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Swaging operations are performed on powe rful knuckle -joint, friction, and hydraulic pres s e s . Swaging of a part is s ometim es carried out before TABLE 5 Prc"urcs required for embossing, coining and swaging operations Type of operation Embossing of a convex- concave design . ' . . . . Stamping of figures and symbols . . . . . . . . • . . . S1vaging . . . . . . . . . . . Ductility E High Average .. High Pressure kg/mm2 Surface- quality brass steel class 180 2 5 0 2 5 0 - 3 0 0 8 - 9 1 0 0 - 1 10 1 5 0 - 2 8 0 1 2 0 - 1 6 0 1 8 0 - 2 5 0 8 - 9 1 8 0 - 2 5 0 2 5 0 - 3 0 0 - Dimensional accuracy, mm 0 .02 - 0 .03 - 0 . 0 3 - 0 .05 - An open- type set without guidepins , us ed for making a mainspring end piece, is shown in Figure 4 8 . The pin and shoulder are formed in the strip in one press s troke, and the contour is blanked in the next. FIGURE 4 8 . Die set for forming mainspring end piece The die (2 ) fastened to the lower s hoe (4 ) by the s crew ( 3 ) has reces s es for forming the pins ( 5 ) and (6 ) and the shoulder. The die edges are rounded off for greate r durability. The punch ( 1 ) is mounted on the press ram . The m etal strip is pos itioned on the die . The flat end of the punch makes contact with the metal and forces it to flow between its surface and that of the die, and into the die cavities . A relief impression of the part is ob tained in the s trip . The s trip is manually advanced after each s troke . The formed s trip is fed to the blanking die . The forming of chamfers in watch parts can als o be class ified as a type of swaging. Some watch parts have decorative chamfers on the contour, as do parts of other precis ion ins truments (Figure 4 9 ) . A s the milling of such chamfe rs is a very expensive proces s , even using special machines , chamfers are usually formed on s tamping dies . 89 |