Military reference books and manuals (2009-2023, Volume 2)

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LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE

TITLE

PAGE

2-1

RADHAZ Warning Sign Formats

2-4

2-2

Aircraft Radiation Patterns

2-25

A/V-8B HARRIER

2-25

C-2 GRAYHOUND

2-26

C-9B SKYTRAIN

2-27

C-20 GULFSTREAM IV

2-28

C-37 GULFSTREAM V

2-29

C-40A CLIPPER (BOEING 737-700)

2-30

C-130 HERCULES

2-31

KC-130 HERCULES

2-32

E-2C HAWKEYE

2-33

E-6A MERCURY (TACAMO)

2-34

EA-6B PROWLER

2-35

F-14 (ALL MODELS)

2-36

F/A-18 (ALL MODELS)

2-37

P-3C ORION

2-38

P-3C ORION

2-39

P-3C ORION

2-40

S-3B VIKING

2-41

SH-60B SEAHAWK

2-42

T-39N SABERLINER

2-43

UC-12B HURON

2-44

UC-35 CITATION

2-45

V-22 OSPREY

2-46

3-1

Electrical Equivalent of Cargo-Handling Equipment

3-2

4-1

Laser Wavelength Chart

4-2

Military Laser Exemption Label

4-5

6-1

Effect of Temperature in Generating Hydrocarbon Fuel Flammable Vapors

6-2

Temperature-Flammability Ranges for Fuels

6-3

HERF Safe Separation Distance Calculation for MOGAS/AVGAS

(Radar and Communication Systems 225 MHz and Above)

6-6

6-4

HERF Safe Separation Distance Calculation for MOGAS/AVGAS

(Communication Systems Below 225 MHz)

6-7

C-1

Graphic Representation of Permissible Exposure Limits in

Terms of Fields and Power Density for a Controlled Environment

C-6

C-2

Graphic Representation of Permissible Exposure Limits in

Terms of Fields and Power Densityfor an Uncontrolled Environment

C-7

D-1

Calculation of Antenna Illumination Constant

D-6

D-2

Fresnel Region Gain Correction for Uniform Illumination (Rectangular Aperture) . D-8

D-3

Fresnel Region Gain Correction for Cosine Illumination (Rectangular Aperture) ... D-9

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VOLUME 1 SIXTH REVISION

LIST OF FIGURES (CONTINUED)

FIGURE

TITLE

PAGE

D-4

Fresnel Region Gain Correction for Cosine Square

Illumination (Rectangular Aperture)

D-10

D-5

Fresnel Region Gain Correction for Cosine Cubed

Illumination (Rectangular Aperture)

D-11

D-6

Fresnel Region Gain Correction for Cosine Fourth

Illumination (Rectangular Aperture)

D-12

D-7

Normalized On-Axis Power Density Curves

Circular Aperture (1-r2)ρ

D-13

D-8

Sample On-Axis Power Density Computation for a

Rectangular Aperture Antenna (Sheet 1)

D-16

D-8

Sample On-Axis Power Density Computation for a

Rectangular Aperture Antenna (Sheet 2)

D-17

D-9

Sample On-Axis Power Density Computation for a

Circular Aperture Antenna (Sheet 1)

D-18

D-9

Sample On-Axis Power Density Computation for a

Circular Aperture Antenna (Sheet 2)

D-19

D-10

Functions of a Right Triangle

D-21

D-11

Sample Use of Trigonometric Functions for Solving Problems

D-22

D-12

Power Gain Ratio Versus Decibel Gain

D-26

D-13

Power Gain Ratio Versus dBm

D-29

D-14

Example of a Power Density Measurement

D-34

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VOLUME 1 SIXTH REVISION

LIST OF TABLES

TABLES

TITLE

PAGE

2-1

Shipboard Communication and Satellite Systems

2-10

2-2

Shore-Based Communication and Satellite Systems

2-14

2-3

Shipboard Radar and Navigation Systems

2-18

2-4

Shore-Based Radar and Navigation Systems

2-21

2-5

Aircraft Radar Systems

2-23

2-6

Aircraft Radiation Patterns

2-24

C-1

PELs for Controlled Environments (Electromagnetic Fields†)

C-2

PELs for Controlled Environments (Induced and Contact Current)

C-2

C-3

PELs for Uncontrolled Environments (Electromagnetic Fields†)

C-4

PELs for Uncontrolled Environments (Induced and Contact Current)

C-4

D-1

Rectangular Apertures

D-6

D-2

Circular Apertures with (1-r2)ρ Illumination

D-6

D-3

Circular Aperture Distribution

D-14

D-4

Rectangular Aperture Distribution

D-14

D-5

Decibel Table: Voltage, Current, and Power Ratios

D-25

D-6

dBm Conversion Table

D-30

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VOLUME 1 SIXTH REVISION

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1-1. PURPOSE AND SCOPE OF MANUAL

1-1.1 This manual consists of two unclassified volumes to provide the data necessary for the

protection of personnel, fuels, and ordnance from radio-frequency (RF) energy (including laser

devices). Volume 1 discusses the Hazards of Electromagnetic Radiation to Personnel (HERP)

and the Hazards of Electromagnetic Radiation to Fuels (HERF) and other flammable materials.

Volume 2 discusses the Hazards of Electromagnetic Radiation to Ordnance (HERO).

1-1.2 Both volume 1 and volume 2 address the standoff distances from shipboard and shore-

based transmitters required to satisfy HERP and HERO (respectively) safety criteria. In

addition, the radiation patterns and safe standoff distances from Navy/Marine Corps aircraft

radars are illustrated

1-1.3 This manual shall be used by the following types of naval activities:

Marine Corps Air Stations

Marine Corps Bases

Naval Air Facilities

Naval Air Stations

Naval Air Warfare Centers

Naval Computer and Telecommunications Facilities

Naval Laboratories

Naval Magazines

Naval Missile Ranges

Naval Ordnance Facilities

Naval Ships

Naval Shipyards

Naval Stations

Naval Surface Warfare Centers

Naval Systems Commands

Naval Weapons Stations

Submarine Support Facilities

1-2. BACKGROUND

1-2.1

RF HAZARDS TO PERSONNEL. Radiation from antennas fed by high-powered RF

transmitters has the potential for injuring personnel present in the vicinity of the radiating

antennas. Transmitters aboard ships, on aircraft, and at shore stations are potential sources of

harmful radiation. At some frequencies, exposure to excessive levels of RF radiation will not

produce a noticeable sensation of pain or discomfort to give warning that injury may be

occurring. Radiated energy can also result in high levels of induced and contact current

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through the body when in close proximity to high-power RF transmitting antennas below

100 MHz. RF hazards to personnel, permissible exposure limits, and an explanation of induced

and contact currents are contained in chapter 2. RF burns are discussed in chapter 3.

1-2.2

LASER HAZARDS TO PERSONNEL. Laser radiation of high intensity, if absorbed by

the body or eyes, may result in permanent damage. The details for laser operation, safety

precautions, and safe exposure levels are contained in chapter 4.

1-2.3

IONIZING RADIATION. Ionizing radiation sources, hazard levels, and safety

precautions are discussed in chapter 5.

1-2.4

RF HAZARDS TO FUEL. Study and research are continuing to (1) provide safe

handling distances for fuel and (2) eliminate conditions conducive to arcing during fuel handling.

Procedures to reduce the possibility of fuels being ignited by RF radiation-induced arcing are

provided in chapter 6.

1-2.5

RF HAZARDS TO ORDNANCE. Electroexplosive devices, electrically initiated

devices, and ordnance electrical systems may be affected when exposed to RF energy. The

Naval Sea Systems Command (NAVSEA) Program Executive Office sponsors testing programs

to determine weapon susceptibility to RF energy. Tests are conducted in the maximum RF

environments to which ordnance items may be exposed during a typical stockpile-to-launch

scenario. An affected system or item might have sufficient current induced by the RF field to

result in premature firing, explosion, or dudding. A listing of all Navy and Marine Corps

ordnance with HERO concerns is contained in Volume 2.

1-3. RESPONSIBILITIES

1-3.1

NAVAL SEA SYSTEMS COMMAND. NAVSEA, in accordance with Chief of Naval

Operations directives, exercises technical direction over fleet personnel safety and is

responsible for shipboard HERP- and HERF-related data and issues. As part of NAVSEA,

Naval Ordnance Safety and Security Activity, N716, is responsible for all HERO-related data

and safety of ammunition, explosives, and other hazardous materials in the fleet and shore

establishments.

1-3.2

SPACE AND NAVAL WARFARE SYSTEMS COMMAND (SPAWAR). SPAWAR is

responsible for shore facility HERP- and HERF-related data and issues.

1-3.3

BUREAU OF MEDICINE AND SURGERY (BUMED). BUMED is responsible for

adopting scientifically established personnel exposure levels for electromagnetic and laser

radiation, reviewing personnel overexposures, and providing appropriate medical

recommendations.

1-3.4

COMMANDING OFFICER. In addition to the duties and responsibilities inherent in the

position of commanding officer as set forth in Navy regulations or as promulgated by higher

authority, the commanding officer of a ship or naval shore station is solely responsible for the

safety of his/her command. He/she must take the same active, aggressive leadership in safety

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that he/she takes in other phases of command responsibility. It is the commanding officer’s

responsibility to require personnel of other agencies, including contractors, while on board ship

or at a facility under his/her command, to conduct their activities in accordance with established

safety rules. The commanding officer shall enforce the mandatory requirements of this manual

and shall initiate those directives and inspections necessary to evaluate compliance with the

rules and regulations prescribed herein. The absence of a safety requirement in this manual, or

in the documents referenced herein, does not necessarily indicate that safeguards are not

required. Commanding officers have the authority to impose and enforce more stringent safety

rules than those imposed by higher authority. Where no existing safety rule or regulation

applies, or where a deviation from an established mandatory safety regulation is desired, the

commanding officer shall submit to Commander, NAVSEA, Code 53H, full particulars and

detailed plans for approval. In the interim, the commanding officer shall take the necessary

action to control the hazard. Shipboard commanders may waive compliance with any provision

of this manual when essential under emergency conditions.

1-3.5

SHIP AND SHORE SUPERVISORY PERSONNEL. Supervisors shall be thoroughly

familiar with the provisions of this publication. Supervisors have no authority to waive or alter

NAVSEA and station safety regulations, nor shall they permit the violation of such safety

regulations by others. They shall act positively to eliminate any potential accident hazards

existing in operations under their jurisdiction. Aboard ship, supervisory personnel must perform

the functions of shore station safety directors. Each supervisor shall also comply with the

following regulations:

a. Explain to all personnel under his/her immediate supervision the standard safety

regulations, industrial hygiene safeguards, and precautions that they must follow and enforce

regarding the observance of all safety regulations by personnel. The supervisor shall explain

the safe distances as they apply to RF energy and lasers.

b. Instruct and train personnel under his/her immediate supervision in the work that they

are to perform, whether instruction is given directly or through experienced operators, until the

supervisor is satisfied that all personnel are capable of performing the work safely. This

instruction shall also encompass complete information concerning transmitter location,

identification, adherence to all RF and laser warning signs and placards, and observance of all

safety circles and other safety zones.

c. Ensure that personnel are qualified and certified to perform the job assigned and that

such certification is current. Report promptly to his/her immediate superior all personnel who, in

his/her opinion, are not qualified for their assigned work.

d. Investigate or assist in the investigation of all accidents involving operations,

equipment, or personnel under his/her supervision, and report or assist in the preparation of the

report on the investigation’s results to higher authority for appropriate action.

e. Identify all persons entering or approaching a radiation hazards (RADHAZ) area in

his/her charge, and determine their authority to enter and/or remain in the area. Exercise his/

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her authority to eject any person whose presence and/or actions, in his/her opinion, are

detrimental to safety.

f. Forbid any major repairs or modification to any transmitting equipment except in

accordance with specific instructions of the commanding officer. Enforce the safety

requirements in his/her area.

g. Ascertain that all conditions in the area under his/her jurisdiction comply with orders

relating to operation shutdown. When the operation is not relieved by an incoming shift, the

supervisor shall make certain that all transmitters are shut off. When an incoming shift relieves

his/her operation or he/she is relieved for any reason, the supervisor shall make a complete

report to the relief of any situation that requires immediate attention or which should be kept

under observation.

h. Enforce observance of the safety regulations concerning personnel protective

clothing and equipment.

Report in writing to his/her commanding officer any requests, suggestions, and

comments he/she may have with regard to safety standards.

1-3.6

SHIP AND SHORE OPERATING PERSONNEL. Operating personnel are responsible

for understanding and strictly observing all safety standards, requirements, and precautions

applicable to their work or duty. In addition, each individual will:

a. Report to his/her supervisor any unsafe condition, personnel actions, or any

equipment or material that he/she considers unsafe.

b. Warn others whom he/she believes to be endangered by known hazards or by failure

to observe safety precautions.

c. Wear or use approved protective clothing or equipment when required.

d. Report to his/her supervisor any injury or evidence of impaired health to himself/

herself or others occurring in the course of work or duty.

e. Be prepared, in the event of an unforeseen hazardous occurrence, to give an audible

warning to the other employees and to exercise such reasonable caution as is appropriate to

the situation.

f. Report the presence of unauthorized personnel in the work area to his/her supervisor.

1-4. PERSONNEL TRAINING

1-4.1 All personnel engaged in operations involving the use of RF transmitting equipment or

laser devices shall be familiar with all phases of work which they will be required to perform.

Included in their training will be instruction in the following:

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a. RF and laser radiation hazards.

b. Sources of RF burns.

c. Detection of faulty transmitters or related equipments.

d. RADHAZ warning signs, devices, and controls.

e. Electrical characteristics of metallic objects.

f. Sources of RF hazards.

g. The characteristics of modified or new RF transmitting equipment.

h. Use of protective equipment.

Use of OPNAVINST 5100.23 (series), OPNAVINST 5100.19 (series), and this

manual.

1-4.2 Films dealing with RF hazards are available for training purposes through regular

channels. Film identification number for the series titled "Radio Frequency Radiation Hazards"

is MN9682. Individual films in this series are as follows:

a. MN9682a - Radio Frequency Radiation Hazards - RF Hazards and Personnel Safety.

b. MN9682d - Radio Frequency Radiation Hazards - RF Burns, Causes and Effects.

1-5. PRECAUTIONS TO ENSURE THE SAFETY OF PERSONNEL

It is the responsibility of the commanding officer of each ship or shore station to

implement the requirements contained in this manual, including the following:

a. Ensure that procedures are established whereby RF transmitting equipment is

positively controlled and coordinated with personnel working near antennas, handling

ordnance, and conducting fueling operations. Procedures for controlling laser operations also

shall be generated.

b. Ensure that RF hazards associated with the operation of laser and radar transmitters

(in both controlled and uncontrolled environments) are known to all personnel, and that the

necessary safety precautions are implemented. See paragraph 2-2.1.2, for the definition of

controlled and uncontrolled environments.

c. Have RF RADHAZ surveys conducted to determine the appropriate safety

precautions for personnel and for operations involving fuel and ordnance. Requests for RF

hazard surveys and information relating to shipboard HERP and HERO, or shore facility HERO,

should be mailed to Commander, Dahlgren Division, Naval Surface Warfare Center,

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J52/R. Needy, 17320 Dahlgren Road, Dahlgren, VA 22448-5100, or forwarded electronically to

needyri@nswc.navy.mil. Requests may also be made by calling (540) 653-3446/8594 or DSN

249-3446/8594.

Requests for RF hazard surveys or information relating to shore facility HERP should be

mailed to Space and Naval Warfare Systems Command, Code 323/W. Hammer, P.O. Box

19022, North Charleston, SC 29419-9022, or forwarded electronically to

hammerw@spawar.navy.mil. Requests may also be made by calling (843) 218-4876.

Requests for laser system evaluations or range surveys should be submitted as

described in paragraph 4-8, of this document.

d. Ensure that HERP, HERF, HERO, and laser considerations are included in all

proposed changes to station or facility operations.

1-6. RADIO FREQUENCY AND LASER OVEREXPOSURE REPORTING REQUIREMENTS

Report all RF overexposure incidents in accordance with the requirements of

OPNAVINST 5100.19 (series) for ship personnel and OPNAVINST 5100.23 (series) for shore

personnel. Report laser overexposure incidents as per OPNAVINST 5100.27/MCO 5104.1

(series) and BUMEDINST 6470.23 (series).

1-7. DEFINITIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS

The definitions of the terms and the meaning of the abbreviations used are listed in

appendix A.

1-8. REFERENCE DOCUMENTS

A list of reference documents applicable to this volume is presented in appendix B.

These documents, together with ship and station instructions and notices, technical

publications, and standard operating procedures shall be maintained in appropriate libraries.

These documents are essential for complete understanding of the safety regulations contained

herein.

1-9. BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION (EMR) AND SAFE

EXPOSURE LIMITS

Appendix C describes the biological effects of EMR on the human body and the limits to

which the body can be safely exposed.

1-10. CALCULATIONS AND MEASUREMENTS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS

The electromagnetic environment, the method for calculating power density in an

electromagnetic field, and calculation aids for use in predicting RF radiation hazards are

described in appendix D.

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1-11. REPORTING OMISSIONS/ERRORS IN MANUAL

Ships, training activities, supply points, depots, Naval shipyards, and supervisors of

shipbuilding are requested to arrange for the maximum practical use and evaluation of NAVSEA

technical manuals. All errors, omissions, discrepancies, and suggestions for improvement to

NAVSEA technical manuals shall be reported to the Commander, Naval Surface Warfare

Center, Port Hueneme Division (NSWC/PHD) (Code 5E31), 4363 Missile Way, Port Hueneme,

CA 93043-4307 on NAVSEA Technical Manual Deficiency/Evaluation Report (TMDER),

NAVSEA Form 4160/1. A copy of NAVSEA TMDER Form 4160/1 is included at the end of this

publication. For activities with internet access, this form may also be completed and processed

using NSWC/PHD website: http://nsdsa.phdnswc.navy.mil. All feedback comments shall be

thoroughly investigated and originators will be advised of TMDER resolution. If you prefer to

submit a TMDER using a word file, click here

TMDER

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CHAPTER 2

HAZARDS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION TO PERSONNEL

2-1. INTRODUCTION

2-1.1 GENERAL. This chapter discusses the hazards of electromagnetic radiation to

personnel (HERP), as well as the means by which such radio-frequency (RF) hazards may be

mitigated. Electromagnetic radiation (EMR), as discussed in this section, is referred to as

nonionizing radiation, a form of radiation that does not have sufficient energy to cause ionization

of atoms or molecules. Electromagnetic emissions from laser, radar, communication, and

microwave sources are examples of nonionizing radiation.

Also included in this chapter is a list of personnel safe distances associated with

currently operational Navy aircraft, as well as shipboard and shore-based RF transmitters. In

the case of aircraft, the radiation pattern of the installed radar system is also provided. The

biological hazards associated with electromagnetic (RF) radiation [as established by the

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) C95.1 Standards Committee, adopted

by the Tri-Service Electromagnetic Radiation Panel, and presented in Department of Defense

Instruction (DODINST) 6055.11] are discussed in appendix C. As technical agent for Naval Sea

Systems Command (NAVSEA), Naval Surface Warfare Center, Dahlgren Division, Dahlgren,

Virginia, is responsible for identifying potentially hazardous shipboard areas. Space and Naval

Warfare Systems Command (SPAWAR), Charleston, South Carolina, is responsible for

identifying potential hazardous shore facility areas and for ensuring that controls necessary to

prevent biological injury to personnel are defined and implemented.

2-1.2 BACKGROUND. Radar and communication systems which use high-power RF

transmitters and high-gain antennas represent a biological hazard to personnel working on, or

in the vicinity of, these systems. The detrimental effects of overexposure to EMR are

associated with an increase in overall body temperature or a temperature rise in specific organs

of the body.

2-2. EMR HAZARDS TO PERSONNEL

2-2.1 PERMISSIBLE EXPOSURE LIMITS (PELS).

2-2.1.1 DODINST 6055.11 lists safe limits based upon established biological effects due to RF

radiation (RFR) exposure over the frequency range of 3 kHz to 300 GHz. The biological effects

have been determined to be a function of the specific absorption rate (SAR), which is frequency

dependent and averaged over a 6-minute time period. A more detailed discussion of PELs and

SARs is presented in appendix C.

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2-2.1.2 Exposure limits are specified for locations that are defined as either controlled or

uncontrolled environments. Controlled environments are areas (designated shipboard work/

equipment spaces, shipboard weather decks, and topside areas) where exposure to higher-

than-normal levels of electromagnetic energy may be incurred by personnel who are aware of

the potential for such exposure. Uncontrolled environments include public areas, living

quarters, and work spaces where there is no expectation that higher electromagnetic

environments should be encountered. Shore facilities will typically have a combination of

controlled and uncontrolled environments, as defined by each command. A more detailed

discussion of exposure limit guidelines is provided in appendix C. However, since these

guidelines require further explanation and are subject to change, DODINST 6055.11 (series)

should be consulted by persons responsible for conducting RF hazard analyses.

2-2.1.3 The exposure limits for controlled environments represent scientifically derived values

to limit absorption of electromagnetic energy in the body and to restrict the magnitude of

currents induced in the body. As a result, the amount of RF energy absorbed is insufficient to

produce or cause any adverse health effects, even under repeated or long-term exposure

conditions. The controlled environmental limits are the equivalent of personnel exposure

standards for all individuals. In uncontrolled environments where access is not restricted or

controlled, lower permissible RF exposure levels have been adopted. The reduced exposure

limits permitted in uncontrolled environments reflect a consensus to minimize exposure levels

outside well-defined areas and should not be interpreted as a disregard for any known adverse

health risk. There are no shipboard topside environments defined as uncontrolled

environments; therefore, this condition/situation is not discussed in detail in this report. For

shore facilities, uncontrolled areas are determined by the local command authority.

2-2.1.4 In those cases where personnel in a controlled environment must be exposed to power

densities greater than the continuous PEL, the use of time averaging may be employed to

determine the safe stay-time. Intermittent (vice continuous) exposure times can be calculated

as described in paragraph C-5 and in DODINST 6055.11.

2-2.1.5 Induced and Contact Currents. Induced and contact current exposure limit guidelines

for controlled and uncontrolled environments are provided in tables C-2 and C-4, respectively.

However, since these guidelines require further explanation and are subject to change,

DODINST 6055.11 should be consulted by persons responsible for conducting hazard

assessments.

2-2.1.6 Induced Current PEL. When a person is freely standing (not grasping a conductive

object) in a radiated field, RF currents are induced into the body. As those induced currents

flow between the human body and ground, heat is produced, particularly in the constricted area

of the ankles. For frequencies between 100 kHz and 100 MHz, current induced through the feet

in a controlled environment is limited to 100 mA if measured through one foot, or 200 mA if

measured through both feet. The 200-mA limit through both feet assures that localized SARs

will not exceed the 20-W/kg limit for extremities.

2-2.1.7 Contact Current PEL. Contact current, or "grasping contact" current, is the current

which flows through the hand(s) when a person grasps a conductive object while in a radiated

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field. The contact current (PEL) in a controlled environment is 100 mA for the hand in contact

with the ungrounded surface. This limit provides assurance that the 20-W/kg extremities limit

will not be exceeded.

The present procedure for measuring this limit of contact or "grasping contact" current for

the shipboard and shore radiation hazards (RADHAZ) survey is to measure only those items

which are grasped during their normal operation or use, such as life lines or rails. Currently, a

Type 3 RADHAZ warning sign (RF Burn) is posted in the vicinity of these items to denote a

contact-current hazard. For items which are grasped during normal operations (e.g., signal

lights), Type 5 warning signs are used to provide specific control measures. RADHAZ warning

sign formats are shown in figure 2-1.

2-2.1.8 RF Burn Criteria. The nature of RF burns, how they occur, and procedures for

minimizing their effects are contained in chapter 3 of this document, from which the following

excerpt is extracted:

An RF burn is the result of RF current flow through that portion of the body in direct contact

with a conductive object (in which an RF voltage has been induced) or at the site of a spark

discharge (no direct contact with a conductive object). Any burn injury that occurs is entirely

the result of heat produced by current flow through the resistance of the skin. Current flow

through a resistance produces heat regardless of the nature of the circuit.

As discussed in chapter 3, the established criteria is that an open-circuit voltage

exceeding 140 volts on an item in an RFR field is to be considered potentially hazardous. The

effect of the heat on a person ranges from warmth to painful burns. However, field tests have

shown that, because of the many variables involved, it is not uncommon to encounter

significantly higher voltages that will not cause an RF burn. The term "hazard" can range from

visible skin damage to a shock sensation. The specific level at which contact with RF voltages

should be classified an RF burn hazard is not a distinct one; however, 140 volts is recognized

as the PEL, and a Type 3 RADHAZ warning sign (RF Burn) is posted in the vicinity of these

items to denote an RF burn hazard. RADHAZ warning sign formats are shown in figure 2-1.

2-2.1.9 NAVSEA, Code 53H, is responsible for determining hazardous shipboard areas and

ensuring that the possibility of biological injury to personnel from RF radiation is minimized or

eliminated. Theoretical calculations and RF field-intensity and power-density measurements

are used to establish the safe distances from radar antennas. This information is then used to

determine whether or not hazardous shipboard areas exist. Radiation inhibit zones are used to

minimize the number of hazardous areas. Appropriate warning signs, warning instructions,

and/or markings shall be posted in all hazardous areas subject to entry by personnel.

2-2.1.10 For shipboard situations, weather decks, enclosed and open masts, and electronic

work spaces (at a minimum) should be considered controlled environments. For shore stations,

accessible areas beyond the stations’ perimeter fence lines (at a minimum) should be

considered uncontrolled environments.

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2-2.1.11 No special RF exposure limits or additional RF exposure restrictions are imposed in

the case of pregnancy.

2-2.2 WARNING SIGNS, DEVICES, AND CONTROLS.

2-2.2.1 RADHAZ Warning Signs. RADHAZ warning signs have been developed to advise

personnel of the hazards of EMR. The format of these signs conforms with national and

international standards. The RADHAZ warning sign formats are provided, along with the

National Stock Numbers, in figure 2-1.

2-2.2.2 Variations, to include subdued signs for camouflage or tactical reasons, or to provide

improved visibility under certain lighting conditions, are authorized, provided the general layout

of the sign remains the same.

2-2.2.3 When required by military operational considerations, commanders may waive the

requirement for signs, provided personnel are informed of possible hazards by other means.

2-2.2.4 Type 1 Warning Sign. The Type 1 warning sign advises personnel of an RF hazard

and shall be posted at the boundary (PEL line) of an area, beyond which the PEL may be

exceeded (see paragraph 2-2.2.9). Personnel may pass through this area but must not linger.

If personnel are required to remain in the area, they must contact the cognizant command

authority, who will ensure that procedures are implemented to limit RF exposure to a level

below PEL. Type 1 warning signs shall never be posted in an area undefined by a PEL line.

2-2.2.5 Type 2 Warning Sign. The Type 2 warning sign excludes personnel from proceeding

past a designated point. The sign informs personnel to check with command authority before

proceeding beyond this point. This sign is normally posted at access points to RADHAZ

restricted zones, such as masts and high-power antenna platforms, and in the vicinity of

normally occupied areas which have RADHAZ barriers or personnel barriers to restrict access.

2-2.2.6 Type 3 Warning Sign. The Type 3 warning sign informs personnel that contact current

and/or RF burn hazards may exist on metallic objects in this area. The Type 3 sign is used to

denote RF hazards due to contact with metallic objects in the area and is normally posted on

the metallic object that presents the worst hazard. Personnel should be aware that this hazard

may also exist on other metallic objects in the area. An RF burn hazard may exist when either

the RF voltage or contact current PEL is exceeded. Additional RADHAZ control measures (i.e.,

Type 5 RADHAZ sign) may be required to ensure that this hazard is limited to levels that do not

exceed the PEL on metallic objects that personnel must grasp, such as signal lights and

binoculars.

2-2.2.7 Type 4 Warning Sign. The Type 4 warning sign informs personnel that an RF hazard

exists and to check with command authority prior to fueling operations. Further instructions are

then provided that may include limitation on transmitter power or silence of specific transmitting

antennas. This sign is usually placed next to a fuel storage and/or refueling station.

2-5

NAVSEA OP 3565/NAVAIR 16-1-529

VOLUME 1 SIXTH REVISION

2-2.2.8 Type 5 Warning Sign. The Type 5 warning sign provides a blank area in which special

instructions necessary for safe operations can be specified. Often, the sign provides operators

and maintenance personnel with specific frequency and/or power limitation information for the

safe operation of the antenna systems associated with the RF transmitting equipment. The

Type 5 sign may also be used to inform personnel to contact command authority prior to

operation of equipment in order to prevent an RF hazard to the operator or other personnel.

The Type 5 sign should be posted in clear view of system operators.

2-2.2.9 PEL Line. A PEL line is used to mark a deck area where precautionary measures are

required to minimize the possibility of personnel exposure to RFR in excess of the PEL. The

PEL line is a 4-inch-wide red line (usually a circle or semicircle) painted on the deck to mark the

boundary of an area surrounding an antenna where the PEL can be exceeded. When a PEL

line is used, a Type 1 RADHAZ warning sign is posted on the PEL line to advise personnel that

a hazard may exist and that they must keep moving. Personnel outside the PEL line need not

take precautionary measures; however, when it is necessary for personnel to be within the

marked areas, they must contact appropriate personnel who will ensure that operational

procedures are implemented to limit RF exposure to a level below the PEL.

2-2.2.10 Red Warning Bands. A red warning band is used to mark a safety rail or life rail

where precautionary measures are required in order to minimize the possibility of exposure to

contact currents in excess of the PEL. The red warning band is a 4-inch-wide red line painted

on the top of the safety rail to mark the boundary of an area in proximity to an antenna where

the PEL can be exceeded. Where a red warning band is used, a Type 3 RADHAZ warning sign

is posted to advise personnel that an RF burn hazard may exist. In those cases where further

information or clarification is required, a Type 5 RADHAZ sign should be used.

2-2.2.11 Personnel Barriers. In areas where access to levels greater than 10 times the

exposure limits for controlled environments may exist, warning signs alone do not provide

sufficient protection. Devices such as flashing lights, audible signals, barriers, and/or interlocks

shall be installed to prevent inadvertent access. The specific device(s) employed will be

determined by the certifying authority based on the potential for exposure.

Personnel barriers are devices that restrict personnel access to an antenna or area

where the PEL can be exceeded. The personnel barrier may be a fixed one, such as a

permanent fenced area around an antenna. If no access to the antenna is provided, personnel

barriers are not required. If there is an access opening, a temporary barrier (i.e., nylon rope)

may be used to restrict personnel access. In this case, a Type 2 warning sign is also posted on

a placard, which is normally attached to the nylon rope.

2-2.2.12 Frequency and/or Power Management. Frequency and/or power management

restrictions may be employed to ensure that personnel are not exposed to RF energy in excess

of the authorized PEL. Such restrictions may be imposed to limit RF exposure within a

RADHAZ area defined by PEL lines, or to limit RF contact current on items that personnel are

required to grasp while performing their assigned task. The HERP/Hazards of Electromagnetic

Radiation to Fuel (HERF) Technical Report (prepared following a HERP/HERF survey) provides

2-6

NAVSEA OP 3565/NAVAIR 16-1-529

VOLUME 1 SIXTH REVISION

specific guidance and recommended operating procedures to manage potential RF hazards.

These procedures may include one or more of the following:

a. Refrain from using the antenna.

b. Reduce power for the frequencies at which the PEL is exceeded.

Refrain from using frequencies at which the PEL is exceeded.

Type 5 warning signs are used to provide operator or maintenance personnel with the

frequency and/or power management requirements.

2-2.3 CALCULATED HERP STANDOFF DISTANCES. The HERP standoff distances listed in

table 2-1 and table 2-4 are considered to be those distances from a transmitting antenna where

the radiated field intensity is equal to the continuous exposure (whole body) PEL for controlled

environments specified in DODINST 6055.11 (series). The standoff distances were calculated

using power density modeling programs developed by NAVSEA and based upon currently

available system electrical specifications. In most cases, these calculated distances are based

upon worst-case conditions as no system installation losses were considered.

NOTE

While phased-array antenna systems do not physically rotate, their moving

beam characteristics are equivalent to rotating-beam systems.

2-2.3.1 The HERP standoff distances noted in tables 2-1 through 2-4 are based on the

assumption that the specified system uses a fixed (nonrotating) antenna. However, with the

exception of communication systems (i.e., HF, VHF, UHF, and satellite systems), most

shipboard and land-based radar systems use rotating-beam antennas. Typically, there will be

no HERP concerns (hazards) associated with rotating-beam systems, since the intermittent

exposure time per radar sweep will result in exposures which do not exceed the continuous-

exposure PEL. However, since rotating-beam systems may be operated in a fixed mode during

certain evolutions, it is essential that personnel be aware of the potential hazards associated

with this mode of operation.

2-2.4 RADIO FREQUENCY EQUIPMENT HAZARDS.

2-2.4.1 Tables 2-1 through 2-5 list the most common shipboard, shore-based, and aircraft RF

transmitters capable of producing potentially harmful levels of EMR. The HERP standoff

distances specified in these tables are based on the PELs for controlled environments that

appear in appendix C. The information was modified (where noted) by actual measurements

obtained during shipboard or shore-station RF surveys. Requests for assistance in making

such measurements for ship equipment should be directed to Commander, Dahlgren Division,

Naval Surface Warfare Center, J52/R. Needy, 17320 Dahlgren Road, Dahlgren, VA

22448-5100, (540) 653-3446/8594 or DSN 249-3446, or forwarded electronically to

needyri@nswc.navy.mil. Requests pertaining to shore-based equipment should be directed to

2-7

NAVSEA OP 3565/NAVAIR 16-1-529

VOLUME 1 SIXTH REVISION

Space and Naval Warfare Systems Command, Code 323/W. Hammer, P.O. Box 19022,

Charleston, SC 29419-9022, (843) 218-4876 or DSN 588-4876, or forwarded electronically to

hammerw@spawar.navy.mil.

2-2.4.2 Before personnel are exposed to RF energy from radar and/or communication

equipment not listed in tables 2-1 through 2-5, the HERP safe standoff distance shall be

determined. This information is normally contained in the command’s HERP survey.

The HERP certification survey for modified or newly installed shipboard equipment shall

be obtained by contacting Commander, Dahlgren Division, Naval Surface Warfare Center, J52/

R. Needy, 17320 Dahlgren Road, Dahlgren, VA 22448-5100, (540) 653-3446/8594 or DSN

249-3446, or via e-mail (needyri@nswc.navy.mil). For information pertaining to shore-based

equipment, contact Space and Naval Warfare Systems Command, Code 323/W. Hammer, P.O.

Box 19022, Charleston, SC 29419-9022, (843) 218-4876 or DSN 588-4876, or via e-mail

(hammerw@spawar.navy.mil).

2-2.4.3 Operational and/or maintenance requirements that expose personnel to RF

environments in excess of the (controlled environment) PELs appearing in appendix C may be

permitted using time-averaging (vice continuous-exposure) criteria. Because of the complexity

of this calculation, the recommended procedure for shipboard equipment is to contact

Commander, Dahlgren Division, Naval Surface Warfare Center, J52/R. Needy, 17320 Dahlgren

Road, Dahlgren, VA 22448-5100, (540) 653-3446/8594 or DSN 249-3446, or via e-mail

(needyri@nswc.navy.mil). For information pertaining to shore-based equipment, contact Space

and Naval Warfare Systems Command, Code 323/W. Hammer, P.O. Box 19022, Charleston,

SC 29419-9022, (843) 218-4876 or DSN 588-4876, or via e-mail (hammerw@spawar.navy.mil).

2-2.5 AIRCRAFT RADAR HAZARDS.

2-2.5.1 Table 2-5 lists the PEL and HERP fixed-beam standoff distances associated with the

aircraft radar systems specified. Figure 2-2 depicts the radiation patterns and HERP safe

separation distances associated with these systems. Many of the listed aircraft are equipped

with landing-gear interlock (weight-on-wheels) switches which make it impossible to energize

the radar transmitter until one or more deliberate actions have been taken. All personnel who

operate or work in the vicinity of aircraft radar transmitters on deck shall be familiar with the

RADHAZ zones around the aircraft. Maintenance personnel who bypass such safety interlocks

shall ensure that safety zones are established and that personnel are alerted to the potential

hazard. Maintenance personnel shall also ensure that interlock bypass switches are returned

to their normal positions at the completion of maintenance.

2-2.5.2 Unlike most shipboard and land-based systems, aircraft radars do not typically rotate.

Rather, such systems scan (sweep) the airspace to the left and right of the aircraft centerline. In

most cases, the scan can be narrowed by the operator to just a few degrees either side of

center. Therefore, for airborne radars, the HERP fixed-beam standoff distance and scan limits

specified in table 2-5 and figure 2-2 should always be maintained during ground radar

operation.

2-8

NAVSEA OP 3565/NAVAIR 16-1-529

VOLUME 1 SIXTH REVISION

2-3. HERP STANDOFF DISTANCE TABLES

The HERP standoff distances appearing in tables 2-1 through 2-5 are based on the PELs

for controlled environments that appear in appendix C. Since the system operating

characteristics (frequency, average power, effective radiated power) required to calculate HERP

standoff distances are often classified, this information has not been included in tables 2-1

through 2-5.

Because a given communication system may employ a variety of antennas (monopole,

dipole, Yagi, log periodic, etc.), reference to a specific antenna type has been omitted from

tables 2-1 and 2-2. Instead, antenna gain information has been provided to aid in determining

the appropriate safe standoff distance for a particular communication system.

2-9

NAVSEA OP 3565/NAVAIR 16-1-529

VOLUME 1 SIXTH REVISION

Table 2-1. Shipboard Communication and Satellite Systems

HERP SAFE

ROTATING

ANTENNA GAIN

PEL

TRANSMITTER NAME

STANDOFF DISTANCE

BEAM

(dBi)

(mW/cm²)

(Meters)

(Feet)

HAZARD

8400 STD

2.1

1.00

0.6

N/A

AN/ARC-159

2.1

0.75

0.9

N/A

AN/ARC-182

2.1

1.00

0.6

N/A

AN/ARC-182(V)

3.0

1.00

0.9

N/A

AN/GRC-171

2.1

1.00

0.9

N/A

AN/GRC-211

2.1

1.00

0.9

N/A

AN/GRC-226(V)4

2.1

4.50

0.3

N/A

AN/GRT-21(V)

2.1

1.00

0.9

N/A

AN/MRC-142

28.0

4.50

1.8

N/A

AN/PRC-113(V)

2.1

1.00

0.6

N/A

AN/PRC-117F

2.1

1.00

1.8

N/A

AN/PRC-119A

1.0

1.00

0.3

N/A

AN/PSC-3

6.0

1.00

0.9

N/A

AN/PSC-5

3.0

1.00

0.6

N/A

AN/SRC-22(V)

2.1

1.00

0.3

N/A

AN/SRC-40

2.1

1.00

0.3

N/A

AN/SRC-41

2.1

1.10

0.3

N/A

1.0

1.10

0.3

N/A

AN/SRC-47(V)

2.1

1.10

0.3

N/A

0.0

1.00

0.9

N/A

AN/SRC-54

2.1

1.00

0.9

N/A

AN/SRC-54B

2.1

1.00

0.9

N/A

2.1

1.30

0.6

N/A

AN/SRC-55

5.1

1.30

0.9

N/A

AN/SRC-57

0.0

4.50

0.6

N/A

Classified

10.00

0.3

N/A

AN/SRQ-4

Classified

10.00

2.1

N/A

Classified

10.00

0.1

N/A

AN/SRQ-4A

Classified

10.00

2.1

N/A

AN/TSC-93

43.5

10.00

94.5

310

N/A

AN/TSC-93B

42.5

10.00

84.1

276

N/A

AN/TSQ-129

6.0

1.40

1.5

N/A

AN/URC-100

2.1

1.00

0.3

N/A

AN/URC-101

2.1

1.00

0.3

N/A

AN/URC-107B

2.1

3.20

0.9

N/A

2.1 (2-9 MHz)

11.10

1.2

N/A

AN/URC-109 (Series)

2.1 (9-30 MHz)

1.00

3.7

N/A

2.1 (2-30 MHz)

1.00

3.7

N/A

2-10

NAVSEA OP 3565/NAVAIR 16-1-529

VOLUME 1 SIXTH REVISION

Table 2-1. Shipboard Communication and Satellite Systems

HERP SAFE

ROTATING

ANTENNA GAIN

PEL

TRANSMITTER NAME

STANDOFF DISTANCE

BEAM

(dBi)

(mW/cm²)

(Meters)

(Feet)

HAZARD

2.1 (2-9 MHz)

11.10

5.2

N/A

AN/URC-131 (Series)

2.1 (9-30 MHz)

1.00

5.2

N/A

2.1 (2-30 MHz)

1.00

3.7

N/A

0.0

1.00

0.6

N/A

AN/URC-139

2.1

1.00

0.6

N/A

AN/URC-139(V)

2.1

1.00

0.6

N/A

AN/URC-80(V)5

2.1

1.00

0.6

N/A

AN/URC-80(V)6

2.1

1.00

0.6

N/A

AN/URC-86

2.1

1.00

0.6

N/A

1.7

1.00

0.9

N/A

AN/URC-93(V)1

2.1

1.00

1.2

N/A

2.1

1.00

1.2

N/A

AN/URC-93(V)2

5.0

1.00

1.8

N/A

AN/URC-93A(V)1

2.1

1.00

0.9

N/A

AN/URC-94

0.0

1.00

0.9

N/A

2.1 (2-6 MHz)

25.00

0.9

N/A

2.1 (2-30 MHz)

1.00

3.7

N/A

AN/URT-23 (Series)

2.1 (10-30 MHz)

1.00

3.7

N/A

2.1 (4-12 MHz)

6.25

1.5

N/A

2.1 (4-30 MHz)

1.00

3.7

N/A

AN/USC-38(V)

48.5

10.00

93.0

305

N/A

AN/USC-38(V)9 FOT

46.6

10.00

0.0

N/A

AN/USG-2 (CEC)

Classified

10.00

23.1

N/A

AN/USQ-123(V) CHBDL

36.5

10.00

0.0

N/A

2.1

1.00

0.9

N/A

AN/VRC-46

6.0

1.00

1.5

N/A

AN/VRC-90A

0.0

1.00

0.9

N/A

AN/VRC-93(V)

0.0

1.00

0.9

N/A

AN/VRC-94

2.1

1.00

0.9

N/A

AN/WRC-1B

2.1

1.00

1.2

N/A

AN/WSC-3(V)3

12.0

1.00

1.2

N/A

2.1

1.00

0.0

N/A

AN/WSC-3(V)6

5.0

1.00

0.0

N/A

12.0

1.00

1.2

N/A

1.7

1.00

0.0

N/A

2.1

1.00

0.0

N/A

AN/WSC-3(V)7

5.0

1.00

0.0

N/A

12.0

1.00

1.2

N/A

AN/WSC-3(V)10

2.1

1.00

0.0

N/A

2-11

NAVSEA OP 3565/NAVAIR 16-1-529

VOLUME 1 SIXTH REVISION

Table 2-1. Shipboard Communication and Satellite Systems

HERP SAFE

ROTATING

ANTENNA GAIN

PEL

TRANSMITTER NAME

STANDOFF DISTANCE

BEAM

(dBi)

(mW/cm²)

(Meters)

(Feet)

HAZARD

1.7

1.00

0.0

N/A

AN/WSC-3(V)11

2.1

1.00

0.0

N/A

AN/WSC-3(V)14

2.1

1.00

0.0

N/A

2.1

1.00

0.0

N/A

AN/WSC-3(V)15

12.0

1.00

1.2

N/A

AN/WSC-3(V)17

12.0

1.00

1.2

N/A

AN/WSC-3A(V)3

12.0

1.00

1.2

N/A

AN/WSC-3A(V)15

12.0

1.00

1.2

N/A

AN/WSC-6(V)4 & (V)5

44.9

10.00

62.9

203

N/A

7-ft dish @ 350 Watts

44.9

10.00

191.1

627

N/A

7-ft dish @ 2000 Watts

AN/WSC-6(V)7

42.5

10.00

100.6

330

N/A

AN/WSC-6(V)9

N/A

X-BAND

41.2

10.00

64.0

210

C-BAND

38.7

10.00

39.6

130

N/A

AN/WSC-8(V)1 & (V)2

42.8

10.00

72.2

237

N/A

FM 2610

6.1

1.00

0.9

N/A

2.1

1.00

0.6

N/A

FM 8500

5.0

1.00

0.9

N/A

GM 300

0.9

1.50

0.3

N/A

GX 2330S STD

8.0

1.00

1.2

N/A

HORIZON OMNI

2.1

1.00

0.6

N/A

HORIZON TITAN

2.1

1.00

0.6

N/A

IC 751A

2.1

18.40

0.3

N/A

ICM 56

8.0

1.00

1.2

N/A

2.1

1.00

0.6

N/A

ICM 57

6.0

1.00

0.9

N/A

2.1

1.00

0.6

N/A

ICM 58

6.0

1.00

0.9

N/A

ICM 80

2.1

1.00

0.6

N/A

ICM 100

2.1

1.00

0.6

N/A

ICM 125

2.1

1.00

0.6

N/A

ICM 125A

2.1

1.00

0.6

N/A

ICM 125D

2.1

1.00

0.6

N/A

ICM 126

2.1

1.00

0.6

N/A

ICM 127

2.1

1.00

0.6

N/A

INMARSAT

MX-2400

23.9

5.45

2.7

N/A

SATURN 3S.90

23.9

5.45

2.7

N/A

JHS-32A

2.1

1.00

0.6

N/A

2-12

NAVSEA OP 3565/NAVAIR 16-1-529

VOLUME 1 SIXTH REVISION

Table 2-1. Shipboard Communication and Satellite Systems

HERP SAFE

ROTATING

ANTENNA GAIN

PEL

TRANSMITTER NAME

STANDOFF DISTANCE

BEAM

(dBi)

(mW/cm²)

(Meters)

(Feet)

HAZARD

LST-5C

1.0

1.00

0.3

N/A

M-200 MOTOROLA

2.1

1.00

0.6

N/A

MINI-INMARSAT

NERA

11.4

5.45

0.0

N/A

MOTOROLA TRITON

8.1

1.00

1.2

N/A

MX-8102

2.1

1.00

0.6

N/A

NRE 332

2.1

1.00

0.6

N/A

OBT

6.0

1.00

0.9

N/A

RAY JEFFERSON

2.1

1.00

0.6

N/A

RAYNAV 55

2.1

1.00

0.6

N/A

RAYTHEON 53A

2.1

1.00

0.6

N/A

RAYTHEON 77

2.1

1.00

0.6

N/A

RAYTHEON 90 (VHF FM)

2.1

1.00

0.6

N/A

6.0

1.00

0.9

N/A

RAYTHEON 201

2.1

1.00

0.6

N/A

RAYTHEON 202

2.1

1.00

0.6

N/A

RAYTHEON 780 (VHF FM)

2.1

1.00

0.6

N/A

RT-1319/URC

2.1

1.00

0.6

N/A

STANDARD GX2341B

2.1

1.00

0.6

N/A

2.1

1.00

0.6

N/A

STD HORIZON

8.1

1.00

1.2

N/A

STD HORIZON NOVA

6.0

1.00

0.9

N/A

STD HORIZON OMNI

6.0

1.00

0.9

N/A

STD HORIZON TITAN

2.1

1.00

0.6

N/A

2.1 (2-6 MHz)

25.00

0.9

N/A

2.1 (2-30 MHz)

1.00

3.7

N/A

T-1322 (Series)

2.1 (4-12 MHz)

6.25

1.5

N/A

2.1 (10-30 MHz)

1.00

3.7

N/A

TKM 507

2.1

1.00

0.6

N/A

TRITON II

6.1

1.00

0.9

N/A

TS 850S KENWOOD

2.1

1.00

1.2

N/A

2-13

NAVSEA OP 3565/NAVAIR 16-1-529

VOLUME 1 SIXTH REVISION

Table 2-2. Shore-Based Communication and Satellite Systems

HERP SAFE

ROTATING

PEL

ANTENNA GAIN

TRANSMITTER NAME

STANDOFF DISTANCE

BEAM

(dBi)

(mW/cm²)

(Meters)

(Feet)

HAZARD

AN/FRC-30

3.0

1.10

7.6

N/A

AN/FRC-36

3.0

1.00

0.9

N/A

AN/FRC-52

2.1

1.00

0.9

N/A

AN/FRC-52A

2.1

1.00

0.9

N/A

AN/FRC-59

2.1

1.00

0.8

N/A

AN/FRC-59A

2.1

1.00

0.8

N/A

AN/FRC-70

2.1

1.00

1.2

N/A

AN/FRC-70A

2.1

1.00

1.2

N/A

AN/FRC-83

3.0

1.00

1.2

N/A

AN/FRC-84

37.5

10.00

1.5

N/A

AN/FRC-93 (Series)

10.0

1.00

6.4

N/A

AN/FRC-109 (Series)

37.5

10.00

2.1

N/A

AN/FRC-143

3.0

1.00

1.5

N/A

AN/FRC-144

2.1

1.00

1.2

N/A

AN/FRC-149

40.3

10.00

2.5

N/A

AN/FRC-150

3.0

1.00

0.9

N/A

AN/FRC-153 (Series)

3.0

1.00

4.3

N/A

AN/FRC-162(V)8

47.1

10.00

6.4

N/A

(w/P1271 Antenna)

AN/FRC-162(V)8

37.5

10.00

2.1

N/A

(w/P4710D Antenna)

AN/FRC-166

2.2

1.00

0.9

N/A

AN/FRC-171 (Series)

40.3

10.00

4.3

N/A

AN/FRC-173 (Series)

40.3

10.00

4.3

N/A

AN/FRN-12A

2.1

1.00

1.8

N/A

AN/FRN-24

2.1

1.00

1.2

N/A

AN/FRN-29

4.5

1.00

1.2

N/A

AN/FRN-36

2.0

1.00

1.2

N/A

AN/FRN-39

1.5

1.00

0.3

N/A

AN/FRN-44

6.0

1.00

2.0

N/A

AN/FRT-24

3.0

1.00

4.3

N/A

AN/FRT-39 (Series)

3.0

1.10

12.1

N/A

AN/FRT-40 (Series)

3.0

1.10

24.0

N/A

AN/FRT-83 (Series)

8.0

1.10

9.8

N/A

AN/FRT-84(V)

4.0

1.00

6.4

N/A

AN/FRT-96

5.0

1.10

15.2

N/A

2-14

NAVSEA OP 3565/NAVAIR 16-1-529

VOLUME 1 SIXTH REVISION

Table 2-2. Shore-Based Communication and Satellite Systems

HERP SAFE

ROTATING

PEL

ANTENNA GAIN

TRANSMITTER NAME

STANDOFF DISTANCE

BEAM

(dBi)

(mW/cm²)

(Meters)

(Feet)

HAZARD

AN/FSC-78

63.6

10.00

2595.9

8517

N/A

AN/FSC-79

60.0

10.00

2309.0

7574

N/A

AN/GRC-27

1.5

1.00

1.2

N/A

AN/GRC-27A

1.5

1.00

1.2

N/A

AN/GRC-112

6.0

1.00

7.0

N/A

AN/GRC-125

2.1

1.00

0.9

N/A

AN/GRC-134

1.5

1.00

1.2

N/A

AN/GRC-135

1.5

1.00

1.2

N/A

AN/GRC-135A

1.5

1.00

1.2

N/A

AN/GRC-160

2.1

1.00

0.9

N/A

AN/GRC-164

0.0

1.00

0.3

N/A

AN/GRC-168

3.0

1.00

0.6

N/A

AN/GRC-171

1.5

1.00

0.6

N/A

AN/GRC-175

4.0

1.00

0.9

N/A

AN/GRC-177

3.0

1.00

0.9

N/A

AN/GRC-193

2.2

1.10

2.4

N/A

AN/GRC-201

38.0

10.00

31.7

104

N/A

AN/GRC-212

12.0

1.00

35.7

117

N/A

AN/GRN-20

6.0

3.20

1.5

N/A

AN/GRN-25

22.0

1.00

2.7

N/A

AN/GRN-30(V)

28.0

1.00

11.3

N/A

AN/GRN-31(V)

16.0

1.10

1.5

N/A

AN/GRT-3

5.5

1.00

1.8

N/A

AN/GRT-20

5.5

1.00

1.2

N/A

AN/GRT-22

1.5

1.00

0.9

N/A

AN/GSC-39(V)1, 2

56.0

10.00

1082.7

3552

N/A

AN/GSQ-159

2.1

1.00

0.3

N/A

AN/MPS-38

38.0

7.00

78.0

256

N/A

AN/MRC-97A

2.1

1.00

0.9

N/A

AN/MRC-108 (HF)

400.0

1.00

3.4

N/A

AN/MRC-108 (UHF)

28.0

1.00

0.6

N/A

AN/MRC-108 (VHF)

65.0

1.00

0.9

N/A

AN/MRC-109

2.1

1.00

0.9

N/A

AN/MRC-110

2.1

1.00

0.9

N/A

AN/MRC-135

9.6

1.00

2.4

N/A

AN/MRC-138

5.0

1.00

3.4

N/A

2-15

NAVSEA OP 3565/NAVAIR 16-1-529

VOLUME 1 SIXTH REVISION

Table 2-2. Shore-Based Communication and Satellite Systems

HERP SAFE

ROTATING

PEL

ANTENNA GAIN

TRANSMITTER NAME

STANDOFF DISTANCE

BEAM

(dBi)

(mW/cm²)

(Meters)

(Feet)

HAZARD

AN/MRN-18

2.0

3.20

0.9

N/A

AN/MSC-43

5.0

1.10

4.6

N/A

AN/MSC-46

58.0

10.00

501.1

1644

N/A

AN/PRC-25

2.0

1.00

0.3

N/A

AN/PRC-27

2.1

1.00

0.3

N/A

AN/PRC-41

2.1

1.00

0.3

N/A

(w/AS-1404 Antenna)

AN/PRC-41

12.0

1.00

0.6

N/A

(w/AS-1405 Antenna)

AN/PRC-75

0.0

1.00

0.3

N/A

AN/PRC-77

10.0

1.00

0.6

N/A

AN/PRC-77A

10.0

1.00

0.6

N/A

AN/PRC-104 (w/AS-2259 or

2.2

1.10

0.2

N/A

AS-271A Antenna)

AN/PRC-104

5.0

1.10

0.2

N/A

(w/AT-1011 Antenna)

AN/PRC-118

6.0

1.00

1.5

N/A

AN/TLQ-17A

7.5

1.00

5.2

N/A

AN/TMQ-31

-0.3

1.00

0.6

N/A

AN/TRC-75

5.0

1.10

4.6

N/A

(w/AT-1011 Antenna)

AN/TRC-75

2.2

1.10

3.4

N/A

(w/GRA-50 Antenna)

AN/TRC-97

38.0

10.00

71.0

233

N/A

(w/AS-1731 Antenna)

AN/TRC-97

20.0

10.00

9.1

N/A

(w/AS-1939 Antenna)

AN/TRC-97A (10 Watts)

38.0

10.00

7.3

N/A

AN/TRC-97A (1000 Watts)

38.0

10.00

71.0

233

N/A

AN/TRC-166

2.0

1.00

0.3

N/A

AN/TRC-170(V)1

44.5

10.00

426.1

1398

N/A

AN/TRC-170(V)2, 5

40.5

10.00

2.1

N/A

Line of Sight

AN/TRC-170(V)2, 5

40.5

10.00

133.8

439

N/A

Troposcatter

AN/TRC-170(V)3

36.5

10.00

1.5

N/A

Line of Sight

AN/TRC-170(V)3

36.5

10.00

84.4

277

N/A

Troposcatter

2-16

NAVSEA OP 3565/NAVAIR 16-1-529

VOLUME 1 SIXTH REVISION

Table 2-2. Shore-Based Communication and Satellite Systems

HERP SAFE

ROTATING

PEL

ANTENNA GAIN

TRANSMITTER NAME

STANDOFF DISTANCE

BEAM

(dBi)

(mW/cm²)

(Meters)

(Feet)

HAZARD

AN/TRC-176 (Series)

1.5

1.00

0.6

N/A

AN/TRN-33

1.5

1.00

0.9

N/A

AN/TSC-15

5.0

1.10

4.6

N/A

AN/TSC-54

52.0

10.00

794.1

2605

N/A

AN/TSC-85

43.5

10.00

298.4

979

N/A

AN/TSC-85(V)

43.5

10.00

298.4

979

N/A

AN/TSC-95

7.5

1.10

6.4

N/A

AN/TSC-96(V)

10.0

1.00

1.8

N/A

AN/TXQ-3

33.5

10.00

0.6

N/A

(w/TXR-4 System)

AN/TXQ-3

33.5

10.00

4.5

N/A

(w/TXT-3 System)

AN/VRC-17

2.1

1.00

0.6

N/A

AN/VRC-33

2.1

1.00

0.9

N/A

AN/VRC-42

2.1

1.00

0.6

N/A

AN/VRC-43

2.1

1.00

0.9

N/A

AN/VRC-46

3.0

1.00

1.2

N/A

AN/VRC-47

2.1

1.00

0.9

N/A

AN/VRC-49

2.1

1.00

0.9

N/A

AN/VRC-51

3.0

1.00

0.9

N/A

AN/VRC-52

2.1

1.00

0.6

N/A

AN/VRC-56

2.1

1.00

0.6

N/A

AN/VRC-60

2.1

1.00

0.9

N/A

AN/VRC-64

3.0

1.00

0.9

N/A

AN/VRC-68

2.1

1.00

0.6

N/A

AN/VRC-77

2.1

1.00

0.9

N/A

AN/VRC-78

2.1

1.00

0.6

N/A

AN/VRC-82(V)1

2.1

1.00

0.9

N/A

LST-5D

12.5

1.00

5.5

N/A

2-17

NAVSEA OP 3565/NAVAIR 16-1-529

VOLUME 1 SIXTH REVISION

Table 2-3. Shipboard Radar and Navigation Systems

HERP FIXED-BEAM

ROTATING

PEL

TRANSMITTER NAME

ANTENNA NAME

STANDOFF DISTANCE

BEAM

(mW/cm²)

(Meters)

(Feet)

HAZARD

1352 FURUNO

1352

10.00

0.6

None

1510D FURUNO

XN4A

10.00

1.5

None

1731 FURUNO

1731

10.00

0.6

None

1751 FURUNO

1751

10.00

2.4

None

1830 FURUNO

1830

10.00

0.6

None

1831 FURUNO

1831

10.00

0.6

None

RSB-022

10.00

0.6

None

1930 FURUNO

1930

10.00

0.6

None

1931 FURUNO

1931

10.00

0.6

None

1940 FURUNO

1940

10.00

0.6

None

2010 FURUNO

2010

10.00

7.3

None

2115B FURUNO

FURUNO

10.00

1.5

None

2120 FURUNO

2120

10.00

6.4

None

803

10.00

0.9

None

AS-177B/UPX

3.60

0.3

None

AN/APX-72A

AS-3020/SR

3.60

0.3

None

AS-3021/SR

3.60

0.3

None

AN/BPS-14

AS-1640/BPS

10.00

11.2

None

AN/BPS-15

AS-1640B/BPS

10.00

3.0

None

AN/BPS-15A

AS-1640B/BPS

10.00

3.0

None

AN/BPS-15B

AS-1640B/BPS

10.00

3.0

None

AN/BPS-15C

AT-294/BPS-15

10.00

3.0

None

AN/BPS-15D

AS-996/BPS-9A

10.00

3.0

None

AN/BPS-15E

AS-1640B/BPS

10.00

3.0

None

AN/BPS-15F

AS-1640B/BPS

10.00

3.0

None

AN/BPS-16(V)1

AS-4316/BPS-16(V)

10.00

3.9

None

AN/BPS-16(V)2

AS-4316/BPS-16(V)

10.00

3.9

None

AN/SLQ-32(V)3

CW-1186

10.00

29.3

None

AN/SPG-60

CWI

MK 39

10.00

280.4

920

None

TRACK

10.00

112.8

370

None

AN/SPG-62

AS-3444/SPG-62

10.00

353.6

1160

None

AS-1292/TPN-8

10.00

14.3

None

AN/SPN-35

AS-1669/SPN-35

10.00

11.0

None

AN/SPN-41

AS-2580/UPN

10.00

None

AN/SPN-43

AS-2785A/SPN-43A

10.00

18.3

None

AN/SPN-46(V)

AS-3648/SPN-46(V)

10.00

3.1

None

AN/SPQ-9A

AS-2367A/SPQ-9

10.00

5.5

None

AN/SPQ-9B

AS-4499/SPQ

10.00

44.8

147

None

2-18

NAVSEA OP 3565/NAVAIR 16-1-529

VOLUME 1 SIXTH REVISION

Table 2-3. Shipboard Radar and Navigation Systems

HERP FIXED-BEAM

ROTATING

PEL

TRANSMITTER NAME

ANTENNA NAME

STANDOFF DISTANCE

BEAM

(mW/cm²)

(Meters)

(Feet)

HAZARD

AN/SPS-10B

AS-936B/SPS

10.00

13.1

None

AN/SPS-10F

AS-936B/SPS-10B

10.00

13.1

None

AN/SPS-40

AS-2782/SPS-40B

1.30

58.2

191

None

AN/SPS-48C

Normal

AS-1686/SPS-48

10.00

319.4

1048

None

Burnthru

10.00

356.0

1168

None

AN/SPS-48E

AS-3752/SPS-48E

10.00

458.7

1505

None

AN/SPS-49(V)

AS-3263/SPS-49(V)

2.80

130.5

428

None

AN/SPS-55

AS-2953/SPS-55

10.00

5.5

None

AN/SPS-64(V)

AS-3194/SPS-64

10.00

< 1.2

< 4

None

AS-936A/SPS-10B

10.00

5.8

None

AN/SPS-67(V)

AS-936B/SPS-10B

10.00

15.8

None

AN/SPS-73(V)

AS-4437/SPS-73(V)

10.00

0.9

None

AN/SPY-1A/B/D

Low Power

10.00

15.2

None

various

High Power

10.00

109.7

360

None

Burnthru

10.00

164.6

540

None

AS-177B/UPX

3.40

0.3

None

AN/UPX-23

AS-2188/U

3.40

0.9

None

AS-3134/UPX

3.40

1.2

None

AS-177B/UPX

3.40

0.3

None

AN/UPX-25

AS-2188/U

3.40

0.9

None

AS-2189/U

3.40

0.9

None

AS-177B/UPX

3.40

0.3

None

AN/UPX-25(V)

AS-2188/UPX

3.40

0.9

None

AS-2189/U

3.40

0.9

None

AS-177B/UPX

3.40

0.3

None

AS-1065/UPX

3.40

1.5

None

AS-2188A/U

3.40

0.9

None

AN/UPX-27

AS-2188/U

3.40

0.9

None

AS-2189/UPX

3.40

0.9

None

AS-3134/UPX

3.40

1.2

None

AS-177B/UPX

3.60

0.3

None

AN/UPX-28

AS-3134/UPX

3.60

0.3

None

AN/URN-25(V)

AS-3240/URN

3.20

1.2

None

FCR 2825 FURUNO

2825

10.00

3.4

None

FCR 904 FURUNO

AM 2436

10.00

0.6

None

FCR 1030 FURUNO

XN8

10.00

1.5

None

FCR 1040 FURUNO

XN12A

10.00

0.6

None

FCR 1100 FURUNO

FCR 1040A FURUNO

10.00

3.7

None

2-19

NAVSEA OP 3565/NAVAIR 16-1-529

VOLUME 1 SIXTH REVISION

Table 2-3. Shipboard Radar and Navigation Systems

HERP FIXED-BEAM

ROTATING

PEL

TRANSMITTER NAME

ANTENNA NAME

STANDOFF DISTANCE

BEAM

(mW/cm²)

(Meters)

(Feet)

HAZARD

XN4A

10.00

3.7

None

FCR 1411 FURUNO

FRC-1411

10.00

3.4

None

FR 1510 FURUNO

1510

10.00

0.6

None

FR 1510D FURUNO

XN3

10.00

0.6

None

FR 1942 FURUNO

RSB-0062

10.00

1.5

None

FR 2020 FURUNO

XN2

10.00

3.7

None

FR 2110 FURUNO

FURUNO

10.00

3.7

None

FR 8100D FURUNO

8100D

10.00

3.4

None

FR 8250D FURUNO

XN3

10.00

1.5

None

LN 66

201-760002 401

10.00

< 1.2

< 4

None

M821

RSB-0067

10.00

0.3

None

MARK 15 MOD

SEARCH**

10.00

10.7

None

(CIWS)

TRACK

10.00

36.6

116

None

MARK 23 MOD 3

TAS

MK 48 MOD 1

4.20

22.9

None

Low Power

4.20

36.9

121

None

High Power

MK 53 MOD 2 SEARCH

10.00

61.6

202

None

MARK 69 MOD 1

MK 53 MOD 2 TRACK

10.00

43.6

143

None

MARK 95 MOD

MK 95 MOD

10.00

89.3

293

None

(NSSMS)

PATHFINDER

MODEL 1402

10.00

2.7

None

R 21X RAYTHEON

MB 9955

10.00

3.7

None

R 40X RAYTHEON

R40X

10.00

0.6

None

RAY 1206 RAYTHEON

RAY 1206

10.00

3.4

None

RDP 104 FURUNO

XN2

10.00

0.6

None

RF 7062 FURUNO

RF 7062

10.00

1.5

None

2-20

NAVSEA OP 3565/NAVAIR 16-1-529

VOLUME 1 SIXTH REVISION

Table 2-4. Shore-Based Radar and Navigation Systems

HERP FIXED-BEAM

ROTATING

PEL

TRANSMITTER NAME

ANTENNA NAME

STANDOFF DISTANCE

BEAM

(mW/cm²)

(Meters)

(Feet)

HAZARD

AS-762/AS-763

10.00

55.2

181

None

AN/FPN-28

AS-964/GPN

9.30

32.6

107

None

AS-866/FPN-33

10.00

21.3

None

AN/FPN-36

AS-867/FPN-33

10.00

26.8

None

AS-519/GPN (Azimuth)

10.00

16.8

None

AN/FPN-50

AS-964/GPN

9.30

31.7

104

None

AS-1208/MPN (Elevation)

10.00

20.7

None

AS-3161/UPN (Azimuth)

10.00

21.9

None

AN/FPN-63(V)

AT-291/GPN (Elevation)

10.00

24.7

None

AN/FPS-8

AT-386/FPS-8

4.30

47.5

156

None

AN/FPS-16

AS-903/FPS-16

10.00

147.2

483

None

AN/FPS-16 Mod

ZZ/FPS-16 Mod

10.00

211.8

695

None

AN/FPS-16(V)

AS-903/FPS-16

10.00

73.8

242

None

AN/FPS-20Q

AT-572/FPS-20

4.20

161.0

528

None

AN/FPS-36

AS-847/FPS

4.20

43.9

144

None

AN/FPS-41

AS-2390/FPS-41

9.00

39.0

128

None

AN/FPS-68

OA-3413/FPS-68

10.00

24.1

None

AN/FPS-81

OA-3870/FPS-81

10.00

24.1

None

AN/FPS-81A

OA-3870/FPS-81

10.00

24.1

None

AN/FPS-105

ZZ/FPS-105

10.00

2.1

None

AN/FPS-106(V)1

OA-3870/FPS-81

10.00

24.1

None

AN/FPS-106(V)2

AS-2878/FPS-106

10.00

34.1

112

None

AN/FPS-114

AS-4005/FPS-114

9.60

38.7

127

None

AN/FPS-127

IAIA

8.70

2.7

None

AN/FPS-131

ZZ/TPS-76

10.00

72.8

239

None

AN/GPN-27

FA 9344

9.00

45.4

149

None

AN/GRN-9

OA-1547/URN

3.20

1.2

None

AN/GRN-9B

OA-1547/URN

3.20

1.2

None

AN/GRN-9C

OA-1547/URN

3.20

1.2

None

AS-762/AS-763

10.00

57.0

187

None

AN/MPN-5

AS-964/GPN

9.30

32.6

107

None

OA-642/MPN-11

10.00

20.7

None

(Elevation)

AN/MPN-14

OA-643/MPN-11 (Azimuth)

10.00

16.8

None

ZZ/MPN-11 (Search)

9.30

36.9

121

None

OE-250-V/UPN (Elevation)

10.00

23.5

None

AN/MPN-23(V)

OE-251-V/UPN (Azimuth)

10.00

22.0

None

AN/MPQ-46

ZZ/1193 RX

10.00

84.4

277

None

AN/MPS-25(V)

OA-1613/FPS-16

10.00

92.7

304

None

2-21

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VOLUME 1 SIXTH REVISION

Table 2-4. Shore-Based Radar and Navigation Systems

HERP FIXED-BEAM

ROTATING

PEL

TRANSMITTER NAME

ANTENNA NAME

STANDOFF DISTANCE

BEAM

(mW/cm²)

(Meters)

(Feet)

HAZARD

AN/MRN-16

AS-686/URN-3

3.20

0.9

None

AN/MRN-18, 18A

AS-686/URN-3

3.20

0.9

None

AN/MRN-21

AS-686/URN-3

3.20

0.9

None

AN/MSQ-51

ZZ/MSQ-51

10.00

60.0

197

None

(Acquisition)

AN/MSQ-51 (Track)

OA-4453/MSQ-51

10.00

23.8

None

AN/TPN-8

AS-1292/TPN-8

10.00

26.2

None

AN/TPN-8A

AS-2284/TPN-8A

10.00

27.7

None

AN/TPN-22

AS-3471/TPN-22

10.00

33.8

111

None

AS-2579/UPN

10.00

2.4

None

AN/TPN-30

AS-2580/UPN

10.00

4.6

None

AN/TPQ-10

AT-918/TPQ-10

10.00

27.1

None

AN/TPQ-27

AS-3279/TPQ-27

10.00

130.4

428

None

AN/TPQ-36

OE-338/TPQ-36(V)

10.00

74.4

244

None

AN/TPS-22

OA-3447/TPS-22

1.30

169.1

555

None

AN/TPS-32

AS-2536/TPS-32

9.70

900.7

2955

None

AN/TPS-34

AS-1277/TPS-34

4.20

331.9

1089

None

AN/TPS-35

OA-4905/TPS-35

4.20

32.6

107

None

AN/TPS-40

OA-1196/MPS-16

10.00

120.3

395

None

AN/TPS-43

OE-48/TPS-43

9.70

190.5

625

None

AN/TPS-59

GE-7327402G1

4.00

223.7

734

None

AN/TPS-63

AS-4021/T

4.00

59.7

196

None

AN/GPA-123

3.40

2.1

None

AN/TPX-42(V)3, 5

ZZ/TPX-49A

3.40

0.3

None

AN/TPX-42A(V)

AN/GPA-123

3.40

0.9

None

AN/TPX-42A(V)3, 5

AN/GPA-123

3.40

0.9

None

AN/TPX-42A(V)8

OE-XXX/UPX

3.40

0.9

None

AS-2579/UPN

10.00

3.4

None

AN/TRN-28

AS-2580/UPN

10.00

6.4

None

AN/UPS-1A thru -1F

ZZ/UPS-1 TYPE 2

4.20

38.7

127

None

AN/URN-3

OA-553/URN

3.20

1.5

None

AN/URN-3A

AS-685/URN-3

3.20

0.9

None

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VOLUME 1 SIXTH REVISION

Table 2-5. Aircraft Radar Systems

HERP FIXED-BEAM

ROTATING

AIRCRAFT

PEL

RADAR SYSTEM

STANDOFF DISTANCE^†

BEAM

PLATFORM

(mW/cm²)

(Meters)

(Feet)

HAZARD^‡

A/V-8B HARRIER

AN/APG-65

10.0

40.8

134.0

N/A

C-2 GREYHOUND

PRIMUS 870

10.0

1.2

4.0

N/A

BENDIX/KING RDR-

C-9B SKYTRAIN

10.0

12.8

42.0

N/A

C-20 GULFSTREAM IV

PRIMUS 870

10.0

1.2

4.0

N/A

C-37 GULFSTREAM V

PRIMUS 880

10.0

3.1

10.0

N/A

RAYTHEON WXR-

C-40A CLIPPER

10.0

14.8

49.0

N/A

2100

C-130 HERCULES

AN/APS-133(V)3

10.0

10.2

34.0

N/A

KC-130 HERCULES

AN/APN-241

10.0

3.9

13.0

N/A

E-2C HAWKEYE

AN/APS-145

1.4

57.6

189.0

None

E-6A MERCURY

AN/APS-133(V)

10.0

10.2

34.0

N/A

AN/AWG-9 OR

F-14 (ALL MODELS)

10.0

SEE PAGE 2-36

N/A

AN/APG-71

AN/APG-65 OR

F/A-18 (ALL MODELS)

10.0

40.8

134.0

N/A

AN/APG-73

P-3C ORION

AN/APG-66

10.0

12.7

42.0

N/A

P-3C ORION

AN/APS-115B

10.0

18.8

62.0

N/A

P-3C ORION

AN/APS-137B(V)5

10.0

33.7

111.0

N/A

S-3B VIKING

AN/APS-137A(V)1

10.0

33.5

110.0

None

SH-60B SEAHAWK

AN/APS-124

10.0

17.4

57.0

None

T-39N SABERLINER

AN/APG-66N

10.0

12.7

42.0

N/A

UC-12B HURON

COLLINS WXR-270

10.0

3.3

11.0

N/A

UC-35 CITATION

PRIMUS 650

10.0

1.2

4.0

N/A

V-22 OSPREY

AN/APQ-174B

10.0

7.1

23.0

N/A

^†During ground radar operation, personnel shall remain outside the area defined by the HERP safe sep-

aration distances and antenna scan angles depicted in figure 2-2.

^‡See paragraph D-6 for a discussion of rotating beam hazards.

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VOLUME 1 SIXTH REVISION

CHAPTER 3

RF BURNS

3-1. SCOPE

This chapter discusses radio-frequency (RF) burns, why they can occur, and the

procedures for minimizing RF burn hazards. An RF burn hazard will exist if there is a

sufficiently high induced RF voltage on a metallic object to cause pain, visible skin damage, or

involuntary reaction to a person who comes in contact with the object. The RF burn

phenomenon is distinct from hazards of electromagnetic radiation to personnel and electrical

shock.

3-2. RF BURNS FROM CARGO-HANDLING EQUIPMENT

3-2.1

GENERAL. The use of high-frequency (HF) transmitters (1 kW and up), and the

complicated structure and rigging aboard ship, especially cargo ships, has increased the

probability of voltages being induced on various objects. The handling of metallic cargo lines

while shipboard HF transmitters are radiating can be hazardous to ship’s personnel. On

numerous occasions, RF voltages have been encountered on items such as crane hooks,

running rigging, booms, missile launchers, and parked aircraft. These voltages, which may be

sufficient to cause injury, are induced on the metallic items by radiation from nearby transmitting

antennas.

3-2.2

RF BURN EFFECTS. An RF burn is the result of RF current flow through that portion of

the body in direct contact with a conductive object (in which an RF voltage has been induced) or

at the site of a spark discharge (no direct contact with a conductive object). Any burn injury that

occurs is entirely the result of heat produced by current flow through the resistance of the skin.

Current flow through a resistance produces heat regardless of the nature of the circuit. The

effect of the heat on a person ranges from warmth to painful burns. The specific level at which

contact with RF voltage should be classified as an RF burn hazard is not distinct. Hazardous,

for the purpose of this section, is defined as the RF voltage that will cause a person pain or

visible skin damage, or will cause an involuntary reaction. The term "hazard" does not include

the lower voltages that cause annoyance, a stinging sensation, or moderate heating of the skin.

Naval Sea Systems Command (NAVSEA), Code 53H, has established that an open-circuit RF

voltage exceeding 140 volts on an item in an RF radiation field is to be considered hazardous.

However, field tests have shown that, because of the many variables involved, it is not

uncommon to encounter significantly higher voltages that do not result in a burn problem.

3-2.3

ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF METALLIC OBJECTS.

3-2.3.1 All metallic items, regardless of intended use, have electrical properties of resistance,

inductance, and capacitance. These properties depend upon the material, the size and shape

of the objects, and the proximity of the objects to each other. The effect of the inductance and

capacitance is frequency dependent. A configuration of metallic objects can be represented by

3-1

NAVSEA OP 3565/NAVAIR 16-1-529

VOLUME 1 SIXTH REVISION

an approximately equivalent electrical circuit such as that illustrated by figure 3-1, a typical

example of cargo-handling equipment. Potentially harmful voltages (current) may be generated

when radiated electromagnetic energy couples to such equipment. At radio frequencies, the

reactive components are the significant ones, and maximum voltage will be developed at a

frequency and location where the inductive (L) and capacitance (C) reactances are equal; i.e.,

where there is a resonant circuit. This behavior is characteristic of an antenna.

3-2.3.2 Metallic objects having the physical and electrical characteristics of an antenna are

commonplace aboard ships. Long lengths of metallic lines are particularly efficient interceptors

of RF energy. The amplitude of the induced RF voltage depends on:

a. The length of the line with respect to the wavelength of the exciting RF field.

b. The nearness of the line to a radiating antenna.

c. The power being radiated by the transmitting antenna.

d. The orientation of the line with respect to the transmitting antenna.

Since most shipboard antennas transmit vertically polarized fields, voltages are more likely to

be induced in vertical lines than in lines oriented in other directions.

3-2.3.3 As a practical matter, whether an induced voltage creates an RF burn hazard also

depends upon whether personnel will come into contact with the object. Generally, only the

voltage between an object and the deck is important.

3-2.3.4 Cargo ships, with their long lengths of metallic cables, are more likely to encounter the

RF burn problem than other types of ships, although the problem is not limited to that type.

Figure 3-1.

Electrical Equivalent of Cargo-Handling Equipment

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NAVSEA OP 3565/NAVAIR 16-1-529

VOLUME 1 SIXTH REVISION

3-2.3.5 When conditions conducive to RF burn hazards exist aboard ship, proper

measurements are necessary to determine the extent of the hazard. Valid data from

comprehensive tests will lead to recommendations to ensure maximum personnel safety with a

minimum of operational limitations.

3-3. RF BURN HAZARD REDUCTION TECHNIQUES

3-3.1

INTRODUCTION. While there is no universally applicable method to completely

eliminate RF burn hazards, there are several approaches to eliminating the problem in some

cases or, in other cases, reducing it to manageable proportions. NAVSEA is continuing to

search for methods to eliminate the hazard.

3-3.2

LIMITING BODY CONTACT CURRENT. As discussed in Department of Defense

Instruction (DODINST) 6055.11, for frequencies between 100 kHz and 100 MHz, limiting body

contact current to a maximum of 100 mA will significantly reduce the likelihood of RF burns. For

frequencies between 3 kHz and 100 kHz, the contact current limit is frequency dependent.

3-3.3

HOOK INSULATORS. One method of eliminating the RF burn hazard on boom whip

and downhaul hooks is to install an insulator link between the rigging and the hook. Tests have

shown that these insulators are effective in the prevention of RF burns to the extent that contact

with the hook itself will not injure anyone, but the RF voltage and potential burn hazard above

the insulator remains unaffected. Unfortunately, numerous equipments involved in the RF burn

problem are not amenable to the use of an insulating link.

3-3.4

NONMETALLIC MATERIALS. Another approach being pursued is the use of

nonmetallic materials for applications where the RF burn hazard is a problem. Objects that can

be made of nonconducting material will not be susceptible to induced voltages. At the present,

though, there is no suitable nonmetallic substitute for the wire rope used on cargo equipment.

3-3.5

ANTENNA RELOCATION. Eliminating RF burn hazards by relocating antennas is often

tempting but seldom practical. Because so many factors are involved in designing a shipboard

antenna system, antenna relocation is not a feasible general solution to the RF burn hazard

problem. Nevertheless, antenna relocation should not be abandoned as an impossibility.

3-3.6

OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES. In some cases, the RF burn hazard can be eliminated

only through the use of restrictive operating procedures that govern the simultaneous use of

transmitters and cargo equipments. These procedures incorporate the use of techniques such

as operation of transmitters at reduced power and the prohibition of simultaneous use of certain

combinations of antennas, frequencies, and cargo-handling equipments. The use of

operational limitations will reduce the effectiveness of all equipments involved; therefore, these

limitations must not be excessively restrictive. Effective operational procedures can be

developed only after a shipboard RF burn survey has been conducted. Following this survey,

specific operational procedures must be developed by persons who have a thorough

knowledge of the operational requirements of the ship and have the authority to designate

which operations and equipments have priority over others.

3-3

NAVSEA OP 3565/NAVAIR 16-1-529

VOLUME 1 SIXTH REVISION

CHAPTER 4

BIOLOGICAL RADIATION HAZARD FROM LASER DEVICES

4-1. INTRODUCTION

4-1.1 The acronym "Laser" is derived from the initial letters of the words "Light Amplification by

Stimulated Emission of Radiation." The term "optical maser" was used earlier because the

original work was done with microwaves. Figure 4-1 illustrates the laser wavelength spectrum.

The biological effects of laser radiation are similar to light generated by high-intensity,

conventional ultraviolet (UV), infrared, and visible light sources such as the sun, nuclear

explosions, or arc lamps. However, the chance of eye or skin damage is greater from laser

radiation because the laser output is highly coherent (in phase), and the high intensity is

localized into a very directional beam. When laser radiation is absorbed by the body or eyes, it

is converted into heat which, in turn, causes redness, blistering, and, if intense enough, even

charring of the skin or visual impairment, which may be permanent.

4-1.2 Developments in laser technology have resulted in an increase in the use of these

devices for military applications, both for research and operational use. The widespread use of

these systems increases the probability of personnel exposure to injurious intensities of laser

radiation. Adequate safeguards are needed, since injury may occur at considerable distance.

All equipment containing lasers, and all lasers produced after 2 August 1976, must comply with

the Radiation Control for Health and Safety Act, Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Title 21,

Subchapter J, Part 1040, unless it has an exemption from the National Center for Devices and

Radiological Health, Rockville, Maryland. The procedures for using lasers safely are contained

in American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Z136.1. The following provides some of the

essential safety requirements for use at Navy shore installations and aboard ships.

4-2. GENERAL PRECAUTIONS APPLICABLE TO ALL LASER INSTALLATIONS

4-2.1 For a summary of hazards and sample laser safety emission control (EMCON) bills, refer

to Chief of Naval Operations Instruction (OPNAVINST) 5100.27/Marine Corps Order (MCO)

5104.1 (series), Navy Laser Hazards Control Program.

4-2.2 Unprotected personnel shall never be exposed to laser radiation in excess of the

maximum permissible exposure (MPE) levels specified in ANSI Z136.1.

4-2.3 Direct viewing of laser beams, even during optical alignment, is prohibited when levels

are greater than the MPE.

4-2.4 Optical viewing systems such as lenses, telescopes, etc., may increase the hazard to the

eye.

4-1

NAVSEA OP 3565/NAVAIR 16-1-529

VOLUME 1 SIXTH REVISION

4-2.5 All involved personnel shall be trained to avoid looking directly at an operating laser or its

reflection. Personnel protective equipment (laser eye protection), specifically designed and

marked (with optical density and wavelength) for protection against radiation from the laser

system in use, shall be used when engineering or procedural controls are inadequate to

eliminate radiation levels in excess of the MPE.

4-2.6 Laser protective eyewear shall be marked with optical density values and wavelength for

which protection is afforded, and shall be issued to involved personnel. The eyewear shall

provide a snug fit. Periodic inspections of the goggles shall include:

a. Inspection of the attenuator material for pitting, crazing, cracking, etc.

b. Inspection of the goggle frame for mechanical integrity and leaks.

4-2.7 Only authorized personnel shall operate laser systems.

4-2.8 Spectators shall not be allowed access to the laser control area unless appropriate

supervisory approval has been obtained and protective measures taken.

4-2.9 At least two people should be present at all times when lasers are in operation so that

first aid may be rendered in the event of an injury and to prevent access by unauthorized

personnel. Where the operation allows, a countdown procedure should be followed to minimize

unnecessary exposure by donning laser eye protection and/or moving out of the path of the

laser beam.

4-2.10 Reflecting surfaces such as mirrors, bottles, windows, and metal, or other surfaces

which have a high coefficient for specular reflection, shall be eliminated from the beam path or

shall be faced and/or surrounded with diffuse substances to absorb the energy.

4-2.11 Lasers and laser beams should be contained within a suitably controlled equipment or

space so that noninvolved personnel in such an area cannot be accidentally injured. Laser

beams emitted by an unenclosed system must be terminated at the end of the beam path if the

exposure level is greater than the maximum allowable level. The backstop shall be of material

that will absorb the particular wavelength. Special care in absorbing and containing the laser

radiation must be taken, especially when the laser is emitting energy in the UV or infrared

portions of the spectrum, because an observer might receive damage to the eyes without being

aware of the reflection. Laser controls must be located to prevent operator exposure to unsafe

levels of radiation.

4-2.12 Hazardous byproducts may result from the reaction of the laser radiation (especially UV

laser radiation) with air and other substances (toxic/explosive gases, skin irritants, radio-

frequency/UV/x-ray emissions, plasma).

4-2.13 The following are examples (sources) of hazards typically associated with laser

operations:

a. High-voltage electrical hazards.

b. Use of cryogenics.

4-3

NAVSEA OP 3565/NAVAIR 16-1-529

VOLUME 1 SIXTH REVISION

Compressed gases.

d. Carcinogenic material.

e. Noise.

Arc lamps, filament lamps, capacitors (explosion hazards).

g. Targets (which may shatter/explode).

h. Ionizing radiation.

Incoherent optical and UV radiation from laser discharge tubes or flash lamps.

Proper personnel protection and procedures shall be provided in the use of cryogenics.

Compressed gas bottles shall be secured. All laser discharge tubes or flash lamps, the laser

target, capacitors, and all elements of the optical train which may shatter shall be adequately

contained. All voltages in excess of 30 volts shall be guarded. All incidental radiation shall be

adequately shielded. The laser spaces shall be adequately ventilated to remove toxic gases.

All toxic materials shall be so marked and adequately controlled. Smoking, eating, or drinking

in laser beam areas should be prohibited.

4-3. LASER CLASSIFICATION AND LABELING

4-3.1 All lasers, other than military exempt lasers, must be classified and labeled by the

manufacturers per CFR Title 21, Part 1040.10. Military exempt lasers are classified per ANSI

Z136.1. This classification system is based on laser output parameters. There are four laser

hazard classifications that determine the required extent of radiation safety controls. These

range from class I lasers that are safe for direct beam viewing under most conditions, to class

IV lasers that require the strictest controls. Laser product classification pertains to intended use

only. When a laser product is disassembled for maintenance and protective features are

removed, the laser classification may change to a more hazardous class. Details concerning

laser classification are in CFR Title 21, Part 1040.10, and ANSI Z136.1. Controls for each class

are addressed in OPNAVINST 5100.27/MCO 5104.1 (series) and its referenced instructions.

4-3.2

MILITARY EXEMPT LASERS. As per OPNAVINST 5100.27/MCO 5104.1 (series), the

Navy Laser Safety Review Board (LSRB) must approve most class III and class IV lasers, and

all military exempt lasers, prior to their use within the Department of the Navy. All lasers used

for combat, combat training, or classified in the interest of national security are eligible for this

exemption and, if so designated by the LSRB, are exempt from federal requirements applicable

to commercial products. Military exempt lasers must be labeled as shown in figure 4-2 (or as

specified by the LSRB) and, upon request, an inventory of a command’s class III, class IV, and

military exempt lasers shall be sent to the Bureau of Medicine and Surgery (MED 212) per

OPNAVINST 5100.27/MCO 5104.1 (series).

4-4

NAVSEA OP 3565/NAVAIR 16-1-529

VOLUME 1 SIXTH REVISION

CAUTION FOR MILITARY EXEMPT LASERS

This electronic product has been exempted from FDA radiation safety performance

standards prescribed in the Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21, Chapter I, Sub-

chapter J, pursuant to Exemption No. 76EL-01DOD issued on July 26, 1976. This

product should not be used without adequate protective devices or procedures.

FIGURE 4-2. Military Laser Exemption Label

4-3.3

LASER RANGE AND BUILDING WARNING SIGNS. Warning signs, as specified in

section 4.7 of ANSI Z136.1, shall be posted at the entrances to laser ranges and buildings in

accordance with sections 4.3.9, 4.3.10, 4.3.11, and 4.3.12 of ANSI Z136.1.

4-3.4 For all invisible radiation (less than 400 nanometers or greater than 700 nanometers) the

word "invisible" shall precede the word "radiation" on all warning signs and labels. Each class

II, III, and IV laser product which is not military exempt must state the maximum power output of

laser radiation, the pulse duration when appropriate, and the laser medium or emitted

wavelength on the warning label attached to the device.

4-3.5 Laser safety warning signs for posting at laser facilities and at laser ranges are stocked at

the Naval Inventory Control Point, Naval Publication and Forms Branch, 700 Robbins Avenue,

Philadelphia, PA 19111-5098. For information concerning these forms, contact (215) 697-2626

or DSN 442-2626.

4-4. TRAINING

All personnel in areas using lasers shall be informed about the potential hazard

associated with accidental exposure to this form of radiation. In particular, the extraordinary

danger of eye damage due to the optical amplification and efficient absorption by this organ

shall be emphasized. Class III and IV lasers may also cause skin damage or damage to

material by fire or explosion due to rapid heating from a focused beam. At a minimum, laser

safety training shall include the requirements of OPNAVINST 5100.27/MCO 5104.1 (series).

4-5. MEDICAL SURVEILLANCE

Bureau of Medicine and Surgery Instruction (BUMEDINST) 6470.23 (series) gives

medical surveillance requirements and casualty management procedures for personnel

exposed to laser radiation.

4-6. COMMAND LASER SAFETY PROGRAM

4-6.1 When required [based upon type of laser(s) employed], each command should establish

a laser safety program and appoint a laser safety officer as per OPNAVINST 5100.27/MCO

5104.1 (series) and ANSI Z136.1.

4-5

NAVSEA OP 3565/NAVAIR 16-1-529

VOLUME 1 SIXTH REVISION

4-6.2 When required, a laser safety officer shall be appointed to coordinate the safety aspects

of lasers and their use. This appointment shall be contingent on the successful completion of

laser safety officer training as described in OPNAVINST 5100.27/MCO 5104.1 (series).

4-7. CALCULATION OF LASER SAFE DISTANCES AND PERMISSIBLE LASER

EXPOSURE LEVELS

Methods to calculate laser safe distances and permissible laser exposure levels are

specified in appendix B of ANSI Z136.1. As per OPNAVINST 5100.27/MCO 5104.1 (series),

only certified Laser Safety Specialists may make such calculations. The Navy’s primary point of

contact for making these calculations is Naval Surface Warfare Center, Dahlgren Division

(G71). See paragraph 4-8.1 for laser technical assistance information.

4-8. LASER TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE

4-8.1 Interested parties may obtain technical assistance and advice regarding laser safety by

accessing the official Navy Web site (www.navylasersafety.com) or by contacting:

a. For medical and industrial laser operations: Navy Environmental Health Center,

620 John Paul Jones Circle, Suite 1100, Portsmouth, VA 23708-2103, (757) 953-0700,

(757) 621-1967, DSN 377-0700, or DSN 377-1967.

b. For laser systems and certification surveys of laser firing ranges (funding for

services shall be provided by the requesting command):

1. Laser Hazard Evaluations and Range Surveys: Commander, Naval Surface

Warfare Center, Dahlgren Division (G71), 17320 Dahlgren Road, Dahlgren, VA 22448-5100,

(540) 653-1060/1149, DSN 249-1060/1149, fax (540) 653-8453, www.navylasersafety.com.

2. Laser Range Surveys: Commander, Naval Surface Warfare Center, Corona

Division (SE41), P.O. Box 5000, Corona, CA 92878-5000, (909) 273-4142 or DSN 933-4142.

For laser bioeffects and medical research issues, or assistance in evaluating laser-

induced injuries, contact the Naval Health Research Center-Detachment Brooks AFB, 8301

Navy Road, Brooks AFB, TX 78235-5365, (210) 536-4699/6552, DSN 240-4699/6552, or fax

(210) 536-6439/6528.

d. For guidance on laser exposure limits and health issues, contact the Non-Ionizing

Radiation Health Branch, Bureau of Medicine and Surgery (MED 212), 2300 E Street NW,

Washington, DC 20372-5300, (202) 762-3444, DSN 762-3444, or fax (202) 762-0931.

4-8.2 Naval Sea Systems Command (SEA-00T) is the technical lead agent for all Navy/Marine

Corps laser safety. Naval Surface Warfare Center, Dahlgren Division (G71), is the lead Navy

technical laboratory for all technical issues pertaining to lasers used in, by, and for the Navy and

Marine Corps.

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VOLUME 1 SIXTH REVISION

CHAPTER 5

IONIZING RADIATION

5-1. INTRODUCTION

Ionizing radiation is the electromagnetic or particulate emanations produced by radiation

sources. These emanations can cause ionization; that is, the ejection of electrons from atoms.

Ionization within the cells or tissues of the body can occur as the result of exposure to alpha

particles, beta particles (electrons), neutrons, protons, or other atomic or subatomic particles, or

of exposure to gamma rays, x-rays, or other electromagnetic waves capable of ejecting

electrons from atoms.

5-2. UNITS OF MEASUREMENT

a. Electron Volt (eV) - A unit of energy equal to the energy gained by an electron in

passing from a point of low potential to a point one volt higher in potential. One eV equals

1.602x10^-12 ergs (1.602x10^-19 joules) of energy.

b. Rem - An equilibration of the dose of ionizing radiation to the body in terms of its

estimated biological effect, relative to an absorbed dose of 1 roentgen of high-voltage x-rays.

The rem shall be the unit of dose for record purposes.

c. Roentgen (R) - That amount of x- or gamma radiation which will produce 2.083x10⁹

ion pairs in 1 cc of air under standard conditions. For the purpose of these regulations, 1

roentgen of x- or gamma radiation is considered to deliver 1 rad.

d. Rad - A unit of absorbed ionizing radiation equal to 100 ergs of energy per gram.

5-3. METHODS OF DETECTING IONIZING RADIATION

Ionizing radiation cannot be detected by the senses. It can be detected only by devices

which respond to the ionizing properties of radiation. These detecting devices include Geiger

counters, scintillation counters, ionization chambers (including pocket dosimeters), phosphors,

transformation reaction counters (including photographic emulsions), and free radical counters.

5-4. RADIAC EQUIPMENT

The purpose of radiac equipment is to detect and indicate the amount of radioactivity

present in a given area. The type of radioactivity detected (alpha and beta particles, x-ray,

gamma radiation, fast and slow neutrons) is determined by the type of radiac equipment used.

Radiac equipments vary from small, portable, battery-operated sets to large, integrated

monitoring systems requiring associated electronic equipment. Basically, radiac equipments

contain one or a combination of the following:

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a. Radiac Detector - A device that is sensitive to radioactivity of free nuclear particles

and reacts in a manner that can be interpreted or measured by various means.

b. Radiacmeter - A device that detects the presence of radioactivity and indicates the

dose rate or total dose.

c. Computer-Indicator - A device that computes and indicates radiac data received from

the radiac detector or detectors.

5-5. HAZARD LEVEL

All personnel working in high-intensity levels of radioactivity must exercise caution to

prevent bodily damage. While the radiation from radioactive substances cannot be seen or felt,

prolonged or extensive exposure may result in serious damage. One-tenth of a roentgen per

week (0.1 R/week or 100 mR/week) is considered to be the maximum permissible exposure.

5-6. PRECAUTIONS

5-6.1. Safety precautions and instructions on handling radioactive material are contained in

Naval Medical Command (NAVMED) Publication P-5055, Radiation Health Protection Manual,

and various National Institute of Standards and Technology handbooks.

5-6.2. Precautions should be taken not to attempt any measurement of ionic radiation while

located in a radio-frequency (RF) electromagnetic field. Radiac detectors are susceptible to

electromagnetic fields and will produce an erroneous reading which could be mistaken for ionic

radiation. The reverse is also true. Do not attempt to measure RF radiation while in the

environment of ionic radiation.

5-6.3. The accumulated dose of radiation to the whole body, head and trunk, active blood-

forming organs, genitals, or lens of the eye shall not exceed 3 rem in any calendar quarter nor 5

(N-18) rem total lifetime dose, where N equals the present age in years.

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CHAPTER 6

HAZARDS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION TO FUEL

6-1. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND

6-1.1. A fuel-handling operation is defined as the act of transferring fuel from one container to

another. This includes, but is not limited to, fueling aircraft, vehicles, or equipment from a pump

or a portable container; transferring fuel from a storage container to a fuel truck; and transferring

fuel from a pump to a portable container. While fixed shore-station antennas are usually located

a sufficient distance from fuel pumps and fuel storage areas in order to prevent a hazard, care

should be taken to ensure that fueling operations involving transfer of fuel from a portable

container to a vehicle or equipment (such as lawnmowers, generators, construction equipment,

etc.) do not occur within the prescribed safe separation distances for shore-station transmitters

if main-beam illumination of the area is possible. In addition, mobile and handheld transmitters

should not be operated within the minimum safe separation distance from any fuel-handling

operation.

6-1.2. The possibility of accidentally igniting fuel vapors by radio frequency (RF)-induced arcs

during fuel-handling operations in proximity to high-powered communication and radar

transmitting antennas has been the subject of extensive study and research. Tests aboard

ships and in laboratories have shown that, while it is possible to ignite volatile fuel-vapor

mixtures by induced RF energy, the probability of ignition during normal fueling procedures is

remote, given the number of conditions that must exist simultaneously in order to support

combustion.

6-1.3. The probability of accidental ignition has been reduced in recent years by the following:

a. Location of transmitting antennas away from fueling stations and vents.

b. Introduction of pressurized fueling systems on aircraft.

c. The move to almost exclusive use of JP-5 aircraft fuels aboard ship.

Even though the potential fuel hazard from electromagnetic radiation may not be as great as

formerly believed and has been reduced by the foregoing measures, it is still present when

handling the more volatile JP-4 fuel, motor vehicle gasoline (MOGAS), or aviation gasoline

(AVGAS). Personnel handling fuels afloat and ashore should be aware of this potential hazard,

which is more fully described herein.

6-2. PHYSICAL NATURE OF COMBUSTION

6-2.1. The probability of ignition of fuel vapors by RF-induced arcs is small, since the following

conditions must occur simultaneously for ignition to take place:

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a. A flammable fuel-air mixture must be present within range of the induced arcing.

b. The arc must contain a sufficient amount of energy to cause ignition.

c. The gap across which the arc occurs must be a certain minimum distance.

6-2.2. The limits of flammability of MOGAS are between 1.25 percent and 7.6 percent by

volume of gasoline vapor in the air. Handling of gasoline under normal operating conditions

does not produce a flammable atmosphere except close to fuel vents, open fuel inlets, or spilled

gasoline. With no ventilation, flammable gasoline vapors, being heavier than air, may travel or

spill down an inclined surface, such as that provided by a wing or fuselage of an aircraft, before

becoming diluted. However, if air movement (wind) is present, the gasoline vapor is diluted and

dispersed rapidly, reducing the zone of possible ignition. The flammability of hydrocarbon fuels

is also influenced by temperature. Figure 6-1 shows the effect on flammable ranges due to

increasing fuel temperatures. Figure 6-2 shows the temperature-flammability regions for

different types of commonly used fuels.

FIGURE 6-1. Effect of Temperature in Generating Hydrocarbon Fuel Flammable Vapors

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individual response, it was found that the odor of gasoline was quite perceptible at

concentrations of less than 1 percent of the lower flammability limit. At 100 percent, a very

strong odor existed; at 125 percent, the gas-air mixture was noticeably irritating to the eyes and

nasal passages.

6-2.4. Although tests conducted under laboratory conditions to determine the minimum arc

energy necessary to cause ignition have been inconclusive, it is known that the arc energy is a

determining factor for ignition of fuel-air mixtures. From actual measurements of voltages and

currents on aircraft located on a carrier deck near an energized transmitting antenna, it was

found that a volt-ampere product of 50 or more was required to ignite gasoline in an explosive

vapor test device. Measurements also have been made on various fueling configurations to

relate the required 50 volt-ampere ignition energy to the surrounding electric field intensity.

Field intensity can, in turn, be related to the radiated power and distance from an antenna.

6-2.5. A minimum spark gap of about 0.5 millimeter (0.02 inch) is required for ignition of a fuel-

air mixture. In terms of fueling operations, this generally requires a metal-to-metal contact and

subsequent withdrawal to produce a drawn arc of sufficient length to ignite a fuel-air mixture.

Ensuring that the static ground wires, tie-down cables, and other metallic connections to the

aircraft or motor vehicle are properly made before fueling or defueling operations commence,

and are not disturbed until after the operation is finished, will greatly reduce the possibility of

accidental ignition.

6-3. HANDLING PRECAUTIONS FOR FUELS IN AN RF ENVIRONMENT

6-3.1

INTRODUCTION. It is assumed that personnel engaged in fueling operations will be

familiar with and observe the safety precautions contained in applicable Naval Sea Systems

Command/Naval Air Systems Command instructions and directives.

Three hydrocarbon-based fuels are currently used throughout the Navy: marine diesel,

aviation jet fuel (JP-5/JP-8), and MOGAS. Of these, only MOGAS is considered to present a

shipboard hazards of electromagnetic radiation to fuel (HERF) concern during fuel-handling

operations.

6-3.2

FUELING PRECAUTIONS. The total elimination of RF-induced arc hazards to fuels

probably cannot be achieved, particularly aboard ship, without placing unacceptable restrictions

on flight and ship operations. Although precise criteria have not been fully developed, the

following guidance, applicable to fueling operations both afloat and ashore, will minimize the

risk of accidental ignition. This guidance shall govern in the event of conflict with other

directives.

a. Do not energize any transmitter (radar or communications) on the aircraft or motor

vehicle being fueled or on adjacent aircraft or motor vehicles.

b. Do not make or break any electrical, static ground wire, tie-down connection, or any

other metallic connection to the aircraft or motor vehicle while it is being fueled. Make the

connections before fueling commences; break them afterwards.

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6-3.3

TRANSMITTER RESTRICTIONS. JP-5 and marine diesel fuels are used and stored in

large quantities aboard ships and at shore stations. There are no HERF issues associated with

these fuels since their vapor pressures are low enough that, under ordinary temperatures, there

is virtually no chance of fire from an RF-induced arc. However, highly volatile MOGAS is also

handled and stored aboard most Navy ships and at shore facilities.

The following precautions and RF transmitter restrictions are required (1) during

shipboard fuel-handling operations involving MOGAS and (2) during shore-based fuel-handling

operations involving MOGAS and/or AVGAS.

6-3.4. Radar and communication systems which operate at or above 225 MHz, and which are

capable of mainbeam illumination of fuel-handling areas with a peak power density of 5 W/cm²

(5000 mW/cm²) or greater, shall:

a. cease transmitting during fueling operations,

b. be inhibited from illuminating these areas by suitable cutout devices or operational

procedures, or

c. be located a sufficient distance from fueling areas such that the power density (in the

fueling area) is less than 5 W/cm².

Figure 6-3 provides a means to calculate the minimum distance required to achieve a

power density of 5 W/cm². A separation distance in excess of this number should be

established to ensure that the power density in the fueling area is less than 5 W/cm².

6-3.4.1 For fixed, mobile, and aircraft communication systems which operate below 225 MHz:

a. Antennas radiating 250 watts or less shall be installed no less than 50 feet from

fueling operations/fuel-handling areas.

b. Antennas radiating more than 250 watts shall be separated from fueling/fuel-handling

areas such that the power density in the fueling area is no greater than would exist at 50 feet

from an antenna radiating 250 watts (0.009 mW/cm²).

If the required separation distance/power density cannot be achieved, the transmitter shall be

shut down during fueling/fuel-handling operations.

Figure 6-4 provides the means to calculate the separation distance required to achieve a

power density equivalent to that existing 50 feet from an antenna radiating 250 watts

(0.009 mW/cm²).

6-3.4.2 For handheld communication transmitters, antennas radiating 10 watts or less shall

remain at least 10 feet away from fueling/fuel-handling operations.

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The following equation may be used to calculate the distance from a transmitting antenna where the power

density will be approximately 5 W/cm². A separation distance greater than that calculated should be established

to ensure that the power density in the fueling area will be less than 5 W/cm².

= ------------

4ΠPD

792.7

where:

D = distance (meters),

P = peak transmitter power (watts),

G = antenna gain ratio= (10^{antenna gain (in dBi)},

Π = numeric value of 3.14159 (pi),

PD = desired power density (in W/m²) = 5 W/cm² = 50,000 W/m².

Example

Calculate how far the antenna for the AN/SPS-48E radar (2905-3058 MHz) must be from the fueling area to

ensure that the (main beam) power density in the fueling area does not exceed 5 W/cm².

P = 2,500,000 watts

Antenna Gain = 38.6 dBi

antenna gain ratio=(10^38.6)

= ( 10^3.86) = 7244.4

= ----------------------------------------------------

792.7

= ---------------------------------------------

792.7

= ----------------------= 169.8 meters × 3.28= 557.0feet

(see note)

792.7

NOTE: This derived value represents the minimum distance from the main beam of the SPS-48E radar required

to achieve a power density of 5 W/cm². In the case of shipboard radar systems, since the main beam does not

typically illuminate own-ship fueling areas or weather decks, power densities in these areas will be less than 5 W/

cm². However, during operations with other surface units (i.e., UNREP, plane guard), emission control

procedures may be required between participating units to ensure that the (main beam) power density existing at

topside fuel-handling areas is less than 5 W/cm² during fueling operations.

Ashore, the location of fixed and mobile radar/communication systems relative to fueling/fuel-handling areas must

be determined/controlled to ensure that the main beam power density in those areas is less than 5 W/cm² during

fuel-handling operations. RF hazard surveys may be requested as discussed in paragraph 1-5.c., of this manual.

FIGURE 6-3. HERF Safe Separation Distance Calculation for MOGAS/AVGAS

(Radar and Communication Systems 225 MHz and Above)

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The following equation may be used to calculate the separation distance required to achieve a power density

equivalent to that existing 50 feet from an antenna radiating 250 watts (equivalent to 0.009 mW/cm² or

0.09 W/m²).

= ------------

4ΠPD

1.06

where:

D = distance (meters),

P = peak transmitter power (watts),

G = antenna gain ratio= (10^{antenna gain (in dBi)},

Π = numeric value of 3.14159 (pi),

PD = desired power density (in W/m²) = 0.09 W/m².

Example

Calculate how far an antenna for the AN/URC-131 transmitter (2-30 MHz) must be from the fueling area to ensure

that the power density in the fueling area does not exceed 0.09 W/m². A greater separation distance will provide

an increased margin of safety.

P = 1,000 watts

Antenna Gain = 2.1 dBi

antenna gain ratio=(10

^2.1)

= ( 10^.21) = 1.62

= ----------------------------------

1.06

= ---------------

1.06

= -------------= 37.9 meters × 3.28= 124.5feet

1.06

FIGURE 6-4. HERF Safe Separation Distance Calculation for MOGAS/AVGAS

(Communication Systems Below 225 MHz)

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APPENDIX A

DEFINITIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS

A-1. INTRODUCTION.

This appendix contains definitions of terms and abbreviations related to radio-frequency

(RF) radiation hazards to personnel, volatile flammable liquids, and ordnance. In addition, the

terms and abbreviations used in the laser radiation hazard coverage are contained herein.

A-2. DEFINITIONS.

Antenna - That part of a transmitting or receiving system which is designed to radiate or to

receive electromagnetic waves.

Antenna, Dipole - A straight radiator, usually fed in the center, and producing a maximum

of radiation in the plane normal to its axis. The length specified is the overall length. Common

usage considers a dipole antenna to be a metal radiating structure which supports a line current

distribution similar to that of a thin straight wire a half wavelength long, so energized that the

current has two nodes, one at each of the far ends.

Antenna Directivity - The ratio of the maximum radiation intensity to the average radiation

intensity produced at a given distance from a given transmitting antenna. The directivity of an

antenna is the same whether the antenna is used as a receiving antenna or a transmitting antenna.

Antenna Gain, Relative - The ratio of the power gain of an antenna relative to a standard

reference antenna. The relative gain may be in dB or it may be numeric. The standard antenna

is usually a half-wave dipole or an isotropic antenna. The latter is preferred even though such

an antenna does not exist. (See Isotropic Antenna.)

Antenna Regions - The defined spatial areas surrounding a radiating antenna.

Arc - An electrical discharge of relatively long duration which may be brought about by

separating current-carrying electrodes or may result from a spark discharge between initially

separated electrodes, provided that the energy source is sufficient to maintain the arc.

Attenuation - A decrease in signal magnitude in transmission from one point to another

expressed as a ratio or in decibels.

Attenuator - A device for reducing the amplitude of electromagnetic energy without

introducing appreciable distortion.

Average Power (W) - The time-average rate of energy transfer:

-----

--------∫ W(t)dt

t₂

t₁

A-1

Military reference books and manuals (2009-2023, Volume 2) - page 10