 yards.

COMEX. COMEX is the time of starting an ASW action. It is normally a warning to the submarine of

attacks by ASW units.

Critical-Angle Towed Array System (CATAS). A towed array system whose depth is dependent upon

towing ship speed and the length and width of the towing cable only.

DATUM. The last known position of a submarine or suspected submarine after contact has been lost.

DATUM TIME. The time when contact with the submarine or suspected submarine was lost.

Daylight. Daylight is defined as extending from sunrise to sunset.

Glossary - 1

CHANGE 4

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Decoy. An acoustic warfare electronic, chemical, or mechanical device designed to mislead sonar

operators or the target-seeking device in homing torpedoes.

Depressed Towed Array System (DTAS). A towed array system which is taken to desired depth by a

towed body or depressor.

Dive. The order to a submarine to proceed from the surface to periscope depth or deeper.

Diversion. A change made in a prescribed route for operational or tactical reasons. Except in the case

of aircraft, a diversion order will not constitute a change of destination.

Diving Message. A message sent by a submarine before diving for a training exercise, to indicate the

expected time and duration of the dive.

Duration. Duration is the specified time period for an ASW action. It must be given in minutes in the

exercise orders. When Relaxation 2*M is in force, duration is not required.

Duration of ASW Action. In exercises, the duration between COMEX and FINEX as laid down in the

orders for the exercise.

Electronic Countermeasures (ECM). That division of EW involving actions taken to prevent or

reduce an enemy's effective use of the electromagnetic spectrum.

Electronic Warfare Support Measures (ESM). That division of EW involving actions taken to search

for, intercept, locate, record and analyze radiated electromagnetic energy for the purpose of

exploiting such radiations in support of military operations. Thus, ESM provides a source of EW

information required to conduct electronic countermeasures

(ECM), electronic protection

measures (EPM), threat detection, warning, avoidance, target acquisition, and homing.

FINEX. In exercises and when a duration has been established, it is the time of ending of an ASW

Action. It is equal to COMEX plus the duration of ASW action ordered.

Flare/Grenade. For ASW exercise purposes, a flare/grenade is a pyrotechnic light used for signaling or

identification.

Friendly Forces (FRNFOR). Those forces used in a friendly role during NATO exercises.

Go Time. The start of an ASW exercise period. After this time, dived submarines may be encountered

and full safety precautions must be observed until Stop Time.

Heavy Projectiles. Practice projectiles which may only be fired when submarines are at a safe depth.

Homing. The technique whereby a mobile station directs itself, or is directed, towards a source of

primary or reflected energy, or to specified point.

Homing Torpedo. An anti-submarine or anti-ship torpedo which steers towards its target using active

or passive target-seeking detection equipment to determine its course.

Hydrophone Effect (HE). Underwater sounds which emanate from ships, submarines or torpedoes and

which are detectable by listening devices.

Glossary - 2

CHANGE 4

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Impact Target. A target submarine against which an Impact Weapon is to be fired or dropped, whether

or not the weapon is set to hit.

Impact Weapon. A practice ASW weapon for use against an Impact Target submarine which might

strike the submarine, whether or not the weapon is set to hit.

Light Projectiles. Practice ASW projectiles for which no special precautions are necessary when fired

at dived submarines.

Localization. The determination of a contact's position by reducing the general area of contact to a more

definite and smaller area.

MADVEC. A procedure in which aircraft are vectored by informative or radar methods to carry out

MAD verification of a contact to assist in classification.

Magnetic Anomaly Detector (MAD). A passive or active/passive device which detects the presence of

a magnetic material by the distortions such material produces in the natural magnetic field of the

earth.

Maritime Headquarters (MHQ). The joint headquarters ashore from which Allied shipping, aircraft,

and submarine operations are controlled and coordinated. (Also called Sea-Air Headquarters.)

Marked Submarine

(1)

In elementary exercises a submarine may be marked by towing a marker (such as a

small buoy, float with flag, or three elliptical floats) by day or by burning the appropriate lights

while submerged by night.

(2)

In SUB vs SUB exercises, a 'marked' submarine is a submarine which proceeds at one

metre (three feet) less than the optimum periscope depth for the prevailing conditions and, at the

same time, shows all masts and periscopes fully extended.

MTAS. Multiple Towed Array System.

Maximum Permissible Operating Depth. This depth is an absolute depth for an individual submarine

below which that submarine must not deliberately proceed.

Me-You Message. A message used in ASW exercises to enable a quick exchange of target ship's

estimated and true course and speed. (Also called Claim Message.)

Night. Night is defined as extending from sunset to sunrise, the times of sunset and sunrise being

obtained from the Nautical Almanac. These times are to be calculated from the position of the

ASW action.

On-Top Position. The position indicated by an aircraft when over the submarine, datum, or some

reference point from which the position of the submarine or datum may be given as a bearing and

distance.

Opposing Forces (OPFOR). Those forces used in an enemy role during NATO exercises.

Out of Action. A condition imposed by umpires during exercises, in which combatant units as well as

shore establishments are declared neutralized in whole or in part.

Glossary - 3

CHANGE 4

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Patrol. A detachment of units sent out for the purpose of gathering information or the systematic and

continuing investigation along a line to detect or hamper enemy movements.

Periscope Depth (PD). The maximum depth at which a submarine can use its periscopes when they are

fully extended.

Relaxation. A modification of safety precautions and operating restrictions in order to make the training

more realistic.

Rescue Coordination Centre (RCC). A centre established within a designated search and rescue area

to permit efficient organization of search and rescue.

Responsible Submarine. In submarine ASW exercises, the responsible submarine is the submarine

which is responsible for taking action to avoid a submerged collision.

Restricted Submarine. A submarine is said to be restricted during an ASW exercise if it has been given

specific instructions regarding its course, speed, or depth.

Safe Bottoming Areas. Specially selected areas established by area commanders in which it is

considered that submarines may bottom without risk of damage from rocks, mines and wrecks.

Safe Depth. A submarine is said to be at Safe Depth when its keel depth is such as to provide the

required separation between the top of the fixed structure of the submarine and the lowest point of

any ship, other submarine assigned to a higher layer, towed ASW device and/or helicopter sonar

systems allowed in the orders for the exercise. When more than one towed device is being used

in the exercise, Safe Depth applies to the deepest device being employed.

Safety Bearing. The safety bearing is the bearing of the target submarine from the attacking submarines

at the commencement of a run.

Safety Circle. A safety circle is a circle drawn with its centre being the position of an attacking

submarine at the start of a run. Two concentric safety circles are drawn as the plot of the

attacking and target submarines, called inner and outer safety circles. Unless otherwise stated in

the message ordering the exercise, the radius of the inner safety circle is to be 3000 yards and

radius of the outer safety circle is to be 5000 yards. These radii may be altered at the discretion of

the SUBOPAUTH, but the radius of the inner safety circle is never to be less than 3000 yards, and

the difference in radii should NEVER be less than 2000 yards.

Safety Course. A pre-arranged course included in the detailed orders for the exercise. It must be one of

the cardinal points of the compass, and it is always signaled as "NORTH", "SOUTH", "EAST" or

"WEST". It is the course to be steered when a submarine is coming to PD using surfacing

procedures or in an emergency.

Safety Lane. A specified sea lane designated for use in transit by submarines and surface ships in order

to prevent attack by friendly forces.

Safety Line. A line drawn at right angles to the safety bearing at a distance specified in the exercise

orders/messages but never less than

2000 yards from the initial position of the attacking

submarine in the direction of the target.

Scene of Action Commander (SAC). The officer who assumes tactical control of the assigned units in

a limited area, operating against a specific contact or datum.

Glossary - 4

CHANGE 4

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MXP-1(D)(NAVY)(AIR)

Search Attack Unit (SAU). The designation given to a unit separately organized or detached from a

formation to search for and attack submarines.

Smoke Signal. A pyrotechnic which is used in signaling or identification, and which provides a

coloured smoke.

Snorkel (Snort). An extensible breather pipe which enables a submarine to operate diesel engines while

remaining submerged.

Sonar. An acoustic device used primarily for the detection and location of underwater objects.

Sonar Signaling Transmission (SST). The process of transmitting and receiving Morse signals by

sonar equipment.

Special and/or Exercise Instructions. A modification of standard exercises and procedures in order to

improve training value.

Starred Relaxation. A relaxation which may be used subject to prior approval of the SUBOPAUTH.

Stop Time. The end of an ASW exercise period.

SUBLOOK. Code word of the procedures initiated by an authority when the safety of a submarine is in

doubt or by a SUBOPAUTH when a Surfacing Signal, Arrival Report or SUBCHECK Report

from a submarine under his operational control becomes one hour overdue.

Submarine Depth. The depth of a submarine is measured from the surface to the keel depth.

Submarine Evasive Devices or Decoys. Devices used by a submarine to confuse sonar operators or

homing torpedoes by masking the submarine's self-noises, by creating false echoes, or masking

echo-ranging signals.

Submarine Operating Authority (SUBOPAUTH). The naval commander exercising operational

control of submarines.

Submarine Safety Separations. Vertical separations which, for safety during exercises, restrict

operating depths. These Vertical Safety Separations are not adequate for major casualties, but can

be used for planning purposes when inadvertent loss of depth control is the only consideration.

Submarine Towed Array System (STAS). A towed array system where a neutrally buoyant array is

deployed directly astern of the submarine and at the same depth.

Submerged. A submarine is submerged when it is at periscope depth or deeper.

SUBMISS. Code word of the signal originated by the SUBOPAUTH when a Surfacing Signal,

SUBCHECK Report or Arrival Report of a submarine is 6 hours overdue, or, for a one

compartment submarine, 3 hours overdue.

SUBSUNK. Code word of the signal originated by any authority who has positive information that a

submarine has sunk.

Surface. The order to a submarine to proceed from periscope depth to the surface.

Glossary - 5

ORIGINAL

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Surfacing Procedure. The method used by a submarine, ship or helicopter to bring a submarine from

Safe Depth to Periscope Depth (PD).

Surfacing Signal. A signal transmitted by a submarine to indicate to the SUBOPAUTH that the period

covered by a Diving Signal has been completed.

Surveillance Towed Array System (SURTAS). The term SURTAS is used to describe towed array

systems which are used in ASW area operations. They are optimized for passive acoustic

detection of submarine-radiated noise while operating at low tow speed, and normally use a very

long array.

Tactical Sonar Range (TSR). Is a range based on reported Predicted Sonar Range and may make

allowances for probable submarine depth, alertness of operators, level of unit efficiency, and so

forth.

Tactical Towed Array System (TACTAS). The term TACTAS is used to describe towed array

systems which are primarily designed for use in ASW direct support operations. Their passive

acoustic performance is optimized for submarine detection at higher tow speeds.

Time. Zone time to be used throughout the exercises (GMT is to be used whenever possible to avoid

confusion).

Time Late at Datum. The lapsed time between datum time and the arrival of units at the datum.

Too Close. Throughout submarine ASW exercises, if the attacking and target submarines are at

periscope depth they are to be understood as being too close to one another when the range is less

than 1500 yards and the distance off track is less than 800 yards.

Torpedo Countermeasures (TCM). The material and tactical measures that are adopted by ships for

protection against submarine torpedoes.

Torpedo Danger Area (TDA). The area extending beyond the furthest-on circle for an arbitrarily

assessed distance of 8,000 yards.

Torpedo Danger Zone (TDZ). An area which the submarine must enter in order to be within maximum

effective torpedo firing range.

Towed Array System (TAS). An acoustic system which uses a line of hydrophones located in an array

towed by surface ships and submarines. The system is capable of lone range detection of

submarine radiated noise and may give indications of bearing.

Transit Lane. A transit lane is a lane between transit positions in which the target submarine has

complete freedom of action except when restricted for depth. The width of the lane is to be laid

down in the orders for the exercise and will depend on the extent to which it is desired to restrict

the target submarine, and geographic limitations.

Transit Positions. Positions specified in the exercise orders/message, which provide the center line of a

transit lane.

Turn Count Masking. The term used to signify the creation of a revolution difference between ship's

propeller shafts.

Glossary - 6

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Underwater Telephone (UWT). A means of voice communication in which the water of the sea is

used as a transmission medium.

Unit. A ship, aircraft or submarine, or a small group of ships and/or aircraft acting as an entity.

Units of Measurement. NATO publications are in the process of being amended to the following

standard units of measurement:

range - yards,

distance - nautical miles,

altitude - feet, and

depth of objects and water depth - metres.

Unrestricted Submarine. A submarine is unrestricted during an ASW exercise if no instructions are

given as to course, speed or depth.

Variable Depth Sonar (VDS). The term is normally used to describe a sonar whose transducer is towed

beneath the parent ship with the object of improving sonar detection ranges. Helicopter and

submarine sonars, though variable in depth, are not usually included.

Vectored Attack (VECTAC). Attack in which a weapon carrier (air, surface or sub-surface) not

holding contact on the target, is vectored to the weapon delivery point by a unit (air, surface or

sub-surface) which holds contact on the target.

Zero Time. The exact hour immediately preceding the time of execution of a tactical action or

manoeuvre from which time measurement is recorded and reported in minutes.

(If the time of

execution is exactly on the hour, that time will be Zero Time.)

ZIGZAG. Straight line variations from the base course performed in accordance with a set plan.

Glossary-7(Reverse Blank)

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INDEX

Acoustic Equipment Requirements

2-11

Aircraft

Emergencies

2-5

Safety Precautions

2-15

Aircraft Distress Signals

5-18, 5-19, 5-20

Aircraft Manoeuvre Signals

5-17

Analysis

6-1

Attack

6-1

Data Forms

6-5

Exercise

1-2

Tactical

6-2

Attack Assessment

6-1

Attack Claims by Submarines

6-3

Attack Restrictions

2-41

Attack Signals

5-2, 5-3

Attacks

Marking Attacks

4-9

Authorization Tables

Explosive SUS

2-34

VDS/Towed Array

2-22

Brevity Code Table

6-6

CASEX

Instruction Table

3-2

Order Table

3-6

Relaxation Table

3-10

CASEX A Series

3-18

CASEX B Series

3-19

CASEX C Series

3-19

CASEX E Series

3-21

CASEX F Series

3-21

CASEX Instructions

3-5

CASEX S Series

4-11

Changing Depth Safety Signals

4-9

Check Report

5-4

Collision Avoidance

4-4

Communication Methods

5-1

Communications

2-15, 5-1

Confined Waters

2-54

Coordinated Operations

4-10

Index-1

ORIGINAL

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Military reference books and manuals (2009-2023, Volume 5) - page 5