Military reference books and manuals (2009-2023, Volume 5)

NATO-UNCLASSIFIED

MXP-1(D)(NAVY)(AIR)

CASEX E-1

FAMILIARIZATION - SUBMARINE AND ASW UNITS

PURPOSE

1. To familiarize personnel in recognizing a submarine manoeuvring on the surface and dived

exposing masts and equipment in accordance with the programme.

2. To provide basic acoustic recognition training of submarine active sonar intercepts.

FORCES REQUIRED

1. One submarine.

2. One or more ASW ships and/or helicopters.

3. One to three fixed-wing aircraft.

SITUATION

1. The submarine is on the surface by day, at rendezvous.

2. Ships maintain station on the submarine throughout the exercise and are not to approach closer

than 500 yards to the submarine.

3. Aircraft join the submarine at rendezvous, at ordered altitude.

PROCEDURE

1. Establish communications and conduct time check prior to Go Time.

2. OTC/OCS designates Zero Time and Base Course.

3. Submarine steers Base Course and conducts the programme appropriate to participating ASW

units.

(Annex A or Annex B to this CASEX.)

4. Annexes A and B are for guidance and may be altered mutually by the OTC/OCS and the

submarine Commanding Officer.

5. The exercise terminates with the submarine on the surface.

SPECIAL PROVISIONS

1. Annexes A and B are for guidance and may be altered mutually by the OTC/OCS and the

submarine Commanding Officer.

2. Paragraph 'A' of the Order Table should indicate which programme is to be conducted (e.g. A.

CASEX E-1 (SHIPS)).

3. The following action should be taken:

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ORIGINAL

NATO-UNCLASSIFIED

MXP-1(D)(NAVY)(AIR)

CASEX E-1

ANNEX A - SHIP PROGRAMME

Time (min)

Action by Submarine

Zero (Z)

Dive - Show attack periscope.

Z plus 5

Show search periscope. Lower attack periscope.

Z plus 7

Show ESM mast.

Z plus 9

Show snorkel mast(s). Lower ESM mast. Leave search periscope and snorkel

mast(s) up for remainder of exercise.

Z plus 11

Show radars.

Z plus 13

Show communications masts.

Z plus 15

Show all masts and periscopes.

Z plus 17

Fire a white smoke/flare.

Z plus 18

Fire a yellow smoke/flare (grenade).

Z plus 19

Fire a green (black) smoke/flare (grenade).

Z plus 21

Commence snorkelling.

Z plus 22

Transmit on search radar (all round). Commence transmissions on active sonar.

Z plus 24

Transmit on search radar (sector scan at each ship in formation).

Z plus 26

Transmit on periscope radar (several transmissions at each ship in formation).

Z plus 28

Stop snorkelling. Lower all masts except search periscope. Cease transmissions

on active sonar. Commence transmissions on echo sounder.

Z plus 30

Surface.

*After surfacing, submarine fires a red smoke/flare (grenade). Cease

transmissions on echo sounder.

*This is the only occasion on which a submarine is authorized to fire a red pyrotechnic except in

emergency. Firing a red smoke/flare is not allowed when confusion with a real emergency can arise.

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ORIGINAL

NATO-UNCLASSIFIED

MXP-1(D)(NAVY)(AIR)

CASEX E-1

ANNEX B - AIRCRAFT PROGRAMME

Time (min)

Action by Submarine

Zero (Z)

COMEX. On surface at rendezvous.

Z plus 2

Proceed on Base Course at 5 knots.

Z plus 5

Increase to maximum surface cruising speed.

Z plus 8

Manoeuvre at maximum speed and steer:

Into (up) sea;

Across Sea; and,

(3) Down sea.

Z plus 17

Dive on Base Course.

Z plus 19

Take evasive action below periscope depth and release pyrotechnics, air and dye

markers at intervals. Commence transmissions on active sonar.

Z plus 23

Cease transmissions on active sonar. Commence transmissions on echo sounder.

Z plus 24

Cease transmissions on echo sounder.

Z plus 25

Return to periscope depth on Base Course at minimum speed, exposing periscopes

for periods of 30 seconds.

Z plus 30

Increase speed to 6 knots, continue exposing periscope for periods of 30 seconds.

Z plus 33

Expose periscope continuously. Alter course 90 degrees to starboard.

Z plus 36

Alter course 90 degrees to port.

Z plus 40

Reverse course.

Z plus 45

Commence snorkelling at slow speed.

Z plus 55

Increase to maximum snorkelling speed.

Z plus 58

Alter course 90 degrees to starboard.

Z plus 61

Alter course 90 degrees to port.

Z plus 70

Surface trimmed down.

Z plus 75

Proceed on surface trimmed down, steering:

(1)Into (up) sea;

(2)Across sea; and

(3) Down sea.

Z plus 85

Surface fully. FINEX.

3-E1-B-1 (Reverse Blank)

ORIGINAL

NATO-UNCLASSIFIED

MXP-1(D)(NAVY)(AIR)

CASEX E-3

MUTUAL SENSOR EXERCISE

PURPOSE

1. To train lookouts, radar, ESM and sonar operators in detecting and

tracking

submarine.

2. To train submarines in obtaining Fire Control data.

FORCES REQUIRED

1. One or more ASW ships.

2. Ships are in assigned sectors.

3. One Submarine.

SITUATION

1. Submarine on the surface, or snorkeling, or at periscope depth.

2. Ships are in assigned sectors.

PROCEDURE

1. Establish communications prior to Go Time.

2. Ships take station as ordered by OTC/OCS.

3. Submarine reports to OTC/OCS when ready to proceed with the exercise.

4. OTC/OCS orders the submarine to proceed as required.

5. Submarine carries out the exercise at depth, course and speed ordered.

6. Ships vary course, speed and range from the submarine to determine maximum detection ranges

(closing and opening) of all sensors.

7. While the submarine is obtaining Fire Control data, and when requested, ships pass the required

information using the ME-YOU method (Article 6003).

8. Submarine surfaces at Stop Time.

SPECIAL PROVISIONS

1. The submarine is never to be approached closer than 1000 yards by day or 1500 yards by night.

2. If forced deep at any time, the submarine is to carry out full surfacing procedure in accordance

with Article

2273, unless Relaxations in force permit otherwise. If desired, the exercise

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CHANGE 5

NATO-UNCLASSIFIED

MXP-1(D) (NAVY)(AIR)

CASEX E-4

ASW ACTION AGAINST BOTTOMED SUBMARINE OR TARGET

PURPOSE

1. To train sonar operators in locating, holding and classifying a bottomed or hovering submarine, or

target.

2. To train ASW teams in attacking a bottomed submarine or target.

NOTE:

A known wreck may be used as a target.

FORCES REQUIRED

1. One or more ASW ships or helicopters.

2. One submarine or target.

SITUATION

1. Initially, submarine is on the surface or at periscope depth in visual contact with ASW units.

2. ASW units are stationed outside sonar range from the submarine or bottomed target.

PROCEDURE (when a submarine is participating)

1. Establish communications prior to Go Time.

2. Submarine reports "Ready".

3. OTC/OCS orders submarine to dive.

4. Submarine dives and bottoms, or hovers at Safe Depth.

5. When bottomed or hovering at safe depth, the submarine reports by UWT, SST or pre-arranged

pyrotechnics.

6. ASW units carry out exercise.

7. When contact has been gained, ASW units initiate COMEX.

8. ASW units break off attacks five minutes before FINEX or Stop Time.

9. At FINEX or Stop Time, submarine is to be surfaced in accordance with Article 2273 unless

Relaxations in force otherwise permit.

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NATO-UNCLASSIFIED

MXP-1(D)(NAVY)(AIR)

CASEX E-5

EXERCISE IN SEARCHING FOR A SIMULATED SUBMARINE CASUALTY (SMASHEX)

PURPOSE

To exercise ASW forces in conducting SUBMISS/SUBSUNK operations.

FORCES REQUIRED

1. The scope of the exercise will depend on the forces available. Any of the following may take part:

a. One submarine to simulate the submarine casualty, hereinafter referred to as the Target

Submarine.

b. One or more submarines to assist in searching.

c. Two or more ASW ships.

d. One or more fixed wing aircraft.

e. One or more ASW helicopters.

SITUATION

1. This exercise envisages a situation in which a simulated submarine casualty has occurred. ASW

ships and aircraft proceed to search for the Target Submarine in accordance with the current doctrine

for submarine search and rescue (ATP-10, and/or National Instructions).

2. The Target Submarine's bottoming position is to be ordered beforehand. It is to be given a double

letter reference (for example, KK) and is to be referred to as such in all messages. The Target

Submarine is to report its position in the diving message as a bearing and distance from the lettered

position. It is not to dive until within two miles of this position.

3. The datum position given to the searching force may be up to 20 miles from the target submarine's

actual bottoming position.

4. Depending on the type of exercise, ships and submarines of the searching force may be either in

harbour or at sea at the start of the exercise. If at sea, the searching force should be more than two

hours steaming from the datum.

5. Depending on the type of exercise, aircraft and/or helicopters may be either available at their bases

or actually airborne.

PROCEDURE

1. The exercise is given the code name SMASHEX to facilitate message processing.

2. The codeword SMASHEX is to be included at the beginning of the text of all messages concerning

the exercise, except manoeuvring signals.

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MXP-1(D)(NAVY)(AIR)

3. Although Go Time will have been included in the Exercise Message, the exercise is not to start

until the Target Submarine has made its diving message, and the Shore Conducting Authority has sent

a message authorizing forces to proceed.

4. The target Submarine is to dive and bottom in the ordered position at Go Time, releasing an

indicator/messenger buoy as ordered. (Time of release to be specified by OSE.)

5. The Target Submarine commences releasing smoke candles/flares; the number to be fired and the

rate of firing will be dictated by the number available, or as ordered.

6. On receipt of the message authorizing the start of the exercise, search forces are to assemble and

proceed to the search area as ordered.

7. The methods of searching and the action to be taken on locating the Target Submarine are to be in

accordance with current doctrine.

8. Exercise Completed

a. The Senior Officer of the Search Force (SOSF) is to report "Exercise Completed" to the Shore

Conducting Authority, after consideration of whether:

(1) UWT communication has been satisfactorily established with the Target Submarine;

(2) ASW ships have located and classified the Target Submarine;

(3) all ships and aircraft have had an opportunity of sighting the indicator buoy; and

(4) all ships have converged on the position of the Target Submarine and made full

arrangements for the rescue and treatment of survivors.

b. The exercise should also be terminated:

(1) if the Target Submarine has not been located within 30 minutes of Stop Time; or

(2) if it is considered that no further value can be obtained from the exercise; or

(3) when the SOSF has surfaced the Target Submarine, seen it surface, or heard it report

"Surfaced".

9. The following methods are to be employed to surface the Target Submarine:

a. The SOSF is to order one ship or submarine to surface the Target Submarine using Signal A5.

b. If the Target Submarine has not been located by Stop Time, it is to surface, using Signal B1.

c. If either of the above signals are made, or five minutes before Stop Time, ships and submarines

employed in the search are to comply with Article 2273, unless Relaxations in force otherwise

permit.

10.

The Target Submarine is to surface at Stop Time or as ordered by the SOSF and send its

SURFACED message.

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NATO-UNCLASSIFIED

MXP-1(D)(NAVY)(AIR)

11. On receipt of the SURFACED message, the Shore Conducting Authority is then to send the

message "SMASHEX Completed".

SPECIAL PROVISIONS

1. The exercise is to be ordered by message, referring to the Order Table (Table 3-1), modified as

follows:

C Shore Conducting Authority

D Senior Officer Search Forces

JJ Stop Time (should nor normally be more than 12 hours after Go Time)

M Datum Position for Search.

(The Target Submarine's actual diving position is given only to

the submarine and to the Senior Officer Search Forces in a sealed envelope.)

U Should include the following:

(1) whether a Basic or Advanced exercise, and

(2) whether Medical or Salvage organizations are to take part.

2. Depending on the standard of training required, this exercise can be conducted either as:

a. a basic exercise to practice the search procedures involved (in which case, notification of the

exercise may be included in normal training programs); or as

b. an advanced exercise to test the capability of the command and forces available to carry out

SUBMISS/SUBSUNK procedures in as realistic a manner as possible.

(In this case, the exercise

would be announced at short notice.)

3. Before the exercise, the Target Submarine should be informed which compartments are considered

to have been flooded. From the moment of bottoming, no equipment from the flooded compartments

is to be used for indicating the Target Submarine's position. The use of SST will also be dependent on

the compartments available.

4. No messages organizing the searching force are to be made until the exercise has started. The

Shore Conducting Authority is then to conduct the exercise, ordering the Senior Officer Search Forces

to take charge at sea as appropriate.

5. Oil is not to be discharged unless specified in the Exercise Orders.

6. If the indicator buoy should fail to surface, a second buoy may be released for test purposes after

the Target Submarine's position has been established.

7. The indicator buoy is to be recovered on completion of the exercise and, if recovered by a surface

ship, should be returned to the Target Submarine as soon as practicable.

3-E5-3

ORIGINAL

NATO-UNCLASSIFIED

MXP-1(D)(NAVY)(AIR)

CASEX E-6

COORDINATED SUBMARINE RESCUE OPERATIONS

PURPOSE

1. Advanced training for submarines, mother submarine and vehicles in rescue operations to.

a. Make coordinated submerged rendezvous (RV).

b. Initiate contact between sub-marine and rescue forces.

c. Rescuing crew members from a simulated disabled submarine (DISSUB).

d. Provide mutual support.

2. To train Rescue Support Submarines (RSS) in assisting rescue vehicles in rescuing crew members

from DISSUB.

3. To develop procedures for mutual support with several rescue systems operating with one

DISSUB.

FORCES REQUIRED

1. One DISSUB.

2. One or more Submerged Rescue Vehicles (SRV).

3. One Rescue Support Submarine (RSS).

4. One MOSUB or MOSHIP.

SITUATION

1. DISSUB makes RV with RSS. DISSUB bottoms and gives depth release IAW RV procedures.

2. RSS initiate communication with Commander Rescue Forces (CRF) IAW RV procedures and

bottom in vicinity of DISSUB IAW relaxations in force.

3. Rescue forces enter the designated area and initiate rescue procedures.

PROCEDURES

1. DISSUB/RSS. The DISSUB will be responsible for issuing RV signal covering the RV and

DISSUB and is OCS for this serial. When DISSUB gives depth release RSS will bottom at distance

off DISSUB not less than given in Relaxation 24*C.

NOTE

The procedure requires the RSS to know the position of the DISSUB at all times.

3-E6-1

ORIGINAL

NATO-UNCLASSIFIED

MXP-1(D)(NAVY)(AIR)

2. SRV/DISSUB/MOSHIP(SUB)/RSS. OCS will be responsible for issuing appropriate RV

procedures and sequence of events to cover the conduct of the serial

3. The exercise ends at Stop Time or when the exercise objectives have been achieved.

4. The OCS is responsible for surfacing the DISSUB and the RSS IAW para 2273.

SPECIAL PROVISIONS

Submarine safety must be the primary concern when conducting coordinated sub-marine rescue

operations. The OCS must ensure that all participating forces are acting IAW mutual agreed

procedures at all times.

RECORDS

As necessary or as laid down in the exercise operation order.

3-E6-2

ORIGINAL

NATO-UNCLASSIFIED

MXP 1(D) (NAVY)(AIR)

CASEX E-8

HELICOPTER DELIVERED DEPTH CHARGE EXERCISE

(By DAY Only)

PURPOSE

To give submarine crews experience in the effects of a depth charge exploding in the vicinity.

FORCES REQUIRED

1. One submarine.

2. One helicopter with authorized Depth Charge.

SITUATION

1. Approval has been obtained from National SUBOPAUTH.

2. Water for the drop of a Depth Charge has been allocated.

3. Submarine and helicopter rendezvous and establish communications.

4. Submarine is at periscope depth. Steering directly into wind at slow speed.

5. Helicopter releases smoke marker at agreed stand-off range (normally 500 yards). Helicopter then

climbs to release altitude and increases to release speed.

6. Helicopter then releases depth charge directly over smoke marker while flying directly into the

wind, parallel to the submarine track, thus maintaining stand-off range.

7. The submarine need not surface at the end of the exercise but is to report all well within 5 minutes

of detonation.

PROCEDURES

1. At rendezvous the submarine signals his course and speed to the helicopter; the course is to be

directly into the wind and the speed is to be less than 6 knots.

2. The helicopter assumes a hover 500 yards (or the stand-off range as promulgated in the CASEX

standard orders) on the beam of the submarine. The helicopter is to pass his hover height and his

overall height to the submarine at the rendezvous (if not signalled beforehand) to allow periscope

ranging. The hover should normally be at an altitude of about 40 feet. The helicopter should operate

radar (if fitted).

3. When stand-off range of 500 yards is mutually agreed the helicopter is to release a smoke marker.

4. The submarine signals ready.

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5. The helicopter will then break hover, increase altitude to the release height (normally 500 feet) and

increase to a ground speed of 90 knots while conducting a retiring turn.

6. The helicopter then manoeuvres to over-fly the smoke marker at an altitude of 500 feet, ground

speed of 90 knots while flying directly into the wind on a course parallel to that signalled by the

submarine. of run has been signalled

7. On over-flying the smoke marker the helicopter releases the authorized depth charge.

8. The accuracy of the drop depends entirely upon the ability of the helicopter to maintain the

signalled course, ground speed of 90 knots and an altitude of 500 feet and to over-fly the smoke

marker. Articles.

9. Altitude 500 feet and ground speed 90 knots are invariably to be used to comply with air-dropped

ordnance regulations and to provide a fixed forward throw to ensure that the charge explodes on the

beam of the submarine.

10. The submarine need not surface after the depth charge has exploded but is to report within 5

minutes that all is well. The exercise terminates when the submarine has reported or is on the surface.

11. Example helicopter true heights (from bottom of hull to top of the rotor hub) are:

UK Merlin 5.24m

(17 feet 3 inches)

UK Lynx 2.97m

(9 feet 9 inches)

SPECIAL PROVISIONS

1. This exercise requires the approval of the National SUBOPAUTH.

2. This exercise requires water suitable for the dropping of live ordnance to be allocated.

3. This exercise may only take place in calm weather, in good visibility. Cloud base is not to be

below 600 feet.

4. Depth Charges are not to be armed until:

a. The submarine has signalled ready.

b. The helicopter has achieved the release course, altitude and ground speed.

5. Helicopters carrying live weapons are not to over-fly submarines.

6. The stand-off range is normally to be 500 yards. Any change to this requires the approval of the

SUBOPAUTH.

RECORDS

No records required.

3-E8-2

ORIGINAL

NATO-UNCLASSIFIED

MXP-1(D)(NAVY)(AIR)

CASEX E-9

SUBMARINE ESCAPE EXERCISE (ESCAPEX)

PURPOSE

1. To exercise submarine crew in different aspects of submarine escape.

2. To exercise rescue assets in procedures and rules to conduct escape from submarines.

FORCES REQUIRED

1. One surface Rescue Support Vessel fitted with decompression chamber and UWT, listed under

Designator F, Friendly Forces, in Order Table 3-1.

2. Rescue personnel and divers required as follows:

1 Submarine Officer, as Liaison Officer onboard the Rescue Support Vessel.

3 Medical Officers, onboard the Rescue Support Vessel, assistance boat and the submarine.

6 divers (2 onboard zodiacs - ready to dive, 2 onboard assistance boat, 2 submerged - close to the

escape tower and connected by UWT to the inflatable boat providing direct support to the escapee)

3. One submarine, capable of bottoming and fitted with an escape system, listed under Designator G,

Opposing Forces in Order Table 3-1.

4. One or more escapers, to be designated prior to the exercise amongst expert personnel.

SITUATION

1. Rescue Support Vessel and submarine R/V in designated area. At Go-Time submarine will be on

the surface or at periscope depth. Rescue Support Vessel will be always at a safe distance from the

initial position to facilitate submarine and diver operations. The Rescue Support Vessel may

anchor/moor not less than 300 yards from submarine bottoming position.

2. OCS will normally be a Senior Diving Officer onboard the Rescue Support Vessel.

PROCEDURE

1. Prior to Go-Time Submarine and Rescue Support Vessel will establish communications and will

agree a waiting position in a safety bearing of the Rescue Support Vessel, taking in account not to

interfere with submarine movements, maintaining UWT communications. Submarine will be marked

with a beacon buoy in order to facilitate her location at any time.

2. Once the submarine is in the initial position and the rescue personnel are ready, the submarine

establishes UWT communications with the Rescue Support Vessel and dives. OCS orders submarine

to bottom. This is acknowledged by the submarine with Time-Zero.

3. When safely bottomed, the submarine reports Q Q Q.

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ORIGINAL

NATO-UNCLASSIFIED

MXP-1(D)(NAVY)(AIR)

NOTE

Submarine is only to bottom in a designated area in accordance with Section C of this EXOPORDER.

Maximum escape tower hatch depth will not exceed 40 metres. The submarine may fire a smoke

candle to indicate the bottoming position.

4. One diver team will be stationed close to the vertical position of the submarine. Inflatable boats

(zodiacs) will be placed in the vicinity, keeping in mind not to interfere with escapers during their free

ascent. The OCS will report to the submarine “divers and boats ready” and order the first escape.

NOTE

The first escape will normally be a rehearsal with a dummy in order to verify the correctness of the

whole procedure. Any further escape has to be authorized by the OCS.

5. Once the first escaper reaches the surface, a team of swimmers will recover the escaper to the

inflatable boat for a first medical check-up and immediate transfer to the Rescue Support Vessel for a

more exhaustive medical check-up. After this operation, the Rescue Support Vessel will establish

UWT communications with the submarine in order to proceed with the next escaper. This routine will

be repeated until the last escaper arrives to the surface. The escape of each person will not start until

OCS has given clearance to proceed with the exercise.

6. Once the escape exercise is completed, diver will clear the area proceeding to the Rescue Support

Vessel in the inflatable boats. One inflatable boat may remain in a safe distance, in order to release the

beacon buoy when the submarine is on the surface.

7. The OCS may call FINEX and passes a Surfacing Sitrep to the submarine.

8. Submarine fires smoke candle on un-bottoming and when happy returns to PD/surface

independently.

SAFETY

1. Personnel safety is paramount over any other exercise objectives.

2. The Rescue Support Vessel has to be fitted with decompression chamber and at least one medical

specialist in treatments of possible injuries caused by the escape process, must be embarked.

3. An ambulance/helo assistance stationed in the closest possible coastal position to the area of the

operations must be available for MEDEVAC.

4. Three inflatable boats will be permanently available in the water at standby. One boat will be

dedicated to swimmer and medical personnel, the second boat for the diving team that will provide

safety to the divers located in the vertical position of the submarine, assisting the escapers. A third

boat in charge of the safety zone and in standby for the other boats.

5. If possible, a diving team will be embarked onboard the submarine. One of these divers will

remain in the escape tower throughout the escape operation in order to assist, supervise and provide

safety to the escapers. At ENDEX these divers will remain onboard the submarine.

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6. The Rescue Support Vessel will be fitted with a fixed UWT and potable UWT as a backup. If the

Rescue Support Vessel is not fitted with a fixed UWT, two portable UWTs must be available.

7. Except in an emergency the submarine is not to un-bottom without the permission of the OCS.

a. In a case of emergency that requires the submarine to surface immediately, the submarine is to

release a red candle/flare.

b. In a case of emergency that allows the submarine to surface within 30 minutes, the submarine is

to release a yellow candle/flare to alert personnel on the surface and allows time to clear the area

before surfacing.

In addition the submarine crew will hammer the hull ten times to alert the divers in the water.

On receipt of these signals, the inflatable boats will recover the divers and clear the submarine at a safe

distance.

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CASEX F-1

BASIC SIMULATED ANTI SUBMARINE WARFARE EXERCISE

LINK EXERCISE (LINKEX)

PURPOSE

Train basic ASW procedures (SAU procedures and close ASW action) when no submarine is

available.

DURATION

Three hours

EXECUTION

1. A unit providing threat simulation (TSU)(position, course and speed of the synthetic submarine by

voice or link) is to be assigned by the OCE. This unit will also provide elements for the classification

process.

2. The OCE promulgates a DATUM and designates a SAU, a SAU approach is to be executed and

once units are within range, the TSU provides information concerning the position (bearing and range

relative to each unit), course and speed of synthetic submarine. This information is plotted or, when

available, fitted into the sonar simulation system.

3. Plans BLACK and RED are to be executed.

4. Once attack criteria are met, weapon co-ordination and simulated weapon engagements are to be

executed.

5. A simulated HELO/MPA or a HELO in flight conducting simulated ASW operations (sonar

operator on threat simulation circuit) may be introduced for initial DATUM search, training of SWAP

procedure and stand-off attacks.

6. During the approach the TSU is to provide EW/riser info, forcing DATUM/ETA-TDA updates

and SAU manoeuvring. Furthermore the TSU may initiate counter attacks by the synthetic submarine

to provoke TCM’s.

7. This exercise can be executed with ships manoeuvring or static (in harbour).

8. Duties of the OCE:

a. Provide a scenario (including sonar detection ranges);

b. Assign a TSU; and

c. If required, assign a unit simulating a HELO/MPA.

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NATO UNCLASSIFIED

MXP-1(D)(NAVY)(AIR)

CASEX F-2

SIMULATED ANTI SUBMARINE WARFARE EXERCISE

PURPOSE

1. To exercise advanced ASW procedures when no submarine or MPA is available. The following is

to be practiced:

a. MPA joining procedures.

b. SAU procedures.

c. Stand-off conventional and close ASW action.

DURATION

Approximately three hours

EXECUTION

SUBMARINE AND MARITIME PATROL AIRCRAFT

1. One ship takes station 15 nm ahead of the force. This ship will represent the submarine target. The

target ship is limited to a maximum speed of 18 knots.

2. The target ship’s helicopter (if carried) is to be used to simulate the MPA.

3. Other ships are not to take tactical advantage of the targets ship’s radar echo, except as provided

for in paragraphs C.5 and E.1 below.

MAIN BODY AND SCREEN

1. The OCS will signal the OPGEN for the serial, designating one ship as the main body, and a

screen commander. The screen commander will form a screen around the main body.

2. The screen commander will detach a SAU based on the information from the MPA after full MPA

joining procedures have been carried out.

3. Once a SAU has been detached, the ship representing the main body, may be diverted by the

screen commander. It should continue to act as a merchant ship to give the target submarine

opportunity to evade the SAU and press home his attack. Alternatively, the main body can be detached

and “leapfrogged” ahead as the OCS of another serial to follow.

MARITIME PATROL AIRCRAFT

1. Full MPA joining procedures can be exercised if desired. This should be done before the SAU is

detached.

2. If the helicopter simulating the attack is not IFF equipped, a suitable radar responder can be used.

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3. Once the joining procedure has been completed, the MPA will initiate the detection of the

submarine as a JEZEBEL or radar contact.

4. The actual radar echo of the target must not be plotted. To assist realism, MPA may report an

incorrect grid position, such as could occur in the event of an inaccurate gridlock on joining.

5. Radar on top of KINGPIN or target position can be exercised using actual radar echo as the on-top

position. The plot may then be marked but further movement of the target radar echo must be

disregarded.

SEARCH ATTACH UNIT

1. Full SAU procedures, including ETA at TDA, submarine’s limiting courses, and Plans Red and

Black are to be practiced.

2. Ships in the SAU are to disregard the target’s radar echo, except when the MPA marks on top.

3. SWAP is to be executed with the MPA at an appropriate moment.

4. Active and/or passive sonar is to be used to search for and track target ship.

ATTACKS

1. Once the SAU has gained sonar contact with the target, simulated stand-off attacks, using the

appropriate Plan Red, may be carried out with helicopters or other stand-off ASW weapon systems.

Helicopters may simulate either a torpedo or a nuclear depth charge loadout. In the event of poor sonar

conditions, the OCS may order the SAU to use the target radar echo for attacks.

2. If desired, a close ASW action by no more than two ships at a time may be ordered using Plan Red

3A (Geographic Sector).

SAFETY

1. No air-dropped weapons are to be released.

2. No surface-launched weapons may be fired except “air-shots”.

3. In a close ASW action, the rules of the road are to be obeyed and no ship is to close within 600

yards of the targets.

4. The target ship is to man the SAU/fighting net and if she at any time is in doubt of her safety, she

is to broadcast the message “break off” three times (i.e. “Break-off, Break-off, Break-off), which

means that all ships immediately stop the exercise and act in accordance with the International Rules

for Preventing Collision at Sea. If the message “Break-off” has been broadcast, only the OCS can

order continuation of the exercise.

METHOD OF ORDERING

The OCS will send a CASEX order message and the appropriate OPGEN/ OPTASK supplement as

required.

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UMPIRING

The target ship is to monitor all tactical circuits and is to report on the performance of the SAU and

other relevant comments.

DEVELOPMENT

1. Further development of the SYNTEX can be made as follows, if the basic procedures are

successful and safe:

a. The target ship can be designated nuclear and be unrestricted in speed. Course restrictions must

be applied at speeds greater than 18 knots for safety reasons.

b. The distance to the target must not be less than 3,000 yards to provide greater difficulty for sonar

operators.

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CHAPTER 4

INSTRUCTIONS, DEFINITIONS, SAFETY RULES AND PROCEDURES

APPLICABLE TO SUBMARINE ASW EXERCISES - COORDINATED SUBMARINE

OPERATIONS - "S" SERIES

4000 INSTRUCTIONS FOR SUBMARINE ASW EXERCISES

4001 PURPOSE

The purpose of conducting submarine ASW exercises is to train the Commanding Officer and the attack

team of a submarine in detecting, classifying, tracking and attacking submarine targets.

4002 MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS FOR PARTICIPATING SUBMARINES

1. The following are the minimum requirements for submarines participating in ASW exercises:

a. Sonar. All participating Submarines must be capable of reliable underwater communication

with each other, either by underwater telephone (UWT) and/or SST. Should any submarine be

unable to communicate, it must surface and assume an "Out-of-Action" status until the equipment is

serviceable

b. Radar. All participating Submarines should be fitted with serviceable warning radars. The

range index error of the radar must be accurately known.

4003 WHEN EXERCISES MAY BE CONDUCTED

Unless otherwise specified in the Special Provisions for individual CASEXes, these exercises may be

conducted either by day and/or night.

4004 RECORDS

1. When submarine ASW exercises are to be analyzed, the following records, additional to those

required by National authorities, may be requested by the designated analyzing authority.

a. From the Attacking Submarine

(1) Attack form.

(2) Navigational plot (scale 1,000 yards: 1 inch).

(3) Attack log.

(4) Tracing of the time bearing plot.

(5) Contact Evaluation Plot (CEP).

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b. From the Target Submarine

(1) Navigational plot (scale 1,000 yards: 1 inch).

(2) containing depth, course, and speed for each incident.

(3) Contact Evaluation Plot (CEP).

2. For advanced or large-scale exercises, submarines may be required to forward the appropriate

FORMEXes.

3. When torpedoes are fired, complete attack and firing data are required by the analyzing authority.

4005 INTELLIGENCE BASED ON SAFETY SIGNALS

Intelligence gained from any of the safety signals required in submarine ASW exercises is not to be

used for attack or evasion by any of the participating units.

4006 - 4009 Spare

4010 DEFINITIONS APPLICABLE TO SUBMARINE ASW EXERCISES

The following definitions are particularly applicable to submarine ASW exercises.

4011 MARKED SUBMARINE

1. A marked submarine is a submarine which proceeds at least 1 metre (3 feet) less than the optimum

periscope depth for the prevailing conditions with all masts and periscopes fully extended. Should there

be any doubt as to the visibility of the extended masts, a large red flag (BRAVO) is to be attached to one

of the masts.

2. A submarine may be ordered to be the 'marked submarine' in exercises where both the attacking and

target submarines are at periscope depth throughout, or during part of, the exercise.

(See Exercise

Instructions 160 and 161.)

4012 RESPONSIBLE SUBMARINE

In submarine ASW exercises, the responsible submarine is the submarine responsible for taking action

to avoid a submerged collision.

4013 SAFETY BEARING

The safety bearing is the bearing of the target from the attacking submarine at the start of each Run.

4014 SAFETY CIRCLES

1. A safety circle drawn with its centre being the initial position of an attacking submarine at the start

of each Run. Two concentric circles are drawn on the plots of the attacking and target submarine and

called inner and outer safety circles.

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2. The radii of the safety circles may be altered at the discretion of the SUBOPAUTH (Relaxation

24*A). The minimum radii must conform with the following:

a. the inner safety circle is never to be less than 3000 yards; and

b. the outer safety circles must be at least 2000 yards greater than the radius of the inner safety circle.

3. A special Safety Circle exists for use in CASEX S4 (Article 4022.3).

4015 SAFETY LINE

A safety line is a line drawn perpendicular to the safety bearing, at the range specified in the exercise

orders/message (Relaxation 23A), from the initial position of the attacking submarine. This range is

never to be less than 2000 yards.

4016 SAFETY ZONES

Safety zones are zones established on either side of a transit lane. The width of the safety zones is to be

specified in the exercise orders/message.

4017 TOO CLOSE

Throughout submarine ASW exercises, if the attacking and target submarines are at periscope depth

they are too close when the range is less than 1500 yards and the distance off track is less than 800

yards.

(These limits may be reduced at the discretion of the national SUBOPAUTH by the use of

Relaxation 25*A.)

4018 TRANSIT LANE

A transit lane is a lane between transit positions in which the target submarine has complete freedom of

action except when restricted for depth. The lane width is to be specified in the exercise

orders/message.

4019 TRANSIT POSITIONS

Transit positions are positions specified in the exercise orders/message, which provide the centre line of

a transit lane.

4020 SAFETY RULES FOR EXERCISES INVOLVING MORE THAN ONE SUBMARINE

1. The following Articles are the rules which apply for the Prevention of Collision between submerged

submarines, and are applicable to all submarines.

2. The OTC/OCS is responsible for promulgating the Safety Instructions to all participants in

submarine ASW exercises.

3. When submarines are conducting coordinated operations, the OTC/OCS shall promulgate the Safety

Instructions.

4. NOT RELEASABLE.

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5. Delegation of responsibility for promulgation of the Safety Instructions does not in any way

relieve the Commanding Officers of participating submarines of their individual responsibility for the

safety of their own commands.

4021 RESPONSIBILITY FOR AVOIDING SUBMERGED COLLISION

1. In submarine ASW exercises, both the attacking and the target submarine are equally responsible

for target action to avoid a submerged collision.

2. In exercises where one submarine is ordered to be 'marked submarine' (Article 4011.1), the

unmarked submarine automatically becomes responsible for taking action to avoid coming Too Close

to the marked submarine.

3. If two submarines get Too Close (Article 4017) or if a submarine collision appears imminent:

a. the target submarine is to surface; and

b. the attacking submarine is to go to a safe depth (as described in Article 2213) and remain

there until surfaced by the target submarine. (Article 2273 applies unless Relaxations in force

otherwise permit.)

4022 SAFETY CIRCLE

1. The attacking submarine may be at any depth within the inner safety circle. When outside the

inner safety circle, the attacking submarine must remain below 97 metres (318 feet). If Relaxation

21*C (Table 3-2) is in force when HE is detected, the attacking submarines may proceed to periscope

depth to classify the noise source, provided:

a. it points the bearing (toward or away);

b. the bearing is changing; and

c. it returns to 97 metres (318 feet) within 5 minutes of reaching periscope depth.

2. When submerged, the target submarine is never to cross the outer safety circle. If forced deep, it

is not to go below 62 metres (203 feet) and is to increase speed as necessary to continue cavitating. If

unable to cavitate, it is to transmit on UWT or SST its call sign at least once every minute.

3. Unless otherwise specified in the exercise orders/message the Special Safety Circle in CASEX S-4

has a radius of 3000 yards centred on the initial position of each attacking submarine (see Relaxation

24*B). In this case there is no outer safety circle and attacking submarines are never to cross their

safety circles.

4. The radius of the special safety circle is defined in Relaxation 24*C. This safety circle only

applies for bottomed submarines. A Rescue Support Submarine must never bottom within this safety

circle. The safety circle is never to be less than 200 yards.

4023 SAFETY LINE

Attacking submarines are never to cross the safety line.

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4024 SAFETY ZONES AND TRANSIT LANES

1. Attacking submarines are to be at Safe Depth (Article 2213) when entering a Safety Zone or a

Transit Lane.

4025 SAFETY RULES FOR BASIC EXERCISES

1. In basic submarine exercises, safety of participating submarines is achieved by:

a. Horizontal separation (e.g. safety line);

b. vertical separation (e.g. by assigning submarines separate depth zones); or

c. a combination of a. and b. (e.g. safety circles).

4026 SAFETY RULES FOR ADVANCED EXERCISES

1. In advanced submarine ASW exercises, when both the attacking and target submarines may

operate at periscope depth without horizontal separation, safety is achieved by:

a. time separation during which either the attacking or target submarine may be at periscope

depth; and/or

b. either the attacking or target submarine being ordered to actively transmit on UWT or SST while

at periscope depth.

2. Submarines not required to actively transmit on UWT or SST may snorkel when periscope

visibility is not less than 2000 yards during daylight and at night during assigned periods only.

3. Submarines required to transmit at periscope depth are to broadcast "SCOPE-SCOPE-SCOPE" or

"ACA" on UWT or SST, respectively, at intervals not to exceed 3 minutes.

4027 NOT RELEASABLE

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NOT RELEASABLE

4028 SEPARATION BETWEEN TARGET SUBMARINES

1. When two or more target submarines are participating, each having its own Transit Lane, the

boundaries of their respective Transit Lanes are to be separated by not less than 5 miles.

2. When routed via the same Transit Lane, target submarines are to be not less than 10 miles apart.

this separation is to be increased to not less than 20 miles for exercises of more than 24 hours duration.

4029 Spare

4030 PROCEDURES APPLICABLE TO SUBMARINE ASW EXERCISES

4031 GRIDLOCK

1. In open water, where accurate navigation may not be possible, submarine ASW exercises may

achieve a degree of accurate positioning by grid locking the relative positions of participating

submarines prior to Go Time for each run/exercise.

2. Method for Gridlock

a. Both the target and attacking submarines are stopped on the surface or at periscope depth in pre-

selected positions not more than 8000 yards apart.

b. Both submarines fix their relative positions, by the most accurate method available, and mutually

exchange bearing and range.

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c. Using a modified Cartesian coordinate grid, see ATP 1 Vol I, the attacking submarine's initial

position is the grid position (0,0) plotted on its DR plot. To improve accuracy the size of the grid is

reduced to 100 by 100 nautical miles.

d. Both submarines start their DR plots at the time ordered by the attacking submarine.

4032 PROCEDURE FOR SUBMARINES CHANGING DEPTH THROUGH DEPTH ZONES

ASSIGNED TO OTHER SUBMARINES

1. In advanced exercises where submarines have freedom of action in assigned depth zones, they are

to observe special caution when changing depth through depth zones assigned to other submarines.

(see Relaxations 21*E, 21*F and 21*G).

2. When changing depth zones, or if out of assigned depth zone for any reason, the following

procedure shall apply:

a. From 3 minutes before changing depth, while passing through, and clear of the other submarine's

depth zone, each submarine shall:

(1) steer Safety Course, and

(2) transmit the appropriate signal from Table 4-1 at least once a minute.

b. Any submarine hearing these Safety Signals will become the responsible submarine, and if there

is risk of submerged collision shall take the following action -

(1) turn to and remain on the ordered Safety Course until the transmission of the Safety Signals

has ceased, indicating that the other submarine has reached its assigned depth zone; and

(2) initiate a range check (Table 5-9).

(3) If the changing depth signal is answered within the 3 minute period (paragraph 2a above)

neither submarine is to change depth until it has ascertained that it is safe to do so.

3. When changing depth in order to go to periscope depth submarines may clear baffles in the depth

zone allocated to another submarine only if Relaxation 21*F and 21*G are in force and provided they

transmit the word “Baffles” vice the codeword for the safety course (see Table 4-1).

4033 USE OF UNDERWATER TELEPHONE

1. During submarine ASW exercises, the volume control of the UWT must be at a gain setting which

will ensure reception of Safety Signals.

2. When transmitting Safety Signals, the UWT transmitter gain control should be at a maximum

practical setting. It may be dangerous to reduce the volume of the Safety Signals by turning down the

gain or by 'whispering'.

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Table 4-1 Changing Depth Safety Signals

Heading

VOICE/UWT

CW/SST

Coming Up

Going Down

Coming Up

Going

Down

North

Deep-Deep-Deep

Shallow-Shallow-Shallow

UUN

UUB

Coming

Going Down November

November

East

Deep-Deep-Deep

Shallow-Shallow-Shallow

UUE

UUB

Coming Up Echo

Going Down Echo

South

Deep-Deep-Deep

Shallow-Shallow-Shallow

UUS

UUB

Coming Up Sierra

Going Down Sierra

West

Deep-Deep-Deep

Shallow-Shallow-Shallow

UUW

UUB

Coming Up Whiskey

Going Down Whiskey

Clearing

Deep, deep, deep

UUB

Baffles

coming up Baffles,

(…..) depth in meters

4034 MARKING ATTACKS

1. When a submarine has made an attack on another submarine, and to enable the attacking

submarine to make an initial assessment of its attack, the following procedure for marking attacks is to

be followed:

a. By the Attacking Submarine

b. Make appropriate Attack Signals (Table 5-4).

c. Initiate a range check by Mark-Snap method (Table 5-9).

d. Make ME-YOU Message (Article 6003).

e. By the Target Submarine

f. Acknowledge Attack Signals (Table 5-4).

g. Reply to Range check (Table 5-9).

h. Reply to ME-YOU Message (Article 6003).

4035 REQUIREMENTS WHEN TORPEDOES ARE FIRED

1. When Relaxation 2K has been authorized for submarine ASW exercises, torpedoes may be fired in

accordance with Articles 2252.1.C.(2) and NOT RELEASABLE.

2. The firing submarine is responsible for stationing the torpedo recovery vessel and for providing

information to spotter aircraft (if available).

4036 -4039 Spare

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Table 4-2 'S' Series CASEXes

CASEX

TITLE

MINIMUM

REMARKS

No.

DURATION

SIZE OF

AREA

S-1

Submarine, at or below safe depth, attacks

2 hrs per run

10 x 10 nm

Basic Exercise

another submarine transiting its patrol area at

periscope depth.

S-2

Submarine, at periscope depth

(or with

2 hrs per run

10 x 10 nm

Basic Exercise (may

freedom in depth until detecting HE), attacks

be made more

another submarine transiting its patrol area at

advanced by

periscope depth.

Relaxation 21*D)

S-3

Submarine, with freedom in depth, attacks

2 hrs per run

10 x 10 nm

Intermediate Exercise

another submarine transiting close to its

patrol area at periscope depth.

S-4

One or more submarines, at periscope depth,

2 hrs

10 x 10 nm

Intermediate Exercise

attack another submarine transiting their

patrol areas at periscope depth (by day only).

(for each patrolling

submarine)

S-5

One or more submarines, with freedom in

4 hrs

10 x 10 nm

More Advanced

depth, attack another submarine, restricted in

Exercise

depth, in a transit lane transiting through their

areas.

(for each patrolling

submarine)

S-6

One or more patrolling submarines, with

48 hrs

20 x 20 nm

These are advanced

relative freedom in depth, attack other

for each

exercises designed to

submarines, with relative freedom in depth,

patrolling

exercise submarines

transiting their patrol areas.

submarine

as realistically as

S-7

NOT RELEASABLE

possible, and are

particularly suitable

for large scale

exercises and/or

Sub/Air Barrier

exercises.

S-8

NOT RELEASABLE

S-9

Advanced exercise of detection, tracking and

Attack of a transiting submarine on a

SUBNOTE

S-10

NOT RELEASABLE

S-11

NOT RELEASABLR

S-12 to S-20: Spares

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CASEX S-1

SUBMARINE, AT OR BELOW SAFE DEPTH, ATTACKS ANOTHER SUBMARINE

TRANSITING ITS PATROL AREA AT PERISCOPE DEPTH

PURPOSE

To exercise a submarine patrolling at or below Safe Depth in detecting, classifying, tracking and

attacking another submarine transiting its area at periscope depth.

FORCES REQUIRED

Two submarines.

SITUATION

1. The attacking submarine is at periscope depth in its assigned initial position.

2. The target submarine is at periscope depth in a position approximately 20,000 yards from the

attacking submarine's initial position.

PROCEDURE

1. Establish communications prior to Go Time.

2. Initiate runs by the Executive method.

3. At Go Time for each run, the target submarine commences a dived transit (remaining at periscope

depth and cavitating throughout) to pass within a specified range of the attacking submarine's initial

position. Unless otherwise ordered, the target is unrestricted for course and speed.

4. The attacking submarine is to remain at or below Safe Depth from 10 minutes after Go Time.

After detecting and classifying the target submarine, the attacking submarine is to track and close the

target to achieve a firing position.

5. On receipt of the Attack (or Run Completed) signal, the target submarine is to surface, and then

surface the attacking submarine in accordance with Articles 2272 and 2273 unless Relaxations in force

otherwise permit.

6. Target should not manoeuvre to avoid torpedoes.

7. It the Attack (or Run Completed) signal is not received by the time the target submarine has

reached a position 8000 yards beyond the attacking submarine's initial position, the target submarine is

to surface, and then surface the attacking submarine in accordance with Article 2273 unless Relaxation

in force permit otherwise.

8. The exercise ends on completion of the last Run or at Stop Time, whichever is the earlier.

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CASEX S-2

SUBMARINE, AT PERISCOPE DEPTH (OR WITH FREEDOM IN DEPTH UNTIL

DETECTING HE) ATTACKS ANOTHER SUBMARINE TRANSITING ITS PATROL AREA

AT PERISCOPE DEPTH

PURPOSE

To exercise a submarine patrolling at periscope depth, or with freedom in depth until detecting HE, in

detecting, classifying, tracking and attacking another submarine transiting its patrol area at periscope

depth.

FORCES REQUIRED

Two submarines.

SITUATION

1. The attacking submarine is on the surface in its assigned initial position.

2. The target submarine is at periscope depth in a position approximately 10,000 yards from the

attacking submarine's initial position. The target submarine's initial position is not to be disclosed to

the attacking submarine; however the Safety Bearing reported by the target submarine will be known

by the attacking submarine.

PROCEDURE

1. Establish communications prior to Go Time.

2. When the attacking submarine is ready for the exercise, it reports to the target submarine "Ready

for Run One".

3. On receipt of the "Ready" signal, the target submarine takes a bearing and radar range of the

attacking submarine and signals "Go Time Run One (time). Safety Bearing is (...). Read Back."

(see Article 4013). The target submarine is not to commence its transit, nor is the attacking submarine

to dive, until this signal has been read back correctly.

4. Both submarines establish the Safety Line on their plots (Article 4015 and 4023). The Safety

Bearing and Safety Line are not to be altered during the Run.

5. The target submarine is to remain at periscope depth throughout the Run. Unless otherwise

ordered, it is unrestricted for course and speed and must broadcast SCOPE SCOPE SCOPE or ACA

on UWT or SST respectively at intervals not to exceed 3 minutes (Article 4026.3).

6. After Go Time for the Run, the target submarine is free to open the range before actually

commencing its transit towards the attacking submarine's initial position.

7. The attacking submarine is to remain at periscope depth (unless Relaxation 21*D is in force) while

conducting its approach and attack.

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8. On completion of each attack/Run, the attacking submarine is to surface and inform the target

submarine "Run (No.) Completed" and remain in its surfacing position until Go Time for the next

Run.

9. On receipt of the Attack (Run Completed) signal, the target submarine may remain at periscope

depth while proceeding to the start position for the next Run, and signals "Go Time Run (No.) (time).

Safety Bearing is (...). Read Back".

10. The full procedures for plotting Safety Bearing and Safety Line, and for commencing the Run,

are to be conducted for each subsequent Run.

11. When attacking and target roles are reversed, the target submarine is to surface on receipt of

the "Run Completed" signal, and remain in its surfacing position for the attacking submarine. The

attacking submarine is now the target submarine and opens the range for the next Run and uses the full

procedure for starting a Run.

12. If the attack (or Run Completed) signal has not been received by the time the target submarine

has reached a position 8000 yards beyond the Safety Line, the target submarine is to surface, and then

surface the attacking submarine in accordance with Article 2273 unless relaxations in force permit

otherwise.

13. The exercise ends on completion of the last Run, or at Stop Time, whichever is the earlier.

SPECIAL PROVISIONS

1. The ranges in Situation

(paragraph 2) and Procedure (paragraph 12) may be altered at the

discretion of the OTC/OCS.

2. Normally this exercise is conducted by day, but may be conducted by night if Relaxation 21*D is

in force.

3. Submarines are to surface if they are liable to be put deep by a surface vessel.

4. Submarines are to surface and stop the exercise if the visibility through the periscope becomes less

than 2000 yards unless Relaxation 13*B is in force.

5. Unless Relaxation 21*D is in force, the attacking submarine is to be marked and the following

rules apply:

a. the target submarine is the responsible submarine;

b. the target submarine is to surface if -

(1) within 1000 yards of the Safety Line without having sighted the attack submarine, or

(2) having crossed the Safety Line, it loses sight of the attacking submarine.

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c. the target submarine is not to alter course toward the attacking submarine once it has crossed

the Safety Line.

6. If, despite the Safety Rules, either submarine is forced deep, it is to turn to a course reciprocal to

the last bearing of the other submarine and is to remain within 40 degrees of that course until it is safe

to return to periscope depth.

7. This CASEX can be made more realistic by the use of Relaxation 21*D. In this case the following

rules apply:

a. On detecting and classifying the target submarine's HE, the attacking submarine is to signal

that it is going to Safe Depth. The target submarine must acknowledge the signal before the

attacking submarine goes deep.

b. After receipt of the acknowledgement, the attacking submarine is to go to and remain at the

end of the run. The attacking submarine is now free to cross the Safety Line.

c. The target submarine is to surface if, within 1000 yards of the Safety Line, it has not received

and acknowledged the attacking submarine's "Going to safe depth" signal.

RECORDS

1. ME - YOU Message on completion of each Run.

2. In accordance with Article 4004.

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CASEX S-3

SUBMARINE WITH FREEDOM IN DEPTH ATTACKS ANOTHER SUBMARINE

TRANSITING CLOSE TO ITS PATROL AREA AT PERISCOPE DEPTH

PURPOSE

To exercise, under realistic patrol conditions, a patrolling submarine in detecting, classifying, tracking

and attacking another submarine transiting close to patrol area at periscope depth.

FORCES REQUIRED

Two submarines.

SITUATION

1. More realistic patrol conditions are achieved by the attacking submarine having freedom of

movement and limited freedom in depth, but little or no knowledge of where or when the target

submarine will transit close to its area.

2. The attacking submarine, at any depth, is within a Safety Circle (Articles 4014 and 4022).

3. The target submarine is at periscope depth in a position not less than 10,000 yards from the centre

of the Safety Circles at Go Time.

4. The principles of this exercise may be employed in submarine ASW exercises and Sub/Air Barrier

exercise.

PROCEDURE

1. The target submarine commences its submerged transit any time after Go Time.

2. The target submarine is unrestricted in course and speed and is free to evade attack, but must

remain at periscope depth and cavitate throughout the exercise/Run and comply with Article 4022.2.

3. The attacking submarine commences its submerged patrol at Go Time and must comply with

Article 4022.1 until Stop Time or until surfaced by the target submarine.

4. If the target submarine has not been attacked and has reached a position beyond the centre of the

Safety Circles at which the distance is 2000 yards greater than the radius of the Outer Safety Circle, it

is to surface and then surface the attacking submarine in accordance with Article 2272, unless

Relaxation is in force otherwise permits.

5. The exercise ends on completion of the last Run, or at Stop Time, whichever is the earlier.

SPECIAL PROVISIONS

1. The safety and success of this CASEX depend on accurate navigation. If accurate fixes cannot be

obtained, submarines must gridlock prior to Go Time (Article 4031).

2. The target submarine is to surface if it is liable to be put deep by a surface vessel.

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CASEX S-4

ONE OR MORE SUBMARINES AT PERISCOPE DEPTH ATTACK ANOTHER

SUBMARINE TRANSITING THEIR PATROL AREAS AT PERISCOPE DEPTH

(BY DAY ONLY)

PURPOSE

To exercise submarines patrolling at periscope depth in detecting, classifying, tracking and attacking

another submarine transiting at periscope depth.

FORCES REQUIRED

1. One or more attacking submarines.

2. One target submarine.

SITUATION

1. An exercise based on CASEX S-2 with any number of submarines attacking the same target. Each

attacking submarine is positioned within its Special Safety Circle (Article 4022.3).

2. The attacking submarines are on the surface, in their Special Safety Circles specified in the

exercise orders/message.

3. The target submarine is at periscope depth in a position not less than 10,000 yards from the centre

of the Special Safety Circle of the first attacking submarine. This position is not to be disclosed to the

attacking submarine.

PROCEDURE

1. Establish communications prior to Go Time.

2. When all attacking submarines have reported "Ready for Run One", the target submarine will

order "Go Time Run One (time), Acknowledge".

3. After acknowledging, the attacking submarines are to dive to periscope depth at Go Time for the

Run.

4. At Go Time for each Run, the target submarine commences a dived transit (remaining at periscope

depth throughout) to pass through each attacking submarine's Special Safety Circle. Unless otherwise

ordered, it is unrestricted for course and speed and must broadcast SCOPE SCOPE SCOPE or ACA

on UWT or SST respectively at intervals not to exceed 3 minutes (Article 4026.3).

5. Attacking submarines are to remain at periscope depth and within their Special Safety Circles

(Article 4022.3) while conducting their approach and attack.

6. On completion of each attack/Run, attacking submarines are to surface and return to their initial

positions, but are not to dive again until the target submarine has reported "Clear of Safety Circle".

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7. On receipt of each Attack (Run Completed) signal, the target submarine remains at periscope

depth and commences its Run for the next attacking submarine. When clear of an attacking

submarine's Special Safety Circle, it must report to that submarine "Clear of Safety Circle".

8. The exercise ends on completion of the Run for the last submarine, or at Stop Time, whichever is

the earlier.

SPECIAL PROVISIONS

1. This exercise is to be conducted by day only.

2. The circumferences of individual Special Safety Circles should not be less than 4000 yards apart.

3. It is imperative that reliable fixes can at all times be obtained. Submarines are to surface if at any

time they are uncertain of their navigational positions.

4. Submarines are to surface if they are liable to be put deep by a surface vessel.

5. Submarines are to surface and stop the exercise if the visibility through the periscope becomes less

than 3000 yards.

6. Attacking submarines are to be marked and the following rules apply:

a. the target submarine is the responsible submarine;

b. the target submarine is to surface if -

(1) within

1000 yards of a Special Safety Circle without having sighted the attacking

submarine, or

(2) having crossed the Special Safety Circle, it loses sight of the attacking submarine; and

c. the target submarine is not to alter course toward the attacking submarine once it has entered the

Special Safety Circle.

7. If, despite the Safety Rules, either submarine is forced deep, it is to turn to a course reciprocal to

the last bearing of the other submarine and is to remain within 40 degrees of that course until it is safe

to return to periscope depth.

RECORDS

1. ME - YOU Message on completion of each Run.

2. In accordance with Article 4004.

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CASEX S-5

ONE OR MORE SUBMARINES WITH FREEDOM IN DEPTH ATTACK ANOTHER

SUBMARINE RESTRICTED IN DEPTH IN A TRANSIT LANE TRANSITING THROUGH

THEIR AREAS

PURPOSE

To exercise patrolling submarines with freedom in depth in detecting, classifying, tracking and

attacking another submarine which is restricted in depth, transiting through their areas.

FORCES REQUIRED

1. One or more attacking submarines.

2. One target submarine.

SITUATION

1. The attacking submarines may be at any depth in their assigned patrol areas when outside the

Safety Zones and Transit Lanes (Articles 4016 and 4018).

2. The target submarine may be at any depth within its assigned Depth Zone in the Transit Lane.

NOT RELEASABLE.

3. The Transit Lane runs through each attacking submarine's patrol area.

PROCEDURE

1. Depth Zone throughout. Unless otherwise ordered, it is unrestricted for course and speed but must

remain within the Transit Lane and must broadcast SCOPE SCOPE SCOPE or ACA on UWT or SST

respectively at intervals not to exceed 3 minutes (Article 4026.3).

2. At Go Time, attacking submarines may be at any depth outside the Safety Zones and Transit Lane.

They may enter the Safety Zones and Transit Lane (within the limits of their own patrol area) but must

be at Safe Depth or deeper when doing so. NOT RELEASABLE

3. On completion of each attack/Run, attacking submarines may, if safe to do so, return to periscope

depth and, if desired, surface to wait instructions for the next Run.

4. The exercise ends on completion of the last Run, or at Stop Time, whichever is the earlier.

SPECIAL PROVISIONS

1. The safety and success of this CASEX depend on accurate navigation by all participants. (See

Special Provision 6 below.)

2. Attacking submarines are not to approach within one mile of the edges of their areas.

3. Submarines are to surface as follows:

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a. The target submarine -

(1) if at any time its navigational position is in doubt,

(2) if restricted to periscope depth during its transit and liable to be put deep by surface

shipping, or

(3) if, despite the above, the target submarine is forced deep, it is to transmit on UWT/SST

call sign, course and depth; and

b. The attacking submarine(s) (outside the Safety Zones and Transit Lane) if, at any time, its

navigational position is in doubt.

4. The target submarine's Depth Zone, transit positions, width of Transit Lane and Safety Zones are

to be specified in the exercise orders/messages.

5. If more than one target submarine participates, Article 4028 is applicable.

6. If this CASEX is conducted in an area where accurate navigation may not be possible, the

following additional provisions apply:

a. establish communications prior to Go Time;

b. only one target submarine and one attacking submarine may participate;

c. submarines are to gridlock their relative positions and start their DR plots in accordance with

Article 4031);

d. transit positions are selected by the target submarine and are to be transmitted to the attacking

submarine by the READ BACK method;

e. submarines are not to make allowance for tidal streams, currents or drift; and

f. submarines are to surface if the accuracy of their DR plots is in doubt.

7. Full procedures are to be repeated for subsequent runs.

RECORDS

1. ME - YOU Message on completion of each attack.

2. In accordance with Article 4004.

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CASEX S-6

ONE OR MORE PATROLLING SUBMARINES WITH RELATIVE FREEDOM IN DEPTH

ATTACK OTHER SUBMARINES WITH RELATIVE FREEDOM IN DEPTH TRANSITING

THEIR AREAS

PURPOSE

To exercise submarines in advanced ASW operations.

FORCES REQUIRED

1. Two or more attacking submarines.

2. ASW ships and aircraft if desired.

SITUATION

1. Patrolling submarines are in their allocated Depth Zones and Areas conducting ASW patrols.

2. Transiting submarines are in their allocated Depth Zones, Transit Lane(s) (Article 4028) and initial

positions, which are to be outside the patrolling submarine's Tactical Sonar Range (TSR).

3. This CASEX is particularly suited to advanced large scale exercises and Sub/Air Barrier exercises.

PROCEDURE

1. At Go Time, transiting submarines commence dived transits within their assigned Transit Lane(s)

and Depth Zones at the ordered Speed of Advance (SOA) or remaining within their Mobile Exercise

Area (MXA). Unless otherwise ordered, they have freedom of movement (course and speed) within

assigned Transit Lane(s) between the surface and periscope depth and when in their allocated deep

Depth Zone. While at periscope depth, submarines must broadcast SCOPE SCOPE SCOPE or ACA

on UWT or SST respectively at intervals not to exceed 3 minutes (Article 4026.3). Within exercise

objectives, transit policy is at the discretion of individual Commanding Officers.

2. At Go Time, patrolling submarines commence ASW patrols, remaining in their patrol areas. They

have freedom of action (course, speed and depth) from the surface to the floor of their allocated upper

Depth Zone and within their lower Depth Zone.

3. Submarines may be at periscope depth and/or snorkel as follows:

a. Transiting Submarines. At any time when in assigned Transit Lane(s) except during the

night periods allocated to patrolling submarines (Relaxations 21A or B) when they must be on the

surface or in their allocated deep Depth Zone. If on the surface during these periods and required

to dive, transiting submarines must immediately go to and remain in their assigned deep Depth

Zones.

b. Patrolling Submarines -

(1) By Day. Sunrise to Sunset, if periscope visibility is not less than 2000 yards (Article

4026.2); but see paragraph 4a below.

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(2) By Night. During allocated periods (Relaxations 21A or B).

(3) To Classify. Classify sonar contacts in accordance with paragraph 4 below.

4. Patrolling submarines may classify sonar contacts as follows:

a. If at periscope depth and a sonar contact is achieved which cannot be classified as a surface

target or snorkelling submarine within 5 minutes of the acquisition, they are to go to the floor of

their upper Depth Zone, and remain in there throughout the attack/time in contact. This

restriction does not apply during the night periscope depth periods allocated to patrolling

submarines.

b. If deep when contact achieved, come to periscope depth in accordance with Article 4032. If

the contact is not classified as a surface target or a snorkelling submarine within 5 minutes after

arrival at periscope depth, they are to return either to the floor of their upper Depth Zone or to

their deep Depth Zone in accordance with Article

4032, and remain there throughout the

attack/time in contact. This restriction does not apply during the night periscope depth periods

allocated to patrolling submarines.

5. Submarines may evade attack as follows:

a. Transiting Submarines

(1) If surfaced, by altering course and/or speed; but do not dive.

(2) If at periscope depth, by altering speed and stopping snorkelling. Broadcast SCOPE

SCOPE SCOPE or ACA on UWT or SST respectively at intervals not to exceed 3 minutes

(Article 4026.3), altering course away or surfacing; but do not go deeper or alter course

toward.

(3) If in allocated deep Depth Zone, by altering course and/ or speed; but remain in that

Depth Zone.

b. Patrolling Submarines

(1) If surfaced, by altering course and/or speed; but do not dive.

(2) If in allocated Depth Zone, they are unrestricted except that -

(a) they are not to alter course towards; and

(b) they must remain in that allocated Depth Zone.

NOTE:

Evasion is not to be attempted if the attack signals are the first indication of the other submarine

presence.

6. With Relaxation 20A in force, transiting submarines may attack patrolling submarines while

evading and before being attacked, if they are in their own allocated Depth Zones, but must not

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change Depth Zones during the attack/time in contact.

7. When changing depth through a Depth Zone allocated to another submarine, submarines are to

comply with Article 4032.

8. Participating ASW ships and aircraft conduct patrols as required by the OCE.

9. The exercise ends at Stop Time.

SPECIAL PROVISIONS

1. If a submerged collision at periscope depth is imminent, submarines are to alter course away, and:

a. Transiting submarines are to surface.

b. Patrolling submarines are to go deep to the floor of their upper Depth Zone.

2. Transiting and patrolling submarines are to be allocated Depth Zones in accordance with Article

2213 and Table 2-2, as follows: NOT RELEASABLE.

a. Transiting Submarines

(1) The surface to periscope depth; except during night periods allocated to patrolling

submarines; and

(2) A Deep zone between the patrolling submarine's upper and lower Depth Zones.

b. Patrolling Submarines

(1) An Upper Depth Zone to include the surface and periscope depth; and

(2) a Lower Depth Zone below the transiting submarine's Deep Depth Zone.

3. Submarines may be restricted for speed when in the upper Depth Zones.

4. This exercise will normally be conducted in open water; therefore, submarines are to navigate with

extreme caution. If in adjacent patrol areas, submarines shall not approach within 3 miles of common

boundaries.

RECORDS

In accordance with Article 4004.

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Military reference books and manuals (2009-2023, Volume 5) - page 4