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S e c o n d s t a g e . During this stage, in which stres s es go beyond the elas tic limit, there occurs a further bending and stretching of the fibe rs , FIGURE 1 . Schematic diagram of the blanking process and they are cut by the s harp edges of the die . A t the end of this s tage , the stres s es reach the ultimate shearing s trength for the m etal, and mic rofractures appear. The press force reaches its m aximum . T h i r d s t a g e . The beginning of this s tage is characterized by the app earance of macrofractures near the cutting edges of the die and punch, and their propagating at a definite angle into the m etal . These fractures develop s wiftly, and the blank s eparates from the strip . 1- punch; 2-die; 3-stock. If the clearance between the punch and the die opening is normal, the punch-side and die side fractures will meet and form a common sh'earing surface . I f the clearance i s too small , the di rections o f the fractures d o not coin cide, and the double s hearing causes the formation of an extended burr on the p roduct (Figure 3 ) . If the clearance is too First stage large , the blank will have rugged edges owing to the tearing of m aterial in the clearance spac e . A graph showing the s tres ses i n the m etal as a function of the ram motion is given in F igure 4 for a steel strip of up to 4 mm thick ness and of average hardness . The s ector A B and BC to the plastic deformation s tage (up to the beginning of shearing). Point C corresponds to the m aximum s tress imposed on the metal during the blanking and s ector CD indicates the rupturing stage . Secto r DE gives the force which must be applied in order to ove rcom e the friction when the part is ejected from the strip and forced through the die . The three zones o n the late ral s urface of the part correspond to the three stages of the blanking p rocess (Figure 2 ). The firs t zone, corresponding to the first stage, is slightly rounded off on the die side . The s econd zone is a cylindrical belt formed during the cutting zone and corresponds to the ram motion up to the appearance of shearing fractures . The third FIGURE 2. Stages of the blanking zone is a rough conical surface and corresponds to the stage of metal failure . process Clearance between punch a nd die . Clearance is the diffe rence between the matching punch and die dimens ions . The magnitude of the clearance required depends mainly on the material and the thickness of the part to be blanke d . 5 7 |