Military reference books and manuals (2009-2023, Volume 2)

(2) Planning Considerations:

(a)

Reference Point - This reference point could be a nearby IP, a road

intersection, a set of coordinates, or any point designated for use

during the mission. This point could then be used as a talk-on

reference and / or as an IP for follow-on 9-Line CAS briefings to

execute an attack if necessary. See JP 3-09.3, Joint Tactics,

Techniques, and Procedures for Close Air Support, for proper

procedures to establish procedural control measures.

(b)

Description - What does the JTAC want the aircrew to look for?

Improvised explosive device (IED) search, armed enemy forces,

weapons, vehicles, buildings, movement / stationary, etc. JTACs can

greatly aid in the aircrew’s reconnaissance / surveillance work if they

convey the ground commander’s intent for the actions on the ground

being supported. (Route recce, area search, cordon-and-search, or

raid support, etc.)

(c)

Location and Elevation - One or more point NAIs (include coordinates

in WGS-84 with map datum). The elevation for any coordinates

should be included in height above ellipsoid (HAE) or feet above MSL

using Earth Gravitational Model 1984 (EGM-84) to provide the most

accurate placement of aircraft sensors. Coordinates and elevations

should be converted from their native datum into WGS-84 and

HAE/EGM-84 respectively using geographic translators (GEOTRANS)

available from the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency at

http://earth-info.nga.mil/GandG/geotrans/index.html.

(d)

Friendlies in Search Area - YES or NO. If YES, include

location/number of friendlies in the search area, number/type of

vehicles, movement plan, etc. Providing information of friendly forces

in the area will aid aircrew during their search for suspicious/enemy

forces, and hopefully reduce false positive reports.

(e)

Airspace Control Measures - JTACs will inform aircrew of ACMs

(ACA, ROZ, high-intensity airspace control zone (HIDACZ), etc.),

artillery activity, sector/altitude deconfliction from other aircraft in the

area, etc. in effect in the search area. Although all preplanned ACMs

should be posted in the ACO and available to aircrew, tasked aircrew

may be responding to an immediate request in an area they had not

pre-mission planned to be operating in.

(f)

Remarks - Include any other pertinent information as remarks after

providing each line of the briefing. For example:

Hazards to Aviation - Pass any hazards to aviation in the area

(significant terrain features, large towers, power lines, etc.) which

may affect safety of flight.

Weather - Provide aircrew with winds, cloud ceiling, and visibility as

accurately as possible. Let aircrew know if weather information is

system generated or personnel’s best estimate.

ROVER Frequency - The JTAC will provide the ROVER frequency

in use in that area. If the JTAC does not have one, request ROVER

frequency being used by the aircrew. Aircrew will notify the JTAC if

unable to use stated frequency, and what options are available.

Dec 2007 FM 3-09.32/MCRP 3-16.6A/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP(I) 3-2.6

Time to Accomplish - The JTAC will provide aircrew with desired

search timing (duration or end of search time in Zulu) if applicable.

Aircrew should check back in with the JTAC at expiration of any

timing, regardless of search tasking status.

Reporting Instructions - The standard is for the aircrew to report

back to the JTAC (or other controlling agency) who provided the

reconnaissance / surveillance briefing on the same TAD /

frequency. If something different is desired, the JTAC will provide

the aircrew with the desired reporting call sign and TAD / frequency.

Aircrew should use the size, activity, location, type (SALT) format

for reporting anything they find.

10. Forms Prescribed/Adopted

All forms in this publication are adopted. For form designations and titles, see

table of contents under the figures (figure 2: Sample DD Form 1972).

68 FM 3-09.32/MCRP 3-16.6A/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP(I) 3-2.6 Dec 2007

Table 17. Fixed - Wing Capabilities and Communication Equipment

Aircraft

Ordnance

Marking

Other

Freq

Secure

Beacon

Capability

Systems

Band

Hopping

Capable

UHF or

B-1B

JDAM, GP bombs,

None

PPN-19

SAR¹, GPS, NVG

HQ II

KY-58

SATCOM

CBU/WCMD

SMP-1000

SINCGARS

KY-100

VHF/UHF

B-2

JDAM, JSOW, GP

None

X Band

SAR¹, GPS

VHF/UHF

HQ II

KY-58

bombs, CBU

KU Band

KY-100

SATCOM

B-52

JDAM, GP bombs,

None

PPN-19,

FLIR, LLLTV,

VHF/UHF

HQ II

KY-58/100

CBU/WCMD, LGB

PPN-20,

Radar, NVG,

KYV-5

SMP-1000

GPS

SATCOM

F-15E

JDAM, LGB, CBU/

LTD, LTM

None

NVG, FLIR, GPS,

UHF

HQ II

KY-58

WCMD, EGBU-28,

SAR ¹, Link-16,

UHF/VHF/FM

HQ II

KY-58

GP bombs, AGM-

Sniper, Litening,

130/65, GBU-15/24,

Lantirn

JSOW, 20mm

F-16

JDAM, LGB, GP

LTM,

None

GPS, SADL³

UHF

HQ II

KY-58

bombs, CBU/

LTD,

IDM/IDT^4,5, NVG,

VHF-AM/FM

KY-58

WCMD, HARM⁵,

Rockets

Link-16^5,6,

AGM-65, JASSM,

Sniper/Litening,

2.75” rockets,

HTS⁵, HMCS^5,6

20mm cannon

Table 17. Fixed - Wing Capabilities and Communication Equipment

Marking

Other

Freq

Secure

Aircraft

Ordnance

Beacon

Freq Hopping

Capability

Systems

Band

Capable

F-18

JDAM, JSOW, HARM,

LTM, LTD,

None

GPS, SAR¹

UHF

HQ II

KY-58

A/C/D/E/F

AGM-65E/F, CBU, GP

Rockets,

Link-16, NVG,

VHF-AM/FM

SINCGARS

bombs, SLAM (+ER),

LUU-2/19

Litening AT,

LGB, 2.75” rockets, 5 “

flares

ATFLIR,

Zuni, 20mm cannon

NIGHTHAWK

GPS, NVG,

UHF

KY-58

F-22A

JDAM

None

HQ II

Link-16

VHF-AM

KY-58

VHF/UHF

SLAM-ER, Various

None

SAR¹

HQ II

KY-58

P-3

Link 11

SATCOM

UHF

AGM-114⁷(K, M, N, P)

LTD, LTM

None

FLIR, GPS, EO

KY-100

MQ-1B

VHF-AM/FM

Predator

SATCOM

ROVER

UHF

AGM-114⁷(K, M, N, P),

LTD, LTM

None

FLIR, GPS, EO

KY100

MQ-9

VHF-AM/FM

GBU-12

Reaper

SATCOM

ROVER

Pioneer

None

FLIR, EO

RQ-7

LTD

FLIR, EO

Shadow

RQ-11

LTM⁸

FLIR, EO

Raven

Table 17. Fixed - Wing Capabilities and Communication Equipment

Marking

Other

Freq

Secure

Aircraft

Ordnance

Beacon

Capability

Systems

Band

Hopping

Capable

EPW (II & III), PW II & III,

LTD, LTM

None

FLIR, LST, NVG,

UHF

HQ (I&II)

Yes

Tornado

PW IV (IOC 2009), Mk-83,

Gnd mapping

VHF-AM

GR 4

CBU, ALARM,

radar with TFR

(UK)

Stormshadow, Brimstone,

27 mm cannon

EPW II, PW II/III/IV, GP

Harrier

LTD, LTM

None

FLIR, LST, NVG,

UHF

HQ (I&II)

Yes

1000-lb and 540-lb, CBU,

GR 7/9

Gyro Binoculars,

VHF-AM

Brimstone (IOC 2008),

(UK)

TIALD, Sniper

Tac VHF

CRV7, AGM-65

Notes: ¹Synthetic aperture radar with ground mapping modes. ² A-10C only. ³ Block-25/30/32. ⁴ Block 40/42.

⁵ Block 50/52. ⁶ Some Block 40/42. ⁷ Predator equipped with Hellfire has no SAR capability. ⁸Raven B only.

ALLTV - all light level television, ATFLIR - advanced targeting FLIR, CCD - charge-coupled device, EO - electro-

optical, FLIR - forward-looking infrared, GPS - global positioning system, HMCS - helmet mounted cueing system,

HTS - HARM targeting system, IDM - improved data modem, IDT - interflight data transfer (also known as

interflight datalink), IZLID - infrared zoom laser illuminator designator, LIA - laser illuminator assembly, LLLTV -

low-light level television, LST - laser spot tracker, LTD - laser target designator :1.06 micron PRF [pulse repetition

frequency] coded for weapons guidance, LTM - laser target marker :530nm “green beam” or 860nm for visual or

NVG and targeting pods (commonly referred to as an IR pointer or IR marker), NVG - night vision goggles, PLS -

personal locator system, SADL - situational awareness data link, SAR - synthetic aperture radar, TFR - terrain

following radar, TIALD - thermal imaging airborne laser designator, TV - television, WP - white phosphorous

Table 18. Rotary - Wing Capabilities and Communication Equipment

Marking

O her

Freq

Secure

Aircraft

Service

Ordnance

Capability

Systems

Band

Hopping

Capable

7.62 MG, .50 cal MG,

UHF

HQ II

KY-58

NVG, GPS,

2.75” rockets

WP Rockets,

VHF-AM/FM

SINCGARS

UH-1N/Y

USMC

BRITE STAR,

LTM, LTD

STAR SAFIRE

TOW, 2.75” rockets,

Rockets

NVG

UHF

AH-1F¹

Foreign

20mm cannon

VHF-AM/FM

TOW, Hellfire

UHF

HQ II

KY-58

NVG, GPS, NTS

B/K/N/M, 2.75”/5”

Rockets,

VHF-AM/FM

SINCGARS

AH-1W/Z

USMC

(W only), TSS (Z

rockets, 20mm

LTM, LTD²

only)

cannon

UHF

Hellfire, 2.75” rockets,

LTM, LTD³,

FLIR, GPS,

HQ I or II

KY-58

AH-64A

US Army

VHF-FMx2

30mm cannon

Rockets

NVG, DTV/DVO

SINCGARS

KY-58

VHF-AM

LTM, LTD³,

HQ II

KY-58

Hellfire (Laser or RF),

Rockets

FLIR, INS/GPS,

UHF

SINCGARS

KY-58

AH-64D

US Army

2.75” rockets, 30mm

NVG, MMW Rdr,

VHF-FMx2

cannon

DTV/DVO, IDM

VHF-AM

Hellfire, 2.75” rockets,

Laser,

FLIR, TVS, NVG,

VHF-FM

SINCGARS

KY-58

OH-58D

US Army

UHF

.50 cal MG

Rockets

IDM

HQ II

Table 18. Rotary - Wing Capabilities and Communication Equipment

Marking

Other

Frequency

Secure

Aircraft

Service

Ordnance

Capability

Systems

Band

Hopping

Capable

UHF

Yes

KY-58

FLIR, GPS,

UHF-AM/FM

Yes

MH-53J

USAF

7.62 MG, .50 cal MG

None

INS, NVG,

VHF-AM

SINCGARS

KY-100

TFR

Yes

USC-43

SATCOM

(ANDVT)

7.62 MG, .50 cal MG,

Rockets

NVG, GPS,

VHF-FM

SINCGARS

KY-58

Hellfire, TOW, 2.75”

FLIR

UHF

AH-6

US Army

Rockets, 30 mm chain

gun, MK19 40 mm

grenade MG, ATAS

CH-47

US Army

7.62 MG

None

NVG, GPS

VHF-FM

SINCGARS

KY-58

UHF

Notes: ¹The AH-1F is no longer in service in the US Army, but is widely used by other nations.

²The AH-1W can designate codes 1111-1788, but has max effectiveness from 1111-1148.

³The AH-64 can designate codes 1111-2888, but cannot designate codes containing “9.”

ANDVT - advanced narrowband digital voice terminal, ATAS - Air-to-air Stinger, DTV - day television, DVO - direct view optics,

FLIR - forward looking infrared, GPS - global posi ioning system, HQ - Have Quick, IDM - improved data modem, INS - inertial

navigation system, LTD - laser target designator:1.06 micron PRF-coded for weapons guidance, LTM - laser target marker:

530nm “green beam” or 860nm for visual or NVG and targeting pods (commonly referred to as an IR pointer or IR marker), MMW

- millimeter wave, NTS - night targeting system, NVG - night vision goggles, SINCGARS - single-channel ground and airborne

radio system, TSS - target sensing system, TVS - television sensor

Table 19. Targeting Pod Capabilities

Targeting Pod

Sensor

LTD

LST

LTM/IR Pointer

SNIPER

IR/CCD

Yes

LITENING

IR/CCD

Yes

LANTIRN

Yes

Night Hawk

Yes

No¹

STAR SAFIRE

Yes

No²

BRITE STAR

Yes

No²

NTS³

IR, DVO, CCD

Yes

TSS³

IR, DVO, CCD

Yes

MTADS³

Yes

TADS³

Yes

TISS

Yes

Notes: Laser Target Designator (LTD) - 1.06 micron PRF-coded for weapons

guidance. Laser Spot Tracker (LST). Laser Target Marker (LTM) - 530nm

“Green Beam” or 860nm for visual or NVG and targeting pods (commonly

referred to as an IR Pointer or IR Marker.)

¹Aircraft may be carrying a laser spot tracker onboard.

²LTM/IR Pointer carried onboard UH-1 for aircrew pointer capability.

³LTM/IR Pointer is mounted on the gun for AH-64/AH-1 helicopters.

MTADS - multisensor towed array detection system

NTS - night targeting system

TADS - target acquisition and designation system

TISS - thermal imaging sensor system

TSS - target sensing system

Dec 2007 FM 3-09.32/MCRP 3-16.6A/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP(I) 3-2.6

Table 20. Attack Helicopter Weapons Capabilities

Weapon

Maximum Effective Range

(meters)

2.75” Rocket, 10-lb (Mk66/M151)

7,500

2.75” Rocket, 17-lb (Mk66/M229/M146)

7,000

2.75” Rocket, MPSM (Mk66/M261)¹

7,000

2.75” Illumination M257 (overt)

3,500

2.75” Illumination M278 (covert)

3,000

7.62mm mini-gun

1,000

.50 cal machine gun

1,830

20mm cannon (PGU/AH-1W)

1,888 / 2,200

30mm cannon (AH-64A/D)

3,500

TOW (BGM-71)

3,750

Hellfire (AGM-114)

8,000

5” Zuni Rocket (USMC)

7,200

¹Recommended minimum employment range 2,500 meters due to sub-

munition arming and dispersion pattern considerations.

MPSM - multi-purpose submunition

TOW - tube-launched, optically tracked, wire guided

76 FM 3-09.32/MCRP 3-16.6A/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP(I) 3-2.6 Dec 2007

Table 21. Video Downlink - Link / Frequency / Player Reference

Aircraft /

Link Type

Frequency

Player

UAS

ATFLIR

L Analog

1.71 - 1.85 GHz

C_L Analog

(F/A-18*)

Dragon Eye

L Analog

1.71 - 1.85 GHz

C_L Analog

Fire Scout

Ku - CDL

14.4 - 15.35 GHz

Ku Player

Hunter

C Analog

4.4 - 4.85 GHz

C L Analog

Ignat

C Analog

4.4 - 4.85 GHz

C_L Analog

Litening

C Rover or

5.24 - 5.85 GHz or

Rover Player or

Pod*

C_L Analog

C Analog

4.4 - 4.85 GHz

Ku - CDL or

14.4 - 15.35 GHz or

Ku Player or

P-3*

Rover Player

C Rover

5.24 - 5.85 GHz

Pioneer

C Analog

4.4 - 4.85 GHz

C L Analog

Pointer

L Analog

1.71 - 1.85 GHz

C L Analog

C Rover or

5.24 - 5.85 GHz or

Rover Player or

Predator

C_L Analog

C Analog

4.4 - 4.85 GHz

Raven

L Analog

1.71 - 1.85 GHz

C_L Analog

Scan Eagle

S Band

2.0 - 4.0 GHz

Rover Player

Scathe

C Rover

5.24 - 5.85 GHz

Rover Player

View

Shadow

C Analog

4.4 - 4.85 GHz

C L Analog

Sniper Pod*

C Analog

4.4 - 4.85 GHz

C_L Analog

Swift

L Analog

1.71 - 1.85 GHz

C L Analog

Tern

L Analog

1.71 - 1.85 GHz

C L Analog

Wasp

L Analog

1.71 - 1.85 GHz

C_L Analog

* Not all aircraft with these pods have downlink capability.

ATFLIR - advanced targeting forward-looking infrared

Dec 2007 FM 3-09.32/MCRP 3-16.6A/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP(I) 3-2.6

Table 22. Joint Terminal Attack Controller / Observer Communication

Equipment

Frequency

Secure

Service

Band¹

Hopping

Capable

US Army Fire

VHF-FM

SINCGARS

ICOM

Support Team

Combat

VHF-FM

SINCGARS

ICOM

Observation and

UHF-SATCOM

Lasing Team

(COLT)

USAF/USMC

SATCOM

HQ II

ANDVT

TACP

SINCGARS

KY-57 VINSON

UHF-AM/FM

HPW (DATA)

SOF Special

VHF-AM/FM

KG-84 (DATA)

Tactics Team

(HI/LO²)

TLDHS (USMC)

ROVER

¹ Frequency bands for ground radios are as follows:

HF = 1.6 to 29.999 MHz

VHF-FM = 29.950 to 87.995 MHz

VHF-AM = 116.000 to 149.975 MHz

UHF = 225.000 to 512.000 MHz

² PRC-150 VHF FM (LO band) 30 to 59.999 MHz

ANDVT - advanced narrowband digital voice terminal

HPW - high power waveform

HQ II - Have Quick II

ICOM - integrated communications security

ROVER - remotely operated video enhanced receiver

SINCGARS - single-channel ground and airborne radio system

SATCOM - satellite communications

TLDHS - target location designation handoff system

Note: To request CAS, use the Tactical Air Request-Helicopter Request

Net / Joint Air Request Net. Conduct control of CAS aircraft on TAD net.

78 FM 3-09.32/MCRP 3-16.6A/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP(I) 3-2.6 Dec 2007

Table 23. Control Node Communications Equipment

Agency

Frequency Band¹

Freq Hopping

Sec Capable

SINCGARS

KY-57

HF/VHF,

AM/FM/UHF

HQ II

KY-99

ASOC

Multiband

(USAF)

SATCOM, JTIDS

Microwave

UHF-AM

HQ II

KY-58

DASC(A)

VHF-AM/FM

SINCGARS²

KY-58

KC-130

KY-99

(USMC)

UHF SATCOM

KY-58

VIASAT

UHF/VHF-AM

HQ II

KY-58

DASC

SINCGARS

KY-99

(USMC)

SATCOM

VHF-AM/FM

KY-58

UHF-AM

HQ II

KY-58

JSTARS³

UHF SATCOM

KYV-5

JTIDS, Link-16

(ANDVT)

IDM, SCDL, HF

VHF-AM/FM

E-3

UHF-AM

HQ II

KY-58

AWACS

UHF SATCOM

KY-58

KY-75/KYV-5

VHF/UHF-AM/FM

HQ II, JTIDS

KY-57/58

E-2C

HF, SATCOM

JTIDS

(NAVY)

JTIDS / LINK-16

¹ Frequency bands for ground radios are as follows:

HF = 2.000 to 29.999 MHz in 1kHz increments

VHF-FM = 29.950 to 79.950 MHz in 50 kHz increments

VHF-AM = 116.000 to 149.975 MHz in 25 kHz increments

UHF = 225.000 to 399.975 MHz in 25 kHz increments

² No frequency hopping capability

³ JSTARS frequencies

HF = 2.000 to 29.999 MHz in 1kHz increments

VHF-FM = 30.000 to 87.975 MHz in 25 kHz increments

VHF-AM = 108.000 to 115.975 MHz in 25 kHz increments (Receive Only)

VHF-AM = 116.000 to 151.975 MHz in 25 kHz increments (Transmit / Receive)

UHF = 225.000 to 399 975 MHz in 25 kHz increments

ASOC - air support operations center, AWACS - Airborne Warning and Control System,

DASC - direct air support center, HQ - Have Quick, IDM - improved data modem,

JSTARS - Joint Surveillance Target Attack Radar System, JTIDS - Joint Tactical

Information Distribution System, SATCOM - satellite communications, SCDL -

surveillance control data link, SINCGARS - single-channel ground and airborne radio

system

Dec 2007 FM 3-09.32/MCRP 3-16.6A/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP(I) 3-2.6

Table 24. US Air Force / Army Communications Nets

Net

Purpose

Net

Stations on Net

Freq

Control

Band

BCT /

CFF, Clear

BCT /

FSCOORD, MVR BN

BDE Fire

fires

BDE

FSO, FSC BDE FSO &

Support

FSC

FSE COLTS

MVR BN

CFF from

MVR

MVR BN FSE, MVR BN

fire

non-FA

FSO, FOs, MVR BN

support

observers

FSE

mortar FDC, FIST HQ,

any FDC, FSO, or

COLTs as req’d, MVR

BDE FSCOORD

MVR BN

Tactical and

MVR

MVR BN FSE/FSO,

mortar

technical fire

MVR CO FOs, MVR BN

FDC

direction and

mortar

mortar FDC, FIST HQ,

CFF to the

FDC

COLT(s), any FSO or

mortar FDC

observer as required

BCT Fires

Tactical and

BCT

BCT Fires BN FDC / DS

BN/DS

technical fire

Fires

BN FDC, PLT FDCs,

fire

direction and

BN/DS

FIST HQ, FOs, AN/TPQ-

direction

CFF to FA

36 radar, COLT(s), BN

BN, battery

FDC

FSE / FSO, MVR BDE

or platoon

FSE / FSO, FA battery

FDCs

FDCs, FA PLT FDCs

Joint Air

JTAC

ASOC

TACP, ASOC, ALO

Request

request

Net

immediate

SATCOM

air support

NGF

Fire control

CO, BN FSE, BDE FSC,

ground

teams

FSE

DIV FSC, DS ship,

HF (pri)

spot

request and

general support ship as

VHF (alt)

adjust NGF

req’d

ALO - air liaison officer, ASOC - air support operations center, BCT - brigade

combat team, BDE - brigade, BN - battalion, CFF - call for fire, CO -

Company, COLT - combat observation and lasing team, DIV - division, DS -

direct support, FA - field artillery, FDC - fire direction center, FIST - fire

support team, FO - forward observers, FSC - fire support cell, FSCOORD -

fire support coordinator, FSE - fire support element, FSO - fire support

officer, JTAC - joint terminal attack controller, MVR - maneuver, NGF - naval

gunfire, PLT - platoon, TACP - tactical air control party.

80 FM 3-09.32/MCRP 3-16.6A/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP(I) 3-2.6 Dec 2007

Appendix B:Brevity

1. Marking Brevity Terms

a. BLIND - No visual contact of friendly aircraft/ground position. Opposite of

VISUAL.

b. BURN - EO / IR illuminator is being used to provide illumination of surface

points of interest.

(target/object) CAPTURED - Specific surface target / object has been

acquired and is being tracked with an on-board sensor.

d. CONTACT - 1) Sensor contact at the stated position. 2) Acknowledges

sighting of a specified reference point (either visually or via sensor).

Individual radar return within a GROUP or ARM.

e. NO JOY - Aircrew does not have visual contact with the target / bandit /

landmark. Opposite of TALLY.

f. PULSE - Illuminate / illuminating an enemy position with flashing IR energy.

g. ROPE - Circling an IR pointer around an aircraft to help the aircraft identify

the friendly ground position.

h. SNAKE - Oscillate an IR pointer about a target.

i. SPARKLE - 1) Mark/marking target by IR pointer. 2) Platform is IR point

capable.

j. STEADY - Stop oscillation of IR pointer.

k. STOP - Stop IR illumination of a target.

l. TALLY - Sighting of a target, non-friendly aircraft, landmark, or enemy

position. Opposite of NO JOY.

m. VISUAL - Sighting of a friendly aircraft/ground position. Opposite of BLIND.

2. Laser Brevity Terms

a. DEADEYE - Laser designator system inoperative.

b. LASER ON - Start / acknowledge laser designation.

c. LASING - The speaker is firing the laser.

d. NEGATIVE LASER - Aircraft has not acquired laser energy.

e. SHIFT (direction) - Shift laser / IR / radar device energy.

1) Can be used to

shift from the offset position onto the target.

2) Also used during multi-

aircraft attack to shift laser energy to the next target.

f. SPOT - 1) Acquisition of laser designation. 2) Platform is laser spot tracker

capable.

g. STARE (with laser code and reference point) - Cue the laser spot search /

tracker function on the specified laser code in relation to the specific

reference point. Reference point may include the following: steerpoint,

GEOREF, bearing, and range or datalink point.

h. TEN SECONDS - Standby for “LASER ON” call in approximately 10

seconds.

i. TERMINATE - Stop laser illumination of a target.

3. Video Downlink Brevity Terms

a. CHECK CAPTURE - Target appears to be no longer tracked by sensor.

b. CHECK FOCUS - Sensor image appears to be out of focus.

c. HANDSHAKE - Full motion video signal and data operative to ROVER.

d. HOLLOW - Lost full motion video signal and/or data to ROVER.

Dec 2007 FM 3-09.32/MCRP 3-16.6A/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP(I) 3-2.6

e. (expect) HOLLOW - A condition will l kely exist that limits ROVER reception

(maneuvers, terrain, etc.).

f. SET - No longer slewing sensor and awaiting further updates.

g. SHADOW - Follow indicated target.

h. STAKE - 1) Reference point for air-to-surface (A/S) targeting operations. 2)

A full motion video system mark has been set and is used as a frame of

reference.

i. SWITCH CAMERA - Switch full motion video to EO or IR.

j. SWITCH POLARITY - Switch IR polarity to black hot or white hot.

k. ZOOM (IN / OUT) - Increase / decrease the sensor’s focal length. ZOOM

IN / OUT is normally followed by “ONE, TWO, THREE, or FOUR”: to

indicate the number of fields of view (FOVs) to change. (Note: It is

recommended only one change in or out at a time be used for the FOV.)

4. Other Brevity Terms

a. ARIZONA - No antiradiation missiles remaining.

b. (weapon) AWAY - Release / launch of specified weapon (e.g., PIGS

AWAY, LONG RIFLE AWAY, etc.) Note: Include launch location in bullseye

format and weapon track direction for PIGS and LONG RIFLE.

c. BINGO - Fuel state needed for recovery.

d. CHATTERMARK - Begin using briefed radio procedures to counter

communications jamming.

e. HOLD FIRE - An emergency fire control order to stop firing on a designated

target, to include destruction of any missiles in-flight.

f. JOKER - Fuel state above BINGO at which separation / bugout / event

termination should begin.

g. LONG RIFLE - Friendly long range A/S missile launch (e.g., AGM-130,

stand-off land attack missile-expanded range [SLAM-ER]). See (weapon)

AWAY.

h. MAGNUM (system / location) - Launch of friendly antiradiation missile.

i. OFFSET (direction) - Maneuver in a specified direction with reference to a

target.

j. PIG(S) - Friendly glide weapon(s) (e.g., joint stand-off weapon [JSOW]).

See (weapon) AWAY.

k. PLAYTIME - Amount of time aircraft can remain on station, given in hours

plus minutes (e.g., ONE PLUS THIRTY equals one hour and thirty minutes).

(freq) POGO (freq) - Switch to communication channel number preceding

POGO. If unable to establish communications, switch to channel number

following POGO. If no channel number follows POGO, return to this

channel.

m. REMINGTON - No ordnance remaining except gun or self-protect

ammunition.

n. RIFLE - Friendly A/S missile launch.

o. SPLASH - 1) (A/S) Weapons impact. 2) (surface-to-surface) Informative call

to observer or spotter five seconds prior to estimated time of impact. 3) (air-

to-air [A/A]) Target destroyed.

p. SUNSHINE - Illuminating target with artificial illumination.

q. THUNDER - One minute until A/S weapons impact.

r. WINCHESTER - No ordnance remaining.

82 FM 3-09.32/MCRP 3-16.6A/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP(I) 3-2.6 Dec 2007

Appendix C:Laser Operations

1. Joint Terminal Attack Controller Laser Responsibilities

a. Avoid the 20-degree safety zone whose apex is at the target and extends

10-degrees on either side of the LTL for aircraft run-ins. (See figures 16

and 17, p.85.)

b. The best acquisition area for attack is a 90-degree fan whose apex is at the

target and extends to 45-degrees on either side of the LTL. The allowable

acquisition area extends an additional 15-degrees on either side of the best

acquisition area, excluding the safety zone.

c. Prebrief pilot if possible.

d. Plan early. Get the laser target designator (LTD) ready for the mission.

e. Ensure laser code in LTD matches the code that the pilot passed.

f. Ensure LTD in designate/mark mode.

g. Explain ordnance and aircraft characteristics.

h. Explain minimum safe distances of ordnance used. (Risk-estimate

distances for aircraft-delivered ordnance are found in tables 33 (p.107) and

34 (p.110).)

i. Immediately prior to execution, confirm actual LTL is no more than 5-

degrees off briefed LTL.

j. Ensure communications are in place - the simpler the better.

k. Update friendly locations and determine if they are a factor.

2. Laser Communications Examples

a. Example 1

Fixed-wing CAS aircraft, laser-guided bomb (LGB) attack from a level-delivery at

high altitude. Assumptions: Type 2 control, CAS aircraft has already acquired

the target, JTAC passed laser target line and final attack heading in the remarks

section of the attack brief, and JTAC is guiding the LGB with a ground-based

laser. Communication starts from the target attack run-in:

A/C: “Viper 11, inbound.”

JTAC: “Continue.”

A/C: “Viper 11, IN heading 180.”

JTAC: “Viper 11, cleared hot.”

A/C: “Viper 11, one away 30 seconds (time of fall).”

A/C: “10 seconds”

JTAC: “Continue.”

A/C: “Viper 11, Laser ON.”

JTAC: “Lasing.”

Weapon impact observed.

A/C: “Terminate.”

Dec 2007 FM 3-09.32/MCRP 3-16.6A/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP(I) 3-2.6

b. Example 2

Fixed-wing CAS aircraft LGB attack from a bunt or roll-in profile. Assumptions:

Type 1 control, CAS aircraft is tally the target and can bunt / roll-in visually, JTAC

passed laser target line and final attack heading in the remarks section of the

attack brief. The JTAC is using a ground-based laser designator for the mark

and will guide the LGB to impact. Communication starts prior to bunt / roll-in:

A/C: “Viper 11, tally target.”

JTAC: “Continue.”

CAS aircraft approaching roll-in.

A/C: “Viper 11, 10 seconds.”

JTAC: “Continue.”

A/C: “Viper 11, IN, LASER ON.”

JTAC: “LASING.”

A/C: “Viper 11, SPOT.”

Once JTAC has visually acquired the A/C and visually acquired the target:

JTAC: “Viper 11, Cleared HOT.”

A/C: “Viper 11, one away 15 seconds (time of fall.)”

Weapons impact observed.

A/C: “Viper 11, Terminate.”

3. Laser Designation Zones

Warning: LTM / IR pointers or laser sources should not be used as the

sole source for target mark / verification. Attack aircraft may confuse

IR pointer or laser energy source with the intended target. When using

IR pointers or lasers to mark, include “IR POINTER” or “LASER” in the

marks portion (Line 7) of the CAS briefing. JTACs should also provide

the Pointer-Target-Line or Laser-Target-Line, also known as the

Designator-Target-Line, in degrees magnetic from the operator to the

target. JTACs should consider the use of a discriminate target mark

whenever possible.

Warning: CAS aircraft must use all tools available to confirm that the

location of the intended target agrees with previously briefed

descriptions.

84 FM 3-09.32/MCRP 3-16.6A/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP(I) 3-2.6 Dec 2007

4. Hellfire Designator Exclusion Zone

a. Within 30-degrees of the shooter aircraft’s line of fire (in the designator

exclusion zone), there is a possibility that the missile may track and impact an

obstruction (e.g., trees, grass, or hills) near the designator operator if it is

accidentally illuminated by the laser beam.

b. The designator shall have a clear, unobstructed line of sight to the target. Take

care to ensure designator line of sight is unobstructed across the entire path of a

moving target during the time of missile flight to impact.

c. Airborne designators must ensure that they are either over ground conditions

which do not create dust or are at altitudes where rotor downwash does not

create dust.

Figure 18. Hellfire Designator Exclusion Zone

86 FM 3-09.32/MCRP 3-16.6A/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP(I) 3-2.6 Dec 2007

Appendix D:Fire Support Coordination Measures and Airspace

Coordinating Measures

Note: For detailed descriptions of fire support coordination measures

(FSCMs) and airspace coordinating measures (ACMs), see JP 3-09,

Joint Fire Support, and JP 3-52, Joint Doctrine for Airspace Control in

the Combat Zone.

1. Permissive and Restrictive Fire Support Coordination Measures

Commanders employ permissive and restrictive FSCMs. With the exception of

the fire support coordination line (FSCL), permissive measures normally require

no further detailed coordination for the engagement of targets with conventional

means. Coordination of attacks beyond the FSCL is especially critical to

commanders of air, land, and special operations forces. In exceptional

circumstances, the inability to conduct this coordination will not preclude the

attack of targets beyond the FSCL. However, failure to do so may increase the

risk of fratricide and could waste limited resources. Restrictive measures impose

requirements for specific coordination before engagement of targets with the

primary purpose of safeguarding an asset.

a. Free Fire Area (FFA). A specific area into which any weapon system may fire

without additional coordination with the establishing headquarters. It is used to

expedite joint fires and to facilitate emergency jettison of aircraft munitions.

b. Coordinated Fire Line (CFL). A line beyond which conventional indirect

surface joint fire support means may fire at any time within the boundaries of the

establishing headquarters without additional coordination. The purpose of the

CFL is to expedite the surface-to-surface engagement of targets beyond the CFL

without coordination with the ground commander in whose area the targets are

located.

c. Restrictive Fire Line (RFL). A line established between converging friendly

forces that proh bits joint fires or their effects across that line without coordination

with the affected force. The purpose of the line is to prevent fratricide and

duplication of engagements by converging friendly forces.

d. No-fire Area (NFA). An NFA is an area designated by the appropriate

commander into which fires or their effects are prohibited. There are two

exceptions:

(1) When the establishing HQ approves joint fires within the NFA on a mission by

mission basis.

(2) When an enemy force within the NFA engages a friendly force and the

engaged commander determines there is a requirement for immediate protection

and responds with the minimal force needed to defend the force.

e. Restrictive Fire Area (RFA). An area in which specific restrictions are imposed

into which fires that exceed those restrictions will not be delivered without

coordination with the establishing headquarters. The purpose of the RFA is to

regulate joint fires into an area according to the stated restrictions.

Dec 2007 FM 3-09.32/MCRP 3-16.6A/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP(I) 3-2.6

f. Airspace Coordination Area (ACA). A three-dimensional block of airspace in a

target area, established by the appropriate ground commander, in which friendly

aircraft are reasonably safe from friendly surface fires. The airspace coordination

area may be formal or informal.

2. Maneuver Control Measures

Unit Boundaries. A boundary is a line that delineates surface areas for the

purpose of facilitating coordination and deconfliction of operations between

adjacent units, formations, or areas (JP 3-0, Joint Operations). Direct fires may

be employed across boundaries without clearance at specific point targets that

are clearly and positively identified as enemy. Indirect fires may not be employed

across boundaries without receiving clearance from the unit into whose AO the

fires will impact.

3. Battlefield Coordination Line

a. The BCL is an exclusive Marine Corps FSCM, similar to a FSCL, which

facilitates the expeditious attack of targets with surface indirect fires and aviation

fires between this measure and the FSCL. To facilitate air-delivered fires and

deconflict air and surface fires, an ACA will always overlie the area between the

BCL and the FSCL.

b. BCL location is graphically portrayed on fire support maps, charts, and

overlays by a solid black line with the letters “BCL” followed by the establishing

headquarters in parentheses above the line and effective date-time group below

the line. BCL is not currently supported by automated systems for depiction.

88 FM 3-09.32/MCRP 3-16.6A/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP(I) 3-2.6 Dec 2007

Table 25. Permissive Measures

Coordination Required for Fires?

Establishing

Short of / within measure

Beyond measure

Name

Notes

Headquarters (HQ)

Surface to

Air to

Surface to

Air to

Surface

A specific area into

Normally DIV or

which any weapon

HHQ. However,

system may fire w/o

it can be established

additional

FFA

N/A

by any Commander

coordination with

who owns the ground

establishing HQ.

such as BDE.

Normally on

identifiable terrain.

Normally established

Yes

Purpose is to

by BDE or DIV - can

IAW other

expedite surface to

CFL

Yes

be consolidated by

control

surface attack

DIV.

measures

beyond CFL.

Yes

BCL

MAGTF

CFL

Only if

Note 1.

HHQ

Dependent

IAW ACA

Table 25. Permissive Measures

Coordination Required for Fires?

Establishing

Short of / within measure

Beyond measure

Name

Notes

Headquarters (HQ)

Surface to

Air to

Surface to

Air to

Surface

Land or Amphibious

No, CFL

Yes

FSCL

Does not divide AO

Forces Commander

Dependent

Establish HQ

HHQ

¹Aviation may str ke any target within the USMC AO beyond the BCL and short of the FSCL without further

coordination, including targets in an adjacent Marine commander’s zone between the BCL and FSCL. Before

firing, the ground commander should coordinate with the DASC if surface-delivered fires will violate ACAs

associated with the BCL.

AO - area of operations, BDE - brigade, DIV - division, HHQ - higher headquarters, MAGTF - Marine air-to-

ground task force.

Table 26. Restrictive Measures

Coordination Required for Fires?

Establishing

Name

Headquarters

Short of / Within Measure

Beyond Measure

Notes

(HQ)

Surface to

Air to

Surface to

Air to

Surface

Established between con-

RFL

HHQ of

Yes;

verging forces. Prevents

converging

N/A

affected

fratricide and duplication of

forces

force

attacks. Located on

identifiable terrain if possible.

Prohibits all fires or effects into the area with the

NFA

Any HQ

Located on identifiable terrain

following exceptions:

or by radius from established

- Establishing HQ approves fires or effects on a

point.

mission-by-mission basis.

- Enemy forces inside NFA engage friendly forces

and engaged commander requests fires.

Specifies certain restrictions on fires into the area

Located on identifiable terrain

BN HQ or

RFA

- Fires which violate restriction prohibited

or by radius from established

higher

- Fires which do not violate restriction allowed

point.

Airspace

Defined by min/max altitude,

ACA

Control

length, width, and effective

Formal

Authority

date time group.

Yes

N/A

Air and surface fires

ACA

Any HQ

separated by lateral, altitude,

Informal

lateral and altitude, or time.

4. Integration Techniques

There are numerous separation techniques used by JTACs in the field. There is

no one preferred technique, but JTACs should always plan on the one that allows

for the most firepower on the target. If at all possible, never shut off artillery

when flying CAS or vice versa. In many cases providing the artillery information

to the aircrew and allowing the aircrew to determine a lateral or altitude

deconfliction measure is most effective. The same logic can be applied to

deconflict UAs and manned aircraft.

Table 27. Integration Techniques

CAS target same

CAS target

CAS target distant

Parameters

as or near surface

along gun-

from surface target

target

target line

Time /

High / Medium

Time / Altitude

Time / Altitude /

Altitude

Altitude Attack

Separation

Lateral Separation

Separation

Time /

Low / Very Low

Time / Altitude or

Time Separation

Altitude

Altitude Attack

Lateral Separation

Separation

Figure 19. Artillery Close Air Support Lateral Separation

92 FM 3-09.32/MCRP 3-16.6A/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP(I) 3-2.6 Dec 2007

Figure 20. Artillery Close Air Support Altitude Separation

5. Common Geographic Reference System and Global Area Reference

System

Both the CGRS and GARS are administrative measures used to clearly define

two-dimensional geographical areas for battlespace coordination, deconfliction,

and synchronization. The CGRS / GARS defined cells themselves are not

FSCMs, ACMs, or maneuver control measures, but simply a common reference

system that complements joint fire support and / or airspace control systems and

measures. However, these systems may be used to define lateral ACM and

FSCM boundaries. See theater-specific standard operating procedures for using

CGRS. GARS has been established as the Department of Defense-approved

reference system. Until it is fully implemented by all Services and in all theaters,

CGRS might still be referenced.

NOTE: The CGRS or GARS should not be confused with kill box

methodology. For kill box operations, refer to FM 3-09.34 / MCRP 3-

25H / NTTP 3-09.2.1 / AFTTP(I) 3-2.59 Multi-Service Tactics,

Techniques, and Procedures for Kill Box Employment and theater-

specific SOP.

Dec 2007 FM 3-09.32/MCRP 3-16.6A/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP(I) 3-2.6

Appendix E:Aircraft-delivered Munitions Descriptions

1. General Purpose Munitions

a. All general purpose (GP) munitions are similar in construction and vary only

in size and weight with a streamlined cylindrical body. Conical fins are

designed for low drag (LD) releases. Retarding fins / air inflatable retarder

(AIR) are designed for high drag (HD) releases.

b. 500-pound LD / HD

(1) Mk-82: Selectable HD / LD when fit with AIR or retarding fins.

- Effects: blast, fragmentation, and limited cratering.

(2) BLU-111: Improved, thermally protected GP bomb.

- Effects: blast, fragmentation, and limited cratering.

(3) BLU-126 - 500 lb thermally protected low collateral damage bomb

(LCDB) (20% explosive fill BLU-111)

- Effects: blast and limited fragmentation.

1000-pound LD / HD

(1) Mk-83: Selectable HD / LD when fit with AIR or retarding fins.

- Effects: blast, fragmentation, and cratering.

(2) BLU-110/B: Improved, thermally protected GP bomb.

- Effects: cratering and hard target penetration.

d. 2000-pound LD / HD

(1) Mk-84: Selectable HD / LD when fit with AIR or retarding fins.

- Effects: blast, fragmentation, and cratering.

(2) BLU-109/B: Penetrator, improved protected GP bomb.

- Effects: cratering and hard target penetration.

(3) BLU-117: Improved, thermally protected GP bomb.

- Effects: blast, fragmentation, and cratering.

e. Other weights:

(1) BLU-113 Penetrator bomb: 4,400-pound improved GP bomb.

- Effects: cratering and hard target penetration.

(2) M-117: 750-pound GP bomb with very thin bomb casing.

- Effects: more blast and less fragmentation than other GP bombs.

(3) M-117R: Selectable HD / LD by means of retarding tail assembly.

2. Guided Bombs

a. IAMs are accurate (near precision), all weather, INS / GPS-guided bombs

for use against stationary targets. Multiple IAMs can be dropped on

different targets in a single pass. Effects: blast / fragmentation or cratering

with a delayed fuze (Mk-83/84 bomb body) or hard target penetrator with

(BLU-109/110 bomb body).

(1) GBU-38 JDAM w/ Mk-82 bomb body

(2) GBU-38 (v)4/B JDAM w/BLU-126 bomb body (USN)

(3) GBU-32 (v)2/B JDAM w/ Mk-83 bomb body (USN / USAF)

(4) GBU-32 (v)4/B JDAM w/ BLU-110 bomb body (USN)

(5) GBU-31 (v)1/B (USAF) or (v)2/B (USN) JDAM w/ Mk-84 bomb body

(6) GBU-31 (v)3/B (USAF) or (v)4/B (USN) JDAM w/ BLU-109 bomb body

(7) GBU-39 / Small Diameter Bomb (SDB). An accurate, extended range

all-weather, 250-pound class, GPS guided munition. It is effective

Dec 2007 FM 3-09.32/MCRP 3-16.6A/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP(I) 3-2.6

against fixed or stationary targets and has limited penetration

capabilities. Multiple weapons can be dropped on different targets in a

single pass. As a standoff weapon, the SDB may climb in altitude after

release to assume its glide profile. The weapon’s flight path may

present deconfliction problems depending on the ACAs in place.

- Effects: blast / fragmentation or penetration.

b. Paveway II - Laser-guided, free-fall weapon. Laser codes are pre-flight

selectable (code 1511-1788). These weapons can be fuzed for

instantaneous (fragmentation) or delayed (cratering) detonation.

(1) GBU-12 uses an Mk-82 bomb body.

(2) GBU-16 uses an Mk-83 or BLU-110 bomb body.

(3) GBU-10 uses an Mk-84 or BLU-109 bomb body.

(4) GBU-15/EGBU-15 - TV- or IR-guided, automatically or manually by the

weapon system operator (WSO). Mk-84 or BLU-109 body. Effects:

same as Mk-84/BLU-109. The hybrid EGBU-15 incorporates GPS / INS

guidance providing precision adverse weather capability for autonomous

or man-in-the-loop deliveries.

(5) GBU-51/B - Laser-guided, free-fall GBU-12 kit with a BLU-126 LCDB

body.

c. Paveway III - Low-level, laser-guided, maneuverable free-fall weapon.

Uses Mk-84 (GBU-24), BLU-109 (GBU-24A) or BLU-116 advanced unitary

penetrator (AUP) bomb bodies. AUP is a 2,000-lb class penetrator bomb

with twice the penetration capability of the BLU-109. Used only in GBU-

24C/B (USAF) and GBU-24D/B (USN).

- Effects: cratering and hard target penetration. GBU-24E/B adds GPS /

INS guidance to allow adverse weather capability with BLU-109 bomb

body. Can be released from very low or very high altitudes. Can be

released below a low overcast (3,000-4,500’ AGL) if the correct mode

switches have been set prior to takeoff. Can be launched without laser

signal acquisition. Effects: same as Mk-84.

d. Hybrid weapons - Guided by laser and / or GPS-aided INS.

(1) GBU-12F/B Dual-mode LGB (DMLGB) - 500-lb bomb with LASER and

IAM capability.

(2) GBU-28 (GBU-37) - Laser-guided (GPS) BLU-113. 4,700- b weapon

used for hard target penetration.

(3) GBU-52/B DMLGB - similar to GBU-12F/B but with BLU-126 LCDB

body.

(4) GBU-54 Laser JDAM (LJDAM) - a multi-mode 500-lb weapon that

includes guidance via GPS with coordinate refinement through laser

updates. It uses a GBU-38 tail kit with the addition of a laser kit attached

to the nose and can be used in legacy mode as GPS only with no

degradation in capability. LJDAM is capable of hitting high speed

moving targets. Target heading and velocity can be programmed into

the weapon to generate an impact point in front of the target. At 4.5 km,

if laser energy is present, the LJDAM will calculate new coordinates

based on the movement of the laser. The weapon will then guide to the

updated lead point. LJDAM is a coordinate seeking weapon and does

not guide on laser energy like an Enhanced PWII. It continuously

96 FM 3-09.32/MCRP 3-16.6A/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP(I) 3-2.6 Dec 2007

calculates new coordinates based on the laser spot. Therefore, if the

weapon loses laser energy it will guide on the last known coordinates.

3. Guided Missiles

a. AGM-65 (Maverick) - Tactical, air-to-surface guided missile designed for

high probability of strike against tanks and a variety of tactical targets,

including moving vehicles. Maverick seeker is locked on to the target prior

to release and guides autonomously (except AGM-65E), providing standoff

ranges of up to 10 nm.

(1) Guidance: TV (A,B,H,K); IR (D,F,G2); Laser (E).

(2) Warheads: 125 lbs. shaped charge jet and blast (A,B,D,H) or 300-lbs.

penetrator / blast-fragmentation (E, F, G2, K).

b. AGM-84E Stand-Off Land Attack Missile (SLAM)-AGM-84H (SLAM-

Expanded Range [ER]) - An intermediate range (over 150 nm for SLAM-

ER) missile designed to provide day, night, and adverse weather precision

strike capability against land targets and ships in port. The SLAM uses an

inertial navigation system with GPS, infrared terminal guidance, and is fitted

with a titanium warhead for better penetration.

c. AGM-88 High-speed Antiradiation Missile (HARM). A supersonic air-to-

surface tactical missile designed to seek and destroy radar-equipped air

defense systems. The AGM-88 can detect, attack, and destroy a target with

minimum aircrew input. (Range > 40 nm).

d. AGM-114 (Hellfire) - Solid propellant laser or radar frequency guided anti-

armor missile. Can also be used against buildings and field fortifications.

Hellfire variants include shaped charge, blast fragmentation, and metal

augmented charge warheads. Max effective range: 8,000 meters. Min

range is based on employment technique, but 500 meters should be used

as a guide. Radar frequency Hellfire (Longbow) is all weather capable.

(1) A/B/C/F/K - Shaped Charge Warhead - Designed for use against

armored vehicles.

(2) L - Shaped Charge Warhead - Radar guided compatible with Apache

Longbow.

(3) M - Blast-Fragmentation Warhead - Designed for personnel and thin-

skinned vehicles.

(4) N - Thermobaric Warhead - Designed to kill by overpressure in confined

spaces.

(5) P - Shaped Charge Warhead - AGM-114K designed for use on MQ-1

and MQ-9.

e. AGM-130 - Rocket-powered version of GBU-15. Standoff range between

15 and 40 nm. Midcourse guidance version uses GPS for guidance (WSO

is still able to steer the weapon during terminal guidance for pinpoint

accuracy).

f. AGM-154 JSOW. A low-observable, all weather 1,000- b class family of

stand off air-to-ground glide weapons. Modular payload assembly to attack

armored and light-armored vehicle columns, surface-to-air targets, and

personnel.

(1) Guidance: AGM-154A & B-INS/GPS

AGM-154C (Navy only) INS / GPS w/ IR Seeker.

Dec 2007 FM 3-09.32/MCRP 3-16.6A/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP(I) 3-2.6

(2) Warheads: AGM-154A = 145 BLU-97 bomblets

AGM-154B = 6 BLU-108s (24 skeets)

AGM-154C = BLU-111 or BROACH

(3) Range: 15nm at low altitude, >40nm at high altitude.

g. AGM-158A Joint air-to-surface stand-off missile (JASSM). A precision

cruise missile designed for launch from outside area defenses to kill hard,

medium-hardened, soft, and area type targets. Guidance: Imaging, Infrared

Radar. 2,000-lb Unitary Warhead.

h. BGM-71 Tube-launched, Optically tracked, Wire-guided (TOW) Missile.

Solid propellant, wire-guided, anti-armor missile. Range: min. 500 m; max

3750 m; max time of flight: 21.5 sec.

4. Guns

7.62 Mini-Gun - Up to 6,000 rounds / min. target practice (TP), armor

piercing (AP), tracer.

b. 50 Cal - 1,150 to 1,250 rounds / min. TP, AP, armor piercing incendiary

(API), and tracer.

20mm - 750 to 850 rounds/min. AP, HE, and incendiary.

d. 20mm Gatling - 2,500-6,000 rounds / min. TP, high explosive incendiary

(HEI), API, target practice tracer (TPT), HEIT, PELE [penetrator with

enhanced lateral efficiency].

e. 25mm Gatling (GAU-12) - 3,600-4,200 rounds / min (AV-8B) or 1,800

rounds / min (AC-130) TP, HEI, API, TPI, or HEIT.

30mm (M230 cannon AH-64) - TP, high explosive dual purpose (HEDP)

(Shaped charge and fragmentation.) Target types: personnel, material, and

light armor.

g. 30mm Gatling (GAU-8) - 3,900 rounds / min. 1.5-lb projectile TP, HEI, API

on A-10 (can fire 1,174 rounds in 10, 2-second bursts).

h. 30mm (M44 on AC-130) - 200 rounds / min, PGU-13/B HEI.

40mm (AC-130) - 100 rounds / min. HEI, API, high explosive incendiary-

plugged (HEI-P). Target types: personnel undercover and all light vehicles.

Fired from 4,500 ft AGL min altitude to 18,000 ft AGL max altitude.

105mm (AC-130) - 10 rounds / min. HE and HE/High Fragmentation,

Proximity. Target types: personnel, light vehicles, buildings. Fired from

4,500 ft AGL min altitude to 18,000 ft AGL max altitude.

5. Rockets

a. 2.75” Rocket Warheads

(1) Mk Mk-67 mod 1—Smoke Red Phosphorous (RP).

(2) Mk-67 mod 0—Smoke White Phosphorous (WP).

(3) M-151—(10-lb. HE). Fuses: point detonating (PD), proximity (P), time

delay (TD); primary fragmentation against personnel, material, and light

armor.

(4) M-156—WP. Used for target marking.

(5) M-229—(17-lb HE). Same as M-151.

(6) M-257— Overt illumination.

(7) M-261— Multi-purpose submunition (MPSM), Fuse TD; 9 shape charge /

fragmentation submunitions; AP, anti-material, and light armor.

98 FM 3-09.32/MCRP 3-16.6A/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP(I) 3-2.6 Dec 2007

(8) M-278 - Delivers covert (Near IR / NVG) illumination.

(9) M-255E1—Flechette for antipersonnel.

(10) WDU-4A/A—Flechette for antipersonnel (USMC).

(11) WTU-1/B—TP. A practice M-151.

b. 5.00” Rocket Warheads.

(1) Mk-63 mod 0—Fuzes: PD, P, TD; HE-fragmentation; AP, anti-material.

(2) Mk-24 GP—Fuses: PD, P, TD; fragmentation, AP, anti-material, and light

armor.

(3) Mk 32 Antitank (AT)/AP—Fuses: PD, P, TD; for use against personnel.

(4) Mk 34 Mod2 RP—Fuses: PD, P, TD; smoke.

(5) MK 84—Chaff rocket for use against radar threats

(6) Mk 6/24/32 and WTU-11/B practice rounds - Inert practice variants.

6. Cluster Munitions

a. Mk-20 and CBU-99/100 cluster munitions (USN) - Excellent weapon

against armor, personnel, artillery, etc. Dispenses 247 Mk 118 mod 0/1

bomblets in an oval pattern. Bomblet density and pattern size vary with

release parameters.

b. CBU-78 GATOR (USN) - Rockeye dispenser loaded with 60 submunition

mines. 45 BLU-91/B antitank and 15 BLU-92/B anti-personnel mines are in

each weapon. Submunitions must be set to one of three self-destruct times:

T1 (3.2-4.0 hours), T2 (38.2-48.0 hours), and T3 (288-360 hours).

c. CBU-87/B Combined Effects Munitions (CEM) - Excellent weapon against

armor, personnel, artillery, etc. Dispenses 202 BLU-97 bomblets with a

shaped charge for armor, steel-scored liner for fragmentation, and

incendiary ring.

(Note: Dispersion is an oval with density and size of the

area covered dependent upon release parameters and spin rates.)

d. CBU-89/B GATOR - SUU-64 Tactical Munitions Dispenser loaded with a

mix of 72 BLU-91/B anti-armor and 22 BLU-92/B anti-personnel mines with

preset self-destruct time.

(Note: Dispersion varies from circular at high

altitudes to linear at low angles.)

e. CBU-97/B Sensor-Fuzed-Weapon (SFW) - SUU-64 with an airbag

dispensing system and 10 BLU-108/B submunitions. Provides multiple kills

per pass capability against tanks, armored vehicles, artillery, armored

personnel carriers (APCs), and support vehicles. This cluster weapon is

dropped over an area with armor. The fuze sensors detect heat and fires

down at the engine of the armored vehicle.

f. CBU-103 to 105 Wind Corrected Munitions Dispenser (WCMD) - All

weather, INS-guidance tail kit for CBU. The tail kit inertially steers the

munition from a known release point to precise target coordinates while

compensating for launch transients, winds aloft, surface winds, and adverse

weather.

(1) CBU-103 = CBU-87/B + WCMD tail kit.

(2) CBU-104 = CBU-89/B + WCMD tail kit.

(3) CBU-105 = CBU-97/B + WCMD tail kit.

g. CBU-107 Passive Attack Weapon - 1000-lb CBU-87 canister loaded with a

mix of inert kinetic energy penetrators (364 large, 1004 medium, 2406 small

Dec 2007 FM 3-09.32/MCRP 3-16.6A/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP(I) 3-2.6

rods) fuzed with an FZU-39/B proximity sensor and equipped with a WCMD

tail kit.

h. PDU-5 Leaflet Dispenser (USN) - CBU-100 munition body loaded with

leaflet materials for psychological operations purposes.

i. BL-755 - European munitions loaded with 147 anti-armor submunitions.

Designed for low-altitude, low-angle deliveries against armor. (Note:

Dispersion is a rectangular pattern).

7. Illumination Flares

a. LUU-1/B, 5B, 6D (target marking flares)—Designated for a 30-minute burn

time on the ground, providing a colored flame. LUU-1 burns red, LUU-5

burns green, and LUU-6 burns maroon.

b. LUU-2A/B - B/B Flare—Parachute flare with a 4-minute burn time at an

average of 1.6 million candle power.

c. LUU-19B - A/B Covert Flare—Parachute flare with a burn time of

approximately 7 minutes in the IR spectrum.

d. M257—2.75-inch rocket delivers overt (visible) illumination that provides 1

million candlepower for an average 120-sec. burn time.

e. M278—2.75-inch rocket delivers IR (.7 - 1.1 microns) illumination that

provides 180 seconds of coverage.

8. Incendiary Munitions

Mk-77 Fire Bombs (USN) - 500 lbs class incendiary munition filled with 63

gallons of hydrocarbon fuel and 44 pounds of dry gelling mixture. This weapon is

effective against personnel, light-skinned vehicles, and stockpiled stores.

9. Inert and Practice Munitions

a. BDU-33—25-lb practice bomb with spotting charges.

b. BDU-48/B—Practice bomb that simulates Mk-82 HD ballistics. (Similar to

Mk-106.)

c. BDU-45—Mk-82 inert 500- b practice bomb (USN).

d. BDU-50—Mk-82 inert 500- b practice bomb (USAF).

e. BDU-56—Mk-84 inert 2,000-lb practice bomb.

f. Mk-83 (inert) - Mk-83 inert 1,000-lb practice bomb (USN).

g. Mk-106—Practice bomb simulating HD ballistics with spotting charge.

h. Mk-76—Navy version of BDU-33.

i. LGTR-Laser guided training round with 12 preflight selectable laser

guidance codes. Ballistics are similar to GBU-12.

10. Common United Kingdom Weapons

a. Paveway II (PWII) - Laser guided free-fall weapons. Laser codes are pre-

flight selectable (code 1511-1788). These weapons can be fuzed for

instantaneous (fragmentation) or delayed (cratering) detonation, preset on

the ground. The bomb is a 1000-lb class weapon, slightly broader than the

US Mk-83.

b. Enhanced Paveway II (EPWII) - Hybrid version of the PWII. Weapon can

be released in legacy (no GPS) or GAINS mode. If released using the GPS

(GAINS) mode, then the target position can be refined by the use of the

100 FM 3-09.32/MCRP 3-16.6A/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP(I) 3-2.6 Dec 2007

laser - the seeker will prioritize a valid laser return over the GPS position.

Laser codes are pre-flight selectable (1511-1788). These weapons can be

fuzed for instantaneous (fragmentation) or delayed (cratering) detonation.

Carried by Tornado GR4, Harrier GR7 and Typhoon. The E prefix means

“enhanced.”

c. Enhanced Paveway II Plus, (EPWII+) - A Paveway IV seeker on a PWII

bomb body and tail. Introduced as an interim for PWIV, it has the ability to

define impact conditions in flight and has a greater launch acceptable range

(LAR). Otherwise similar to EPWII, still a 1000-lb class weapon. Carried on

the Harrier GR9.

d. Paveway III (PWIII) - Similar to the GBU-24 (BLU-109 warhead). Carried

on Harrier and Tornado.

e. Enhanced Paveway III (EPWIII) - Enhanced version of the PWIII with the

addition of a GPS guidance kit. EWPIII only carried on Tornado GR4.

f. Paveway IV (PWIV) - Fully programmable in-flight for impact angle,

azimuth, fuze settings (impact, delayed, airburst) 500-lb class weapon.

Large LAR, for use with Tornado GR4 and Harrier GR9.

g. 540-lb bomb - Unguided freefall weapon similar to US Mk-82. Can be set

to retard or freefall before flight. Fuzed with a 960 (standard UK fuze),

which can be set to impact, delay, or airburst. Carried on the Harrier GR7/9

only.

h. 1000-lb bomb - Unguided freefall weapon similar to US Mk-83. Can be set

to retard or freefall before flight. Fuzed with 960 (standard UK fuze), which

can be set to impact, delay, or airburst. Carried on the Harrier GR7/9,

Tornado GR4, and Typhoon.

i. CRV-7 Rocket - A mach 4 rocket, similar to the 2.75” used in the US. Pods

are designated “Training” (reusable 6-shot pod) and “Operational”

(disposable 19-shot pod). Warhead types are kinetic energy penetrator or

high explosive semi-armor piercing, with a time delay.

j. Maverick - AGM-65 G2 and JX (IR and CCD variants). Minor differences to

the US equivalents. Carried on the Harrier only.

k. Brimstone - Millimeter-wave radar, antiarmor missile. 3 missiles per

launcher (one launcher with 3 missiles known as a weapon.) Carried on the

Tornado GR4 with 4 weapons and on the Harrier in with 2 or 4 weapons

standard. Very low collateral damage weapon.

Dec 2007 FM 3-09.32/MCRP 3-16.6A/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP(I) 3-2.6

101

Table 28. Recommended Target-Weapons Pairings for Ordnance

Targets

Recommended Ordnance

Maverick, Hellfire K, TOW, LGB (GBU-10/12/16), GBU-39, JDAM or GP

Armored Vehicles: tanks, APCs, and

bomb (with inst. Fuze), CBU-87 CEM, CBU-89 Gator (mine), CBU-97 SFW,

mobile assault guns

CBU-103/104/105 (WCMD), JSOW, 30 mm (AP/HEI), SLAM-ER

Area denial and channelization

CBU-89/104 (mine)

Maverick, GP bomb, GBU-39, JDAM, JSOW, Hellfire, TOW, 20/30 mm

Soft targets: trucks, radar, aircraft

guns (AP/HEI), 25/40/105 mm gun (AC-130), CBU-87/103 (CEM), 2.75”

parked in open, etc.

rockets (w/ M261, M229, M151), SLAM-ER

Personnel:

GP bomb, GBU-39, JDAM, 20/25/30/40/105 mm, CBU-87/103 (CEM)

In the open

2.75” rockets (M229, M151, M261, M255E1/WDU-4A/A Flechette)

In fighting / prepared positions

GP bomb, GBU-39, JDAM, 2.75” rockets (w/ M261, M299, M151)

GP bomb, GBU-39, JDAM, 20/25/30/40 mm, 2.75” rockets (w/ M229,

Under light cover

M151), CBU-87/103 (CEM)

GP bomb or JDAM (w/ BLU-109/110), GBU-39, GP bomb with steel nose

Under heavy cover (concrete bunker)

plug, LGB (GBU-10/24/28), Maverick, (E)GBU-15, AGM-130

GP bomb or JDAM, LGB (GBU-10/24/28), Maverick, Enhanced (E)GBU-15

Buildings

AGM- 130/158, Hellfire M/N, 2.75” rockets (w/ M229, M151), SLAM-ER

Table 28. Recommended Target-Weapons Pairings for Ordnance

Targets

Recommended Ordnance

CBU-87/97/103/105, JSOW, GP bomb, GBU-39, JDAM, LGB (GBU- 10/12/16/24),

Artillery, AAA, Rocket Launcher:

Maverick, Hellfire, TOW, (E)GBU-15, AGM-130, 2.75” rockets (w/ M255E1/WDU-4A/A

In the open

Flechette, M261, M299, M151), 30/ 40 mm gun

CBU-97, GP bomb, GBU-39, JDAM, LGB (GBU-10/12/16/24), Maverick, Hellfire,

In revetment

30 mm, (E)GBU-15, AGM-130, 2.75” rockets (w/ M261, M229, M151)

GP bomb, JDAM, LGB (GBU-10/12/16/24), Maverick, Hellfire, (E)GBU- 15, AGM-130,

In covered position

2.75” rockets (w/ M229, M151)

HARM, CBU-87/97/103/105, JSOW, GBU-39, JDAM, Hellfire, GP bomb, LGB (GBU-

SAM Site /

10/12/16/24), TOW, (E)GBU-15, AGM-65/130/158, 20/25/30/40/105 mm, 2.75” rockets

Surface-to-Surface Missile Site

(w/ M261, M229, M151), SLAM-ER

Moving Targets

Maverick, Hellfire, Laser JDAM, GBU-12/51, 20/30 mm guns (strafe)

AGM - air-to-ground missile HEI - high explosive incendiary

AP - armor piercing JDAM - Joint Direct Attack Munition

CBU - cluster bomb unit JSOW - joint stand-off weapon

CEM - combined effects munition LGB - laser-guided bomb

E - enhanced SFW - sensor-fused weapon

GBU - guided bomb unit SLAM-ER - stand-off land attack missile - expanded range

GP - general purpose TOW - tube-launched, optically tracked, wire guided

HARM - high-speed antiradiation missile WCMD - wind corrected munitions dispenser

Appendix F: Risk-estimate Distances

Risk-estimate distances allow the supported commander to estimate the risk to

friendly troops from friendly attack. When ordnance may be a factor to the safety

of friendly troops, aircraft attack heading should be parallel to the friendly forces.

This mitigates the risk from long or short deliveries. Risk-estimate distances

allow the supported commander to estimate the risk in terms of the percent of

friendly casualties that may result from fires against an enemy threat along the

forward line of own troops (FLOT). Friendly forces outside the 0.1% probability

of incapacitation (PI) distance are still subject to weapons fragments, but at a

lower risk. Commanders must carefully weigh the choice of ordnance, accuracy,

and proficiency of the aircraft/firing unit in relation to the risk of fratricide. Taking

steps to protect friendly soldiers (e.g., prone, behind cover) can reduce the risk.

Risk-estimate distances are based on fragmentation and blast patterns.

Warning: 0.1% probability of incapacitation numbers are for combat

use only during “danger close” situations and are not minimum safe

distances for peacetime training.

1. Danger Close

a. In CAS, artillery, mortar, and naval gunfire support fires, danger close is the

term included in the method of engagement segment of a call for fire which

indicates that friendly forces are within close proximity of the target. The close

proximity distance is determined by the weapon and ammunition fired. Danger

close is not the same as minimum safe distance (MSD) or risk-estimate distance,

but allows the observer/controller to inform the FDC of the close proximity to

friendly forces. Aircraft ordnance delivery inside 0.1% PI distances will be

considered danger close. This is simply a warning and not a restriction to the

maneuver commander and the FDC to take proper precautions.

b. The supported commander must accept respons bility for the risk to friendly

forces when targets are inside 0.1% PI distance. The supported commander will

pass his/her initials to terminal controllers to pass to attacking aircraft, indicating

acceptance of the risk inherent in ordnance delivery inside the 0.1% PI distance.

The supported commander may pre-brief danger close authorization to his/her

JTAC / JFO / FO or Flight Lead / AMC. A call for fire constitutes consent to

danger close from the ground commander when pre-briefed.

c. Risk-estimate distances are defined as the distance in meters or feet from the

intended center of impact at which a specific degree of risk and vulnerability will

not be exceeded. The risk is usually expressed as the probability of

incapacitation, which is the probability that a soldier will suffer an incapacitating

injury. Percent PI value is less than or equal to 1 chance in 1,000.

Dec 2007 FM 3-09.32/MCRP 3-16.6A/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP(I)

105

2. Surface-to-surface Risk-estimate Distances

a. Danger close is usually 600 meters for canon and mortars and 750 meters

for naval gunfire. The creeping method of adjusting surface-to-surface fires

(no adjustment greater than 100 meters) will be used during danger close

missions.

b. Cannon risk-estimates were calculated using the following assumptions.

(1) Gun Target Line is perpendicular to the FLOT.

(2) An observer has adjusted the fires onto the target. Unadjusted FFE fires

may entail greater risk.

(3) The friendly troops are standing unprotected in the open, in winter

clothing and helmet, and on a line perpendicular to the line of fire.

Note: Friendly forces outside the PI distance may still be subject to

weapons fragments, but at a lower risk. Commanders and fire

supporters must carefully weigh the choice of ordnance and the

accuracy and proficiency of the firing unit in relation to the risk of

fratricide. Taking steps to protect friendly Soldiers (e.g. prone, behind

cover) can reduce the risk.

Table 29. Mortar Risk-estimate Distances

0.1% PI (meters/feet)

10% PI (meters/feet)

Item /

Description

1/3

2/3

Max

1/3

2/3

Max

System

Rng

60mm

100m/

150m/

175m/

60m/

65m/

M224

mortar

328’

492’

574’

197’

213’

81 mm

165m/

185m/

230m/

75m/

80m/

M252

mortar

541’

607’

755’

246’

262’

M120/

120 mm

150m/

300m/

400m/

100m/

M121

mortar

492’

984’

1312’

328’

Table 30. Cannon Risk-estimate Distances

0.1% PI (meters/feet)

10% PI (meters/feet)

Item /

Description

1/3

2/3

Max

1/3

2/3

Max

System

Rng

M102/

105mm

175m/

200m/

275m/

85m/

90m/

M119

Howitzer HE

574’

656’

902’

279’

295’

M109/

155mm

200m/

280m/

450m/

100m/

125m/

M198/

Howitzer HE

656’

919’

1476’

328’

410’

M777

M109/

155mm

280m/

300m/

475m/

150m/

180m/

200m/

M198/

Howitzer

919’

984’

1558’

492’

591’

656’

M777

DPICM

106 FM 3-09.32/MCRP 3-16.6A/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP(I) 3-2.6 Dec 2007

Table 31. Naval Gunfire Risk-estimate Distances

0.1% PI (meters/feet)

10% PI (meters/feet)

Item/

Description

1/3

2/3

Max

1/3

2/3

Max

System

Rng

450m/

600m/

210m/

225m/

250m/

Mk-45

5” / 54 gun

1476’

1969’

689’

738’

820’

Table 32. Tomahawk Land Attack Missile Risk-estimate Distances

Item/

Description

0.1% PI (meters/feet)

10% PI (meters/feet)

System

1000-lb unitary

TLAM

200m

656’

80m

263’

warhead

Note: TLAM risk-estimate distances are not range dependent.

3. Air-to-surface Risk-estimate Distances

Users must fully understand the assumptions used to develop these risk-

estimate distances. All values were calculated using the Joint Munitions

Effectiveness Manual Weaponeering System (JWS) version 1.1 software dated

31 Oct 2006 classified SECRET//NOFORN from the Joint Technical Coordinating

Group for Munitions Effectiveness.

The classified assumptions and conditions used to develop the risk-estimate

table are available on the ALSA classified website,

http://www.acc.af.smil.mil/alsa/jfire. Combining the online assumptions and/or

conditions with the risk-estimate numbers makes both sets of numbers classified.

The following risk-estimate table depicts a “worst-probable” scenario.

Table 33. Fixed-wing Risk-estimate Distances

Weapon

Description

0.1% PI (m/ft)

10% PI (m/ft)

Mk-82 LD contact

500-lb bomb

245 m

804’

105m

345’

Mk-82 LD¹ airburst

500-lb bomb

300 m

984’

135m

443’

500-lb bomb/

Mk-82 HD contact

230 m

755’

130m

427’

retarded

Mk-82 HD¹ airburst

500-lb bomb

280 m

919’

155m

509’

Mk-83 LD contact

1000-lb bomb

305 m

1001’

120m

394’

Mk-83 LD¹ airburst

1000-lb bomb

340 m

1116’

145m

476’

1000-lb bomb/

Mk-83 HD contact

265 m

869’

160m

525’

retarded

1000-lb bomb/

Mk-83 HD¹ airburst

315 m

1034’

175m

574’

retarded

Mk-84 LD¹ contact

2000-lb bomb

315 m

1034’

110m

361’

Dec 2007 FM 3-09.32/MCRP 3-16.6A/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP(I)

107

Table 33. Fixed-wing Risk-estimate Distances

Weapon

Description

0.1% PI (m/ft)

10% PI (m/ft)

Mk-84 LD¹ airburst

2000-lb bomb

380 m

1247’

140m

459’

2000-lb bomb/

Mk-84 HD contact

270 m

886’

165m

541’

retarded

2000-lb bomb/

Mk-84 HD¹ airburst

355 m

1165’

180m

591’

retarded

CBU-87², CBU-89²

CEM or GATOR

265 m

869’

180m

591’

CBU-103/104

CEM or GATOR

155 m

509’

90m

295’

(WCMD)

CBU-99²/100²,Mk-20²

Rockeye

230 m

755’

140m

459’

GBU-12

500-lb LGB

170 m

558’

50m

164’

GBU-51 contact

500-lb LCDB LGB

100 m

328’

35m

115’

GBU-16

1000-lb LGB

195 m

640’

75m

246’

GBU-10/24

2000-lb LGB

250 m

820’

70m

230’

GBU-38 contact

500-lb JDAM

185 m

607’

55m

180’

GBU-38 airburst

500-lb JDAM

230 m

755’

80m

263’

GBU-38(v)4 contact

500-lb LCDB JDAM

100 m

328’

35m

115’

GBU-32 contact

1000-lb JDAM

210 m

689’

75m

246’

GBU-32 airburst

1000-lb JDAM

275 m

902’

100m

328’

GBU-31 contact

2000-lb JDAM

265 m

869’

80m

263’

GBU-31 airburst

2000-lb JDAM

305 m

1001’

105m

345’

GBU-39 contact

250-lb SDB

135 m

443’

35m

115’

GBU-39 airburst (7’)

250-lb SDB

160 m

525’

40m

131’

GBU-39 airburst (14’)

250-lb SDB

180 m

591’

55m

181’

AGM-130

2000-lb TV guided

220m

722’

70m

230’

AGM-154

JSOW

170m

558’

100m

328’

AGM-158A

JASSM

210m

689’

55m

181’

AGM-65

Maverick (All)

95m

312’

35m

115’

2.75” Rockets med alt

365m

1198’

190m

623’

M151, M229, M261³

2.75” Rockets low alt

225m

738’

115m

377’

Zuni - Contact³

5” Rockets low alt

290m

951’

125m

410’

M61A1

20 mm gatling

60m

197’

35m

115’

GAU-12

25 mm gatling

55m

181’

30m

98’

GPU-5A, M230A1

30 mm gatling / chain

40m

131’

25m

82’

GAU-8 (A-10)

30 mm gatling

65m

213’

40m

131’

108 FM 3-09.32/MCRP 3-16.6A/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP(I) 3-2.6 Dec 2007

Table 33. Fixed-wing Risk-estimate Distances

Weapon

Description

0.1% PI (m/ft)

10% PI (m/ft)

25 mm

65m

213’

35m

115’

30 mm Mk 44

100m

328’

45m

148’

AC-130

40 mm

75m

246’

25m

82’

105 mm cannon

165m

541’

65m

213’

AGM-114 K

Hellfire

110m

361’

40m

131’

AGM-114 K2A

Hellfire

110m

361’

50m

164’

AGM-114 M

Hellfire

125m

410’

40m

131’

AGM-114 N

Hellfire

120m

394’

40m

131’

PW II / EPW2⁴

UK PI Values

235m

771’

---

PW III / EPW3⁴

UK PI Values

305m

1001’

---

AGM-65⁴

UK PI Values

130m

427’

---

UK 540-lb bomb⁴

UK PI Values

200m

656’

---

UK 1000-lb bomb⁴

UK PI Value

240m

787’

---

CRV-7 - Single

UK PI Value

105m

345’

---

Rocket⁴

CRV-7 - Op Pod⁴

UK PI Value

125m

410’

---

See classified ALSA website for munitions profiles and assumptions.

¹ Airburst fuzing (DSU-33).

⁴ Not recommended for use with troops in contact.

³ Fixed-wing only. See Table 34 for rotary-wing numbers.

⁴ UK - United Kingdom values shown for reference. No UK 10% PI available.

AGM - air-to-ground missile HD = high drag / air inflatable retarder (AIR)

alt - altitude LD - low drag

CBU - cluster bomb unit PW - Paveway

EPW - enhanced Paveway WCMD - wind corrected munitions dispenser

GBU - guided bomb unit

Warning: 0.1% / 10% Probability of Incapacitation numbers are for

combat use only during danger close situations and are not minimum

safe distances for peacetime training.

Warning: The risk-estimate distances listed in Tables 33 and 34 are

highly generalized and are valid only for the conditions specified in the

assumptions spreadsheet on the ALSA classified website

http://www.acc.af.smil.mil/alsa/jfire. Any change to these assumptions

may significantly increase the risk-estimate distances.

Dec 2007 FM 3-09.32/MCRP 3-16.6A/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP(I)

109

Table 34. Rotary-wing Risk-estimate Distances

Airframe /

0.1% PI

10% PI

Firing Range

Weapon

(meters/feet)

300m

20m

66’

15m

49’

0.50 cal¹

500m

35m

115’

25m

82’

300m

75m

246’

30m

98’

Cobra / 20 mm (M56)

800m

85m

279’

50m

164’

500m

70m

230’

25m

82’

Apache / 30 mm (M789)

1000m

75m

246’

30m

98’

2.75” Rockets

300m

140m

459’

60m

197’

800m

160m

525’

80m

263’

M-151

1000m

180m

591’

90m

295’

2000m²

300m

984’

155m

509’

3000m²

405m

1329’

210m

689’

300m

145m

476’

70m

230’

800m

165m

542’

90m

296’

M-229

1000m

185m

607’

100m

328’

2000m²

305m

1001’

165m

542’

3000m²

410m

1346’

220m

722’

Hellfire Variants³

AGM-114 K2A

110m

361’

50m

164’

AGM-114 M

All Ranges

125m

410’

40m

131’

AGM-114 N

120m

394’

40m

131’

BGM-71 TOW

All Ranges

N/A

Anti-Tank

Rocket / gun assumptions: Running / diving fire with 5-20 degree dive angle

fired parallel to FLOT; 10 or 20 round gun burst or 2 round rocket burst; forward

flight.

¹Non-exploding round (ball-type ammunition)

²2000m and 3000m 2.75” rocket values for use by US Army aviation only.

³AGM-114 A/B/C/D/L/K variants will have risk-estimate distances smaller than

the variants listed above.

AGM - air-to-ground missile

cal - caliber

TOW - tube-launched, optically tracked, wire guided

110 FM 3-09.32/MCRP 3-16.6A/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP(I) 3-2.6 Dec 2007

Appendix G:General Information

1. Conversion Tables

Use the following table to calculate the number of minutes : seconds that it will

take an aircraft to go from the IP to the target at various ground speeds. Ground

speed (GS) is airspeed adjusted for winds at altitude. Table 36 converts meters

to feet for use on 9-Line briefings.

Table 35. Speed and Time Conversions

nm/

(kts)

min

8:00

9:00

10:00

11:00

12:00

13:00

14:00

15:00

1.3

6:00

6:45

7:30

8:15

9:00

9:45

10:30

11:15

1.5

5:20

6:00

6:40

7:20

8:00

8:40

9:20

10:00

110

1.8

4:22

4:55

5:28

6:00

6:33

7:05

7:38

8:11

120

4:00

4:30

5:00

5:30

6:00

6:30

7:00

7:30

150

2.5

3:12

3:36

4:00

4:24

4:48

5:12

5:36

6:00

270

4.5

1:47

2:00

2:13

2:27

2:40

2:53

3:07

3:20

300

1:36

1:48

2:00

2:12

2:24

2:36

2:48

3:00

330

5.5

1:28

1:39

1:50

2:00

2:11

2:23

2:33

2:44

360

1:20

1:30

1:40

1:50

2:00

2:10

2:20

2:30

420

1:09

1:17

1:26

1:34

1:43

1:51

2:00

2:09

450

7.5

1:04

1:12

1:20

1:28

1:36

1:44

1:52

2:00

480

1:00

1:08

1:15

1:23

1:30

1:38

1:45

1:53

510

8.5

0:57

1:04

1:11

1:18

1:25

1:32

1:39

1:46

540

0:53

1:00

1:07

1:13

1:20

1:27

1:33

1:40

Aircraft Run-in Speeds

Aircraft GS (kts)

Aircraft

A/S (kts)

AH-1

60-120

AH-64

60-120

MH-60

60-120

AH-6

60-90

OH-58

60-90

A-10

270-350

B-1

480-540

AV-8B

420-480

B-2

400-460

F-15E/F-16

480-540

B-52

380-440

F/A-18

480-520

Dec 2007 FM 3-09.32/MCRP 3-16.6A/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP(I)

111

Table 36. Distance Conversion Table (1 meter = 3.28 feet)

Meters

Feet

Meters

Feet

Meters

Feet

525

1722

1025

3362

164

550

1804

1050

3444

246

575

1886

1075

3526

100

328

600

1968

1100

3608

125

410

625

2050

1125

3690

150

492

650

2132

1150

3772

175

574

675

2214

1175

3852

200

656

700

2296

1200

3936

225

738

725

2378

1225

4018

250

820

750

2460

1250

4100

275

902

775

2542

1275

4182

300

984

800

2624

1300

4264

325

1066

825

2706

1325

4346

350

1148

850

2788

1350

4428

375

1230

875

2870

1375

4510

400

1312

900

2952

1400

4592

425

1394

925

3034

1425

4674

450

1476

950

3116

1450

4756

475

1558

975

3198

1475

4838

500

1640

1000

3280

1500

4920

Notes:1 statute mile (5280 feet) = 1610 m

1 nautical mile (6076 feet) = 1852 m

2. Minimum Safe Distances

Warning: The numbers presented here are intended for use on

training missions at air-to-surface ranges where minimum safe

distances have not been established. Users must adhere to all local

range procedures, Service directives, and abide by any MSDs

established at those ranges, even if they are more restrictive than the

ones published here. The MSDs provided are not intended to allow

personnel to deviate from any published guidance and are only

authorized for use in the absence of Service directives. They are only

authorized for aircrew and JTACs that are conducting CAS training

IAW the established TTP in JP 3-09.3. JTACs will wear Service

mandated gear (including eye protection) when operating at these

MSDs.

a. General Information

(1) Applicability - This table establishes minimum distances that ground

JTAC / TACP personnel may be safely located in relation to the target /

impact area of standard munitions. The area within the limits

112 FM 3-09.32/MCRP 3-16.6A/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP(I) 3-2.6 Dec 2007

established by this table is designated the danger area. Minimum safe

distances are from the target / impact area, and for a ground function

only (no airburst munitions.) Additionally, range features can affect

weapon impact points, and must be factored into planning (e.g., high

terrain short of the intended target may intersect weapon flyout

trajectories, causing short impacts). Only the weapons listed may use

the distances contained in the table and aircrew will adhere to specific

remarks for a weapon if they are listed. Only the following aircraft may

utilize the MSD table: A-10, AC-130, AV-8B, B-1, B-2, B-52, F-15E, F-

16, F/A-18, AH-1, UH-1.

(2)

Parameters Assumptions - Aircraft attack parameters must be at or

below 15,000 feet AGL for level or diving deliveries, and at or below

20,000 feet AGL, 540 knots true air speed (KTAS) for level LGBs. For

GBU-31/32/38/39 munitions from a bomb on coordinate mode, altitude

and release airspeeds are limited by range regulation parameters and

weapon battery life. B-1, B-2, and B-52 must reference Note 5, and AC-

130 must reference Note 6.

(3)

Multiple Deliveries - Ripple / string / stick deliveries must be less than

500 feet total length, with a maximum of 6 weapons. For IAMs

deliveries, a 250 foot maximum impact distance from the primary target

location will be used for all pattern-managed drops.

(4)

Ammo / Bullet Numbers - For AC-130 operations, ammo numbers are

taken from AFI 11-2AC-130v3. Ricochet fan numbers are SAFE

RANGE-derived for 20mm and 30mm (extrapolated for 25mm) fighter

strafe passes: single drop fighter strafe min safe distance numbers are

Joint Munitions Effectiveness Manual- (JMEM-) derived. Helicopter

ricochet fans are SAFE RANGE-derived and MSD numbers are JMEM-

derived.

(5)

Rocket Deliveries - Fixed-wing parameters: at or below 15,000 AGL,

540 KTAS, 15-degrees of dive, 8000 ft slant range. Rotary-wing

parameters: running / diving fire with 5-20 degree dive angle, 2 round

burst, forward flight.

(6)

Not all munitions / platforms currently available in the inventory have

MSD values associated with them. This is a limitation of the JWS

software used to calculate the MSDs. As JFIRE is revised in the future,

expect MSDs for those munitions / platforms to become available.

Table 37. Minimum Safe Distances for Ground Parties

(Training Use Only: Live Fire)

MSD

Ricochet Fan

Weapon

Notes

(meters/ft)

(Deg/Meters/Feet)

Guided Munitions - All Platforms

GBU-10 (2,000-lb LGB)

1800m/5904’

1, 4

GBU-12 (500-lb LGB)

1000m/3280’

1, 4

GBU-16 (1000- b LGB)

1000m/3280’

1, 4

GBU-51 (500-lb LCDB LGB)

N/A

1, 4

GBU-10/12/16/51 Inert

500m/1640’

1, 4

Dec 2007 FM 3-09.32/MCRP 3-16.6A/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP(I)

113

Table 37. Minimum Safe Distances for Ground Parties

(Training Use Only: Live Fire)

MSD

Ricochet Fan

Weapon

Notes

(meters/ft)

(Deg/Meters/Feet)

Guided Munitions - All Platforms

GBU-31 (2000- b JDAM)

1800m/5904’

GBU-32 (1000- b JDAM)

1000m/3280’

GBU-38 (500-lb JDAM)

1200m/3936’

GBU-38(v)4 (500-lb LCDB

N/A

JDAM)

GBU-39 (250-lb SDB)

N/A

GBU-31/32/38 Inert

500m/1640’

GBU-39 Inert

N/A

Fighters / Helicopters

Mk-82 LD/HD (500- b)

1200m/3936’

Mk-83 (1000-lb)

1000m/3280’

Mk-84 LD/HD (2000-lb)

1800m/5904’

Mk-82/83/84 Inert

500m/1640’

CBU-87/103

1700m/5576’

CBU-99⁴/100⁴,Mk-20⁴

N/A

BDU-33/38/45/50/56

500m/1640’

Mk-76

500m/1640’

LGTR I

500m/1640’

1,4

AGM-65G (WDU-24)

1300m/4264’

2.75” Rockets

700m/2296’

60°/3100m/10168’

WP or HE

2.75” Rockets

500m/1640’

60°/1800m/5904’

Inert

20 mm (Fighter)

500m/1640’

60°/2700m/8856’

25 mm/30 mm (Fighter)

500m/1640’

60°/2600m/8528’

7.62 mm (Helo)

500m/1640’

All Headings

.50 cal/20 mm/30 mm (Helo)

500m/1640’

N/A

AC-130

500m/1640’

25 mm

60°/2000m/6560’

400m/1312’

30 mm

N/A

500m/1640’

40 mm

None

300m/984’

650m/2132’

105 mm

60°/700m/2296’

600m/1968’

Med Alt Bombers - GP Bombs (Live or Inert)

B-1: Mk-82

1200m/3936’

B-1: Mk-84

1800m/5904’

B-52: Mk-82

3000m/9840

B-52: Mk-84

3500m/11480’

114 FM 3-09.32/MCRP 3-16.6A/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP(I) 3-2.6 Dec 2007

Table 37. Minimum Safe Distances for Ground Parties

(Training Use Only: Live Fire)

MSD

Ricochet Fan

Weapon

Notes

(meters)

(Deg/Meters/Feet)

Other Munitions

AGM-130 (2000-lb TV guided)

N/A

AGM-154 (JSOW)

N/A

AGM-158A (JASSM)

N/A

Zuni (5” Rockets)

N/A

AGM-114 K Hellfire

N/A

AGM-114 K2A Hellfire

N/A

AGM-114 M Hellfire

N/A

AGM-114 N Hellfire

N/A

AGM - air-to-ground missile JSOW - joint stand-off weapon,

BDU - bomb dummy unit LCDB - low collateral damage bomb

cal - caliber LD - low drag

CBU - cluster bomb unit LGB - laser guided bomb

GBU - guided bomb unit LGTR - laser guided training round

HD - high drag SDB - small diameter bomb

HE - high explosive WP - white phosphorous

JASSM - joint air-to-surface stand-off missile

JDAM - Joint Direct Attack Munition

b. Notes

(1) Guided Weapon Hazard Areas - Hazard areas for guided weapons

(AGM-65, LGBs, and JDAMs) are highly dependent upon launch

conditions and in some cases coordinate accuracies. Coordinate quality

(TLE) and passage presents a significant risk to ground personnel for

coordinate-dependent weapons release in a bomb on coordinate mode.

Extreme caution must be taken to prevent mishaps. Weapon

malfunctions (such as fin failures) are not included, with the assumption

that malfunctioning weapons have the same probability of impacting any

point within the hazard area.

(a) JTACs may tactically derive coordinates, but these coordinates must

be cross-checked and confirmed using all available means to include

target coordinates listed in range supplements, if applicable.

Likewise, aircraft may tactically derive coordinates (via TGP, SAR

radar, etc.) for actual employment with bomb on coordinate weapons.

Aircraft-derived coordinates must also be cross-checked and

confirmed as well.

(b) Guided weapons distances are not platform-specific. Minimum

distances apply to all delivery platforms, however, release parameters

must be IAW the parameter assumptions detailed above.

(2) Bullet / Rocket Ricochet Fans - The ricochet fan will be dependent upon

many variables, such as bullet / rocket weight and shape, impact angle,

speed, etc. Thus, the ricochet fan must be applied to each target so that

Dec 2007 FM 3-09.32/MCRP 3-16.6A/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP(I)

115

ground personnel are not within the ricochet fan. The aircraft flight path /

firing direction will bisect the ricochet fan—a 60 degree fan will be drawn

30 degrees right and 30 degrees left of the flight path / firing direction.

(3) CBU-87/103 - Data is for intact canister and is based on a 209’ x 183’

pattern size. Delivery assumptions are for 4 canisters or less, 75 feet

spacing, 1200 feet height of function, 2000 revolutions per minute spin.

For patterns that exceed these parameters, the MSD must be expanded

to include the larger pattern. Distances indicated must be added to the

radius of the calculated bomblet pattern. CBU-87/103 data is for fighters

only and is restricted to fighter employment only.

(4) Environmental Factors for Laser-Guided Weapons - Data assumes

environmental conditions are conducive to seeker / weapon acquisition,

and reflected laser energy is sufficient to guide the weapon to the target.

(5) Medium Altitude Bombers (B-1, B-2, B-52)

(a) Guided Weapons - Bombers must adhere to Note 1 above for guided

weapon employment. The maximum pattern distance for IAM

weapons deliveries using pattern management tactics will not exceed

250 feet from the intended target passed from the JTAC.

(b) GP Bombs - Medium altitude bombers conducting aircraft computed

Mk-82/Mk-84 deliveries are limited to 30,000 feet AGL and below,

airspeeds not exceeding 540 KTAS, and maximum stick length of 500

feet and 6 weapons. Weapon releases above that altitude will not

meet weapon accuracies used in the MSD calculations and should

not be employed with this table.

calculations. Weapons should not be delivered using the table

numbers when the cross-wind component exceeds 50 knots at

release.

(d) B-2 deliveries are restricted to GBU-31/38 only.

(6) AC-130 Parameters and Restrictions

(a) When radar is the primary fire control sensor, fire no closer to ground

party than 650m for 105mm TP/HE, 500m for 40mm HEI and 25mm

TP/HEI. When IR or TV is the primary fire control sensor and the

system has been tweaked (min 750m away from friendlies) fire no

closer to ground parties than 600m for 105mm HE, 400m for 105mm

TP, 300m for 40mm HEI, and 400m for 25mm TP/HEI.

(b) For ricochet risk mitigation with TP ammunition, the AC-130 will use no-

fire zones if ground party is within 700m for 105mm TP and 2000m for

25mm TP. No-fire zones are relative to ground party location from

target and are based on aircraft heading, not gun-to-target line. To

compute the no-fire aircraft headings, take the heading from friendly

position to the target and subtract 60 degrees to define the beginning

of the no-fire zone. Then subtract an additional 60 degrees to define

the end of the no-fire zone.

(7) Source Data - Assumptions, calculations, etc. for the MSD table can be

requested via email: acc.a3tw@langley.af.smil.mil or phone DSN 574-

5896, HQ ACC/A3TW.

116 FM 3-09.32/MCRP 3-16.6A/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP(I) 3-2.6 Dec 2007

3. Surface-to-air Threat Capabilities

Table 38. Surface-to-air Missile Threat Capabilities

Max

Guidance /

Eff

Altitude

System

Guidance

Remarks

Rng

(feet)

Radar

(kM)

(NM)

328-

Rdr

SA-2

29.7

Rear area defense

98.4K

(Fan Song)

66-

Rdr

Area defense, 2/4

SA-3

15.1

65.6K

(Low Blow)

rail launcher

492-

Rdr

Point defense.

SA-4

82K

(Pat Hand)

Mobile

984-

Rdr (Square

Hi speed, hi alt,

SA-5

300

162

131.2K

Pair)

HVAA threat

98-

Rdr (Straight

Tracked vehicle, 3

SA-6

13.5

49.2K

Flush)

msl launcher

164-

SA-7

4.2

2.3

MANPAD. Tail only.

7.5K

82-

Rdr

SA-8

8.1

6 wheel vehicle

16.4K

(Land Roll)

98-

IR (Flat Box

Clear WX, BRDM-2

SA-9

4.2

2.3

11.5K

A acq rdr)

w/4 msl canisters

Rdr (Flap

33-

Cruise missile

SA-10

150

Lid or

88.6K

defense

Tombstone)

Rdr (Snow

98-

Tracked vehicle, 4

SA-11

18.9

Drift/Tube

72.2K

msl launcher

Arm)

Rdr

Hi-performance,

SA-12A

40.5

82-82K

(Grill Pan)

anti-ARM

82K-

Rdr

Standoff jamming

SA-12B

200

108

98.4K

(Grill Pan)

aircraft threat

Tracked vehicle, SA-

SA-13

2.7

82-9.8K

(Snap Shot)

9 follow on

MANPAD. All

SA-14

2.7

50-9.8K

aspect

33-

Rdr

Mobile, SA-8 follow

SA-15

6.5

32.8K

(Scrum Half)

Dec 2007 FM 3-09.32/MCRP 3-16.6A/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP(I)

117

Table 38. Surface-to-air Missile Threat Capabilities

Max

Guidance /

Eff

Altitude

System

Guidance

Remarks

Rng

(feet)

Radar

(kM)

(NM)

MANPAD. Improved

SA-16

2.7

33-9.8K

SA-14

98-

Rdr

Mobile, SA-11 follow

SA-17

24.3

52.5K

(Chairback)

MANPAD. SA-16

SA-18

2.7

33-9.8K

follow on

15-

Rdr

Mobile. Mounted on

SA-19

10.8

32.8K

(Hot Shot)

2S6

MANPAD effective

Stinger

2.2

0-9.8K

against low alt, hi

Basic

speed

33-

Optical or

Tracked vehicle, 2

Roland II

8.1

19.7K

Rdr

msl launcher

Crotale /

50-

Wheeled vehicle, 4

8.1

Rdr

Shahine

16.4K

msl launcher

acq - acquisition

alt - altitude

ARM - antiradiation missile

BRDM - Boyevaya Razvedyvatelnaya Dozornaya Mashina

HVAA - high value airborne asset

IR - infrared

MANPAD - man-portable air defense

msl - missile

Rdr - radar

118 FM 3-09.32/MCRP 3-16.6A/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP(I) 3-2.6 Dec 2007

Table 39. Antiaircraft Artillery Threat Capabilities

Tac

Max

Barrel x

Rng

Vert /

Control /

System

Remarks

Cal

(km /

Hor

Guidance

feet)

(feet)

Tripod

1.0 /

13.8K /

M38/M46

1 x 12.7

Optical

mounted

3.3K

25.8K

heavy MG

Towed or

½/4 x

1.4 /

15.1K /

ZPU-1/2/4

Optical

APC

14.5

4.6K

20.7K

mounted

Towed or

2.0 /

16.7K /

Optical or

ZU-23

2 x 23

APC

6.6K

23K

Mech

mounted

Opt / Rdr

2.5 /

16.4K /

Tracked

ZSU 23-4

4 x 23

(Gun Dish or

8.2K

23K

vehicle

Dog Ear)

4.0 /

30.8K /

Tracked

ZSU 57-2

2 x 57

Optical

13.1K

39.4K

Vehicle

Large 8

3.0 /

20.7K /

M53/M59

2 x 30

Optical

wheel

9.8K

31.8K

vehicle

Opt / Rdr

S-60/

6.5 /

30.8K /

4 wheel

1 x 57

(Fire Can or

Type 59

21.3K

39.4K

towed

Flap Wheel)

Opt / Rdr

Tracked

4.0 /

28.9K /

M-1985

2 x 57

(Fire Can or

vehicle (N.

13.1K

39.4K

Flap Wheel)

Korea)

KS-12A,

10.2 /

33.5K /

Opt / Rdr

4 wheel

1 x 85

M1939/1944

33.5K

50.9K

(Fire Can)

towed

Opt / Rdr

KS-19/

13.7 /

49.2K /

(Fire Can,

1 x 100

Towed

KS-1A

45 K

68.9K

Whiff, Flap

Wheel,)

4.0 /

20.3K /

Opt / Rdr (Hot

Tracked w/

2S6

4 x 30

13.1K

27.2K

Shot)

8 x SA-19

5.5 /

28.9K /

Tracked

Type 80

1 x 57

Opt / Mech

18K

39.4K

Vehicle

4.0 /

22K /

Opt / Rdr /

Tracked T-

Twin 37

2 x 37

13.1

26.2K

Mech

69 chassis

APC - armored personnel carrier

Mech - mechanical

MG - machine gun

Opt - optical

Rdr - radar

Dec 2007 FM 3-09.32/MCRP 3-16.6A/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP(I)

119

References

Joint Publications

JP 1-02, DOD Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms. 12 Apr 2001, as

amended through 5 Jan 2007.

JP 3-0, Joint Operations. 17 Sep 2006.

JP 3-01, Joint Doctrine for Countering Air and Missile Threats. 5 Feb 2007.

JP 3-03, Joint Interdiction. 3 May 2007.

JP 3-09, Joint Fire Support. 13 Nov 2006.

JP 3-09.1, Joint Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Laser Designation

Operations. 28 May 1999.

JP 3-09.3, Joint Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Close Air Support

(CAS). (Incorporating Change 1) 2 Sep 2005.

JP 3-52, Joint Doctrine for Airspace Control in the Combat Zone. 30 Aug 2004.

JP 3-60, Joint Targeting. 13 Apr 2007.

JP 6-0, Joint Communications System. 20 Mar 2006.

Multi-Service Publications

FM 3-52.2/MCRP 3-25F/NTTP 3-56.2/AFTTP(I) 3-2.17, Multi-Service Tactics,

Techniques, and Procedures for the Theater Air-Ground System. 10 Apr 2007.

FM 3-60.1/MCRP 3-16D/NTTP 3-60.1/AFTTP(I) 3-2.3, Multi-Service Tactics,

Techniques, and Procedures for Targeting Time Sensitive Targets. 20 Apr 2004.

FM 1-02.1 (FM 3-54.10) / MCRP 3-25B / NTTP 6-02.1 / AFTTP(I) 3-2.5, Multi-

Service Brevity Codes. 1 Oct 2007.

(S) FM 101-63-1-CD (EM0255)/61J1-3-1/NA 00-130AA-3-1/MCRP 5-7.10.7,

Joint Munitions Effectiveness Manual (JMEM) Weaponeering System (JWS)

version 1.1. 31 Oct 2006.

FM 4-30.16/MCRP 3-17.2C/NTTP 3-02.5/AFTTP(I) 3-2.32, Multi-Service

Procedures for Explosive Ordnance Disposal in a Joint Environment. 27 Oct

2005.

Army

FM 3-04.126, Attack Reconnaissance Helicopter Operations. 16 Feb 2007.

FM 3-22.90, Mortars. 31 Dec 2004.

FM 6-30, Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Observed Fire (will be revised

as FM 3-09.30) 16 July 1991.

FM 6-60, Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Multiple Launch Rocket

System (MLRS) Operations (will be revised as FM 3-09.60), 2 Apr 1996.

FM 34-81, Weather Support for Army Tactical Operations (will be revised as FM

2-33.2). 31 Aug 1989.

FM 8-10-6, Medical Evacuation in a Theater of Operations. 14 Apr 2002.

Navy

NWP 3-20.32, Surface Ship Gunnery.

NWP 1-10.1, Tactical Action Officer Handbook.

Dec 2007 FM 3-09.32/MCRP 3-16.6A/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP(I) 3-2.6

123

Marine Corps

MCWP 3-23.2, Deep Air Support. 4 Jan 2001.

MCWP 3-16, Fire Support Coordination in the Ground Combat Element. 28 Nov

2001.

MCWP 3-16.1, Artillery Operations. 29 May 2002.

MCWP 3-16.6, Supporting Arms Observer, Spotter, and Controller. 28 Nov

1998.

MAWTS-1, Forward Air Controller Handbook, 1 Jan 2004.

Air Force

AFDD 2-1.3, Counterland. 11 Sep 2006.

AFDD 2-7, Special Operations. 16 Dec 2005.

AFTTP 3-1 series publications.

Other

ATP-63 (AJP-3.3.2.1), Tactics, Techniques and Procedures for Close Air Support

Operations. Jun 1999.

ATP-27 (AJP-3.3.2), Air Interdiction and Close Air Support, Jul 2004.

Jane’s threat library at http://www.intelink.sgov.gov/References/janes (SIPRNET)

NGIC threat database at http://www.ngic.army.smil.mil/products/functionpgs/ada/

ada_radar_web/ada_index.php (SIPRNET)

124 FM 3-09.32/MCRP 3-16.6A/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP(I) 3-2.6 Dec 2007

Glossary

PART I - ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

AAA

antiaircraft artillery

A/A

air-to-air

A/C

aircraft

A/S

air-to-surface

ACA

airspace coordination area

ACM

airspace coordinating measure

ACO

airspace control order

acq

acquisition

ADA

air defense artillery

AFDDEC

Air Force Doctrine Development and Education

Center

AFI

Air Force instruction

AFTTP(I)

Air Force tactics, techniques, and procedures (interservice)

AGL

above ground level

AGM

air-to-ground missile

AIO

air intelligence officer

AIR

air inflatable retarder

ALLTV

all light level television

ALO

air liaison officer

ALSA

Air Land Sea Application Center

alt

alternate

amplitude modulation

AMC

air mission commander

ANDVT

advanced narrowband digital voice terminal

area of operations

armor piercing

APC

armored personnel carrier

API

armor piercing incendiary

APICM

antipersonnel improved conventional munition

ARM

antiradiation missile

ARTY

artillery

ASAP

as soon as poss ble

ASOC

air support operations center

ASR

air support request

antitank

ATACMS

Army Tactical Missile System

ATAS

air-to-air Stinger

ATFLIR

advanced targeting forward-looking infrared

ATO

air tasking order

AUP

advanced unitary penetrator

AWACS

Airborne Warning and Control System

BCL

battlefield coordination line (USMC)

Dec 2007 FM 3-09.32/MCRP 3-16.6A/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP(I) 3-2.6

125

BCT

brigade combat team

BDA

battle damage assessment

BDE

brigade

BDU

bomb dummy unit

BLU

bomb live unit

battalion

BOC

bomb on coordinate

BOT

bomb on target

battle position

BRDM

Boyevaya Razvedyvatelnaya Dozornaya Mashina (armored

reconnaissance vehicle)

command and control

combat assessment

cal

caliber

CAS

close air support

CASEVAC

casualty evacuation

CAT

Military reference books and manuals (2009-2023, Volume 2) - page 9