|
|
Chapter 3
Submit a Psychological Operations Series for Approval
331-37A-0477
Conditions: Given the requirement to obtain approval for a PSYOP series in support of ongoing
operations, a completed series concept work sheet (SCW), series dissemination work sheet (SDW),
series execution matrix (SEM), product/action work sheet (PAW) index, target audience analysis work
sheet (TAAW), Psychological Operations transmission matrix (PTM), the supported unit’s operation order
(OPORD), the PSYOP tab or appendix, and access to digital information systems.
Standards: Write an executive summary for the series and staff the PSYOP series through the series
approval chain.
Performance Steps
1. Write an executive summary for the series. This summary describes the series concept for the
supported commander. The executive summary should, at a minimum, contain the—
a. Psychological Operation objective (PO).
b. Target audience (TA).
c. Behavior to be changed (supporting Psychological Operations objective [SPO]).
d. Media to be used.
e. Military units to be involved.
f.
Timeline schedule (stages and decision points [DPs]) for the series in general terms.
g.
Geographic locations where the series will be executed.
h.
Following enclosures:
(1) Enclosure 1 - Executive summary for the series.
(2) Enclosure 2 - SEM.
(3) Enclosure 3 - PAW index.
(4) Enclosure 4 - TAAW.
(5) Enclosure 5 - SCW.
(6) Enclosure 6 - SDW.
(7) Enclosure 7 - PTM.
2. Staff the completed series approval package through the PSYOP approval chain. Include the
executive summary for the series.
3. Brief the approval authority/supported unit commander on proposed PSYOP series.
4. Obtain written authorization to execute PSYOP series.
Evaluation Preparation: Setup: Provide the officer with adequate training and testing facilities, sufficient
time to review the task materials, pencil, paper, and needed resources. If computers are used for the
evaluation, ensure they have connectivity to the Internet and that target websites are up. If SECRET
Internet Protocol Router Network (SIPRNET) access is notional for an evaluation, provide a hard copy
product clearly marked to show that is actually UNCLASSIFIED, for example, CLASSIFIED FOR
TRAINING ONLY, UNCLASSIFIED SAMPLE, or CLASSIFICATION MARKINGS FOR TRAINING
PURPOSES ONLY. If classified sources are used, ensure SIPRNET connectivity and a secure
training site.
Performance Measures
GO
NO-GO
1. Wrote an executive summary for the series that contains the—
——
——
a. PO.
b. TA.
c. Behavior to be changed (SPO).
d. Media to be used.
e. Military units to be involved.
f.
Timeline schedule.
g.
Geographic locations where the series will be executed.
h.
Seven enclosures.
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2 July 2007
MOS/Skill Level Tasks
2.
Staffed the completed series approval package through the
PSYOP approval chain.
——
——
3.
Briefed approval authority/supported unit commander on
proposed PSYOP series.
——
——
4.
Obtained written authorization to execute PSYOP series.
——
——
Evaluation Guidance: Score the officer GO if all performance measures are passed. Score the officer
NO-GO if any performance measure is failed. If the officer scores NO-GO, show the officer what was
done wrong and how to do it correctly.
References
Required
Related
FM 3-05.301
2 July 2007
STP 33-37II-OFS
3-43
Chapter 3
Evaluate the Effectiveness of a PSYOP Series
331-37A-0490
Conditions: Given the requirement to evaluate the effectiveness of a PSYOP series by measuring
behavior change in a target audience (TA), the results of series post-testing, a series execution matrix,
and a completed PSYOP assessment matrix.
Standards: Complete the PSYOP evaluation report/summary to include the header, summary of results,
PSYOP supporting program/series information, behavior trends, relevant spontaneous events, review of
post-testing, conclusion, and suggested actions.
Performance Steps
1.
Fill out the header information.
a. PSYOP objective (PO).
b. Supporting PSYOP objective (SPO).
c. TA.
d. PSYOP series.
e. Period of evaluation.
f.
Date of report.
2.
Write a statement summarizing evaluation results.
3.
Summarize details of PSYOP series execution.
a. Execution timeline.
b. TA.
c. Media types.
d. Dissemination area.
4.
Document behavior trends for the targeted behavior.
a. Review impact indicators.
b. Calculate change from periodic time sets (week, month, quarter).
c. Calculate overall behavior change during assessment period.
5.
List relevant spontaneous events affecting behavior from the PSYOP assessment matrix.
6.
Summarize the results of series post-testing.
a. Exposure.
b. Understanding.
c. Acceptance.
7.
Write conclusions.
a. Progress towards the SPO.
b. Estimate impact of the PSYOP series on TA behavior.
c. Explain how spontaneous events influenced the TA behavior.
d. Recommendations.
Evaluation Preparation: Setup: Provide the officer with adequate training and testing facilities, sufficient
time to review the task materials, pencil, paper, and needed resources. If computers are used for the
evaluation, ensure they have connectivity to the Internet and that target websites are up. If SECRET
Internet Protocol Router Network (SIPRNET) access is notional for an evaluation, provide a hard copy
product clearly marked to show that it is actually UNCLASSIFIED, for example, CLASSIFIED FOR
TRAINING ONLY, UNCLASSIFIED SAMPLE, or CLASSIFICATION MARKINGS FOR TRAINING
PURPOSES ONLY. If classified sources are used, ensure SIPRNET connectivity and a secure
training site.
Performance Measures
GO
NO-GO
1. Filled out header information
——
——
a. PO.
b. SPO.
c. TA.
d. PSYOP series.
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MOS/Skill Level Tasks
e. Period of evaluation.
f.
Date of report.
2. Wrote statement summarizing evaluation results.
——
——
3. Summarized details of PSYOP series execution.
——
——
a. Execution timeline.
b. TA.
c. Media types.
d. Dissemination area.
4. Documented behavior trends for the targeted behavior
——
——
a. Reviewed impact indicators.
b. Calculated change from periodic time sets.
c. Calculated overall behavior change during assessment period.
5. Listed relevant spontaneous events affecting behavior from the
PSYOP assessment matrix.
——
——
6. Summarized the results of series post-testing.
——
——
a. Exposure.
b. Understanding.
c. Acceptance.
7. Wrote conclusions.
——
——
a. Progressed towards the SPO.
b Estimated impact of the PSYOP series on TA behavior.
c. Explained how spontaneous events influenced the TA behavior.
d. Made recommendations.
Evaluation Guidance: Score the officer GO if all performance measures are passed. Score the officer
NO-GO if any performance measure is failed. If the officer scores NO-GO, show the officer what was
done wrong and how to do it correctly.
References
Required
Related
FM 3-05.301
FM 3-05.302
2 July 2007
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APPENDIX A
Specific Job Summaries and Resources
1. General. Psychological Operations (PSYOP) officers should complete normal education and training
requirements to advance and develop themselves professionally and personally. Professional
development for captains involves the typical duty positions listed below:
a.
PSYOP Captain.
(1)
PSYOP Officer.
(2)
PSYOP Staff Officer.
(3)
Detachment Commander.
(4)
PSYOP Support Element (PSE) officer in charge (OIC).
(5)
PSYOP Company Executive Officer (XO).
(6)
PSYOP Instructor.
(7)
Battalion Assistant S-3.
(8)
Brigade Combat Team (BCT) Information Operations (IO) Officer/S-7.
b.
PSYOP Major.
(1)
Regional Support Company Commander.
(2)
Tactical PSYOP Company Commander.
(3)
Psychological Operations Development Detachment Commander.
(4)
Battalion XO.
(5)
Battalion S-3.
(6)
Group S-3.
(7)
Group XO.
(8)
Special Forces Group: PSYOP Staff Officer.
(9)
Ranger Regiment: PSYOP Staff Officer.
(10)
Division: Division PSYOP Officer.
(11)
Group/Ranger Regiment/Division G-7/IO Officer
(12)
Corps: Deputy Corps PSYOP Officer.
(13)
Corps G-7/IO Officer
(14)
Army: Army PSYOP Staff Officer.
(15)
Combatant Commands (command authority) (COCOMs), Theater Special Operations
Commands (TSOCs), North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), Joint Information
Operation Center (JIOC): Joint PSYOP Officer.
(16) Human Resources Command (HRC): PSYOP Career Manager.
(17)
1st IO Command: PSYOP Officer.
(18)
USAJFKSWCS PSYOP Instructor.
(19)
USAJFKSWCS PSYOP Chief of Training (Training/Doctrine Writer).
(20)
USAJFKSWCS PSYOP Chief of Doctrine (Training/Doctrine Writer).
(21)
USAJFKSWCS Officer Training Company Commander.
(22)
Special Operations Recruiting Battalion Operations Officer.
(23)
Joint Special Operations Command PSYOP Officer
(24)
Other Agencies of the U.S. Government.
c.
PSYOP Lieutenant Colonel.
(1)
PSYOP Battalion Commander.
(2)
PSYOP Group Deputy Commanding Officer (DCO).
(3)
PSYOP Group XO.
(4)
Corps PSYOP Staff Officer.
(5)
Army PSYOP Staff Officer.
(6)
PSYOP Branch Chief, Directorate of Special Operations Proponency.
(7)
Joint: Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS), Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD), NATO, JIOC,
Department of State.
(8)
Chief, PSYOP Training and Doctrine Division.
(9)
USASOC.
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Appendix A
(10) USSOCOM.
(11) USARC.
(12) Combatant Commands.
d. PSYOP Colonel.
(1)
PSYOP Group Commander.
(2)
Joint: JCS, OSD, Department of State.
(3)
Commander, Joint PSYOP Support Element (JPSE).
(4)
Director, USASOC G-39.
(5)
U.S. Army War College.
(6)
USACPOC G-3.
(7)
USACAPOC Chief of Staff.
(8)
USSOCOM J39.
(9)
Army Service Component Command: PSYOP Staff Officer
(10)
Unified Combatant Command: PSYOP Staff Officer
(11)
Corps G-7/IO Officer
2. Resources. PSYOP officers should use the references and resources normally available within the
unit and those used for resident and nonresident schooling. The non-inclusive list of reference
publications in this manual provides a ready source of information for further study and professional
development.
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APPENDIX B
Branch Reading List
The branch reading list is provided for the convenience of the individual officer and his commander. When
commanders develop their unit reading programs, they should choose books or other reading material
that will support their critical METL, unit-training programs, and the professional development of their
officers. The intention of the branch reading list is to give the commander a starting point from which to
proceed with the development of a unit or individual reading program. This reading list is only a part of his
continuing professional education and development. The list is not all-inclusive, and officers are free to
choose other material that better fits their individual programs.
PSYCHOLOGICAL OPERATIONS — BOOKS
Barnett, Frank R. (ed.) and others, Special Operations in U.S. Strategy, Washington, National Defense
University Press, 1984.
Erdmann, James M., Leaflet Operations in the Second World War. Denver, Denver Instant Printing, 1969.
Goldstein, Frank L. (Col., USAF) (ed.), Psychological Operations: Principles and Case Studies, Maxwell
AFB, AL, Air University Press, 1996. (Divided into four sections: 1) Nature and Scope of
Psychological Operations, 2) National Policy and PSYOP Planning, 3) Strategic, Tactical, and
Operational PSYOP, and 4) Case Studies of PSYOP Applications.)
Goldstein, Frank L. (Col., USAF) (ed.), Psychological Operations: A Plan for Success. pp 95-102.
Gordon, Joseph S. (ed.), Psychological Operations: The Soviet Challenge, Boulder, CO, Westview Press,
1988.
Hayden, H. T. (Lt. Col., USMC), Shadow War: Special Operations and Low Intensity Conflict. Vista, CA,
Pacific Aero Press, 1992.
Kempe, Frederick, Divorcing the Dictator: America’s Bungled Affair with Noriega. New York, G.P. Putnam,
1990, “Psychological Warfare,” pp 350-368.
Margolin, Leo Jay, Paper Bullets: A Brief Story of Psychological Warfare in World War II. New York,
Froben Press, 1946.
McLaurin, Ron D. (ed.), Military Propaganda: Psychological Warfare and Operations. New York, Praeger,
1982.
Paddock, Alfred H., Jr., Psychological and Unconventional Warfare, 1941-1952: Origins of a ‘Special
Warfare’ Capability for the United States Army. Carlisle Barracks, PA, 1979. (Army War College
[U.S.] Study project)
Paddock, Alfred H., Jr., Psychological Operations, Special Operations, and U.S. Strategy, pp 229-260.
Paddock, Alfred H., Jr., U.S. Army Special Warfare: Its Origins. Washington, National Defense University
Press, 1982. (Contains several chapters concerning psychological warfare during World War II,
the interwar years, and during the Korean conflict.)
Pease, Stephen E., Psywar: Psychological Warfare in Korea, 1950-1953. Harrisburg, PA, Stackpole
Books, 1992.
Political Warfare and Psychological Operations: Rethinking the U.S. Approach, Washington, National
Defense University Press, 1989, “Military Psychological Operations,” pp 45-75.
Radvanyi, Janos (ed.), Psychological Operations and Political Warfare in Long-Term Strategic Planning,
New York, Praeger, 1990.
Roetter, Charles, The Art of Psychological Warfare, 1914-1945, New York, Stein and Day, 1974.
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Appendix B
Simpson, Christopher, Science of Coercion: Communication Research and Psychological Warfare,
1945-1960, New York, Oxford University Press, 1994.
Sturgill, Claude C., Low-Intensity Conflict in American History, Westport, CT, Praeger, 1993,
“Psychological Operations as a Special Facet of Low-Intensity Conflict,” pp 71-90.
Tayacban, Psychological Operations in Guerrilla Warfare, New York, Vintage Books, 1985.
United States. Department of Defense, Conduct of the Persian Gulf War: Final Report to Congress,
Washington, United States Department of Defense, 1992. 3 vols.
Psychological Operations Impact, pp. 186-188.
Psychological Operations, Volume II: pp. J-20-J-23.
Waller, Douglas C., The Commandos: The Inside Story of America’s Secret Soldiers, New York, Simon &
Schuster, 1994, “Psyops,” pp 284-301.
PSYCHOLOGICAL OPERATIONS — DOCUMENTS
Aquino, Michael A. (Lt. Col., USAR). Psychological Operations: The Ethical Dimension. Fort McNair, DC,
1987. (Industrial College of the Armed Forces [U.S.] ICAF Student Research Report)
Boling, Deanna I. (Capt., USN). Operational Law in Support of Public Affairs and Psychological
Operations. Newport, RI, June 1988. (Naval War College [U.S.] Student Thesis)
Dayton, Roy D. (Maj., USAF). Airborne Psychological Warfare in South Vietnam. Maxwell AFB, AL, June
1968. (Air Command and Staff College [U.S.] Thesis)
Dunn, Michael J. (Maj., USAF). The Soviet Disinformation Campaign. Maxwell AFB, AL, April 1987. (Air
Command and Staff College [U.S.] Student Report)
Gill, Paul F. (Maj., USAF). The USAF Psychological Warfare Mission in South Vietnam--An Analysis of
Doctrine and Tactics. Maxwell AFB, AL, May 1981. (Air Command and Staff College [U.S.]
Research report)
Greene, Terry F. U.S. Army Psychological Operations into the Year 2000. Carlisle Barracks, PA, April
1993. (Army War College [U.S.] Study Project)
Kriesel, Melvin E. (Col., USA). PSYOP: A Strategic Dimension. Carlisle Barracks, PA, April 1984. (Army
War College [U.S.] Study Project)
Lewis, Barry W. (Maj., USAF). The Role of the Air Force in Psychological Operations. Maxwell AFB, AL,
April 1984. (Air Command and Staff College [U.S.] Research Report)
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. Roles and Functions of U.S. Combat Forces: Past,
Present, and Prospects, by John M. Collins. Washington, January 1993. (CRS Report for
Congress No.93-72 S), “Psychological Operations,” pp 57-59.
McKelvy, Dolan M. (Lt. Col., USAF). Psychic Warfare: Exploring the Mind Frontier. Maxwell AFB, AL,
May 1988. (Air War College [U.S.] Research Report)
Noll, James P. (Col., USAR). The 13th Psychological Operations Battalion (EPW) During Mobilization,
Desert Shield/Desert Storm and Demobilization. Carlisle Barracks, PA, May 1993. (Army War
College [U.S.] Study Project)
Pecot, C. Matthew, III (Capt., USA). Integrating Psychological Operations into the Joint Theater Level
Simulation (JTLS). Wright-Patterson AFB, OH, March 1993. Vol. 1. (Air Force Institute of
Technology [U.S.] Thesis)
Pugh, Carol (Maj., USAF). Psychological Operations for the Operational Commander. Newport, RI,
June 1996. (Naval War College [U.S.] Student Thesis)
Rand Corporation. Psychological Effects of U.S. Air Operations in Four Wars 1941-1991: Lessons for
U.S. Commanders. Santa Monica, CA, 1996. (MR-No.576)
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Branch Reading List
Sparagana, Eleanor A. The Conduct and Consequences of Psychological Warfare: American
Psychological Warfare Operations in the War Against Japan, 1941-1945. Ann Arbor, MI, UMI,
1990. (Brandeis University. Thesis)
Torres, Herminio. Managing Meaning: The Role of Psychological Operations and Public Diplomacy in a
National Information Warfare Strategy. Monterey, CA, December 1995. Vol 1. (Naval
Postgraduate School [U.S.] Student Thesis)
United States Army. Combined Arms Training Strategy for Special Forces, Psychological Operations, and
Civil Affairs Units. Washington, March 1994. Vol. 1.
United States Army Military History Institute. Special Bibliography No.26 on United States Army Special
Operations and Low-intensity Conflict 1940-1986, by Claude C. Sturgill. Carlisle Barracks, PA,
1989, “Psychological Operations Forces,” pp H1-H14.
United States. Joint Chiefs of Staff. Doctrine for Joint Psychological Operations. Washington, July 1996.
Vol. 1. (JCS Publication No. 3-53)
United States. Southern Command. Small Wars Operational Requirements Division. El Salvador:
Psychological Operations Assessment. Fort Clayton, Panama, February 1988.
United States. Special Operations Command. Psychological Operations in Panama During Operations
Just Cause and Promote Liberty. MacDill AFB, FL, March 1994.
Wilson, Eleanor M. (Lt. Col., USMCR). Psychological Warfare in Low Intensity Conflict (Latin America).
Newport, RI, May 1987. (Naval War College [U.S.] Student Thesis)
PSYCHOLOGICAL OPERATIONS — PERIODICALS
Adolph, Robert B., Jr. (Maj., USA), “PSYOP: Gulf War Force Multiplier,” Army, Vol. 42, December 1992,
pp. 16-22.
Bailey, Chris (Capt.), “PSYOP-Unique Equipment: Special ‘Weapons’ of Communication,” Special
Warfare, Vol. 5, No. 2, October 1992, pp. 32-34.
Barr, Edward J., “Discovering Psychological Operations,” Marine Corps Gazette Vol. 73,
September 1989, p. 38+.
Blanchette, Joel G. (Brig. Gen.), “USACAPOC’s (Army Civil Affairs and Psychological Operations
Command) FOCUS Project: Waging the War for Information,” Special Warfare, Vol. 9, No. 1,
January 1996, pp. 45-49.
Boisselle, James C. (Maj.), “Tactical PSYOPS Supporting the Infantry Brigade and Battalion,” Infantry,
Vol. 86, September-October 1996, pp. 14-17.
Borchini, Charles P. (Lt. Col.) and Mari Borstelmann, “PSYOP (psychological operations) in Somalia: The
Voice of Hope,” Special Warfare, Vol. 7, October 1994, pp. 2-9.
Brown, Stephen D., “PSYOP in Operation Uphold Democracy,” Military Review, Vol. 76, September-
October 1996, pp 57-64.
Cloughley, Brian, “Peace in Mind: Will the UN Give Psyops a Chance?” International Defense Review,
Vol. 29, March 1996, pp. 59-61.
Copley, Gregory R., “Invisible Hand of Strategy: A Brief Introduction to Psychological Strategy,” Defense
& Foreign Affairs Strategic Policy, Vol. 24, January 1996, pp. 8-10.
Copley, Gregory R., “Rediscovering Psy-Ops” Defense & Foreign Affairs Strategic Policy, Vol. 24,
March 1996, p. 10.
Epstein, Stephen M. (Lt. Col.), Robert S. Cronin, (Lt. Col.), and James G. Pulley (Col.), “JTF Haiti: A
United Nations Foreign Internal Defense Mission,” Special Warfare Vol. 7, No. 3, July 1994,
pp. 2-9.
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Appendix B
Goodman, Glenn W., Jr., “Getting the Word Out: Psychological Operations Play Key Role in Saving
Soldiers’ Lives,” Armed Forces Journal International, Vol. 133, July 1996, p. 44.
Goodman, Glenn W., Jr., “Rebuilding Bosnia: Army Civil Affairs and PSYOP Personnel Play Critical
Nonmilitary Role in Operation Joint Endeavor,” Armed Forces Journal International, Vol. 134,
February 1997, pp. 22-23.
Jones, Jeffrey B. (Col., USA), “Psychological Operations in Desert Shield, Desert Storm and Urban
Freedom,” Special Warfare, Vol. 7, No.3, July 1994, pp. 22-29.
Jones, Jeffrey B. (Col.) and Michael P. Mathews (Lt. Col.), “PSYOP (psychological operations) and the
Warfighting CINC (Commander in Chief),” Joint Force Quarterly, No.8, Summer 1995, pp.28-33.
Kappelman, Paul B. (Lt. Col.) and Robert E. Armstrong (Maj.), “PSYOP Task Force to JTF (Joint Task
Force) Andrew: A Case Study in Support to Disaster-Recovery Operations,” Special Warfare,
Vol. 6, No. 3, July 1993, pp. 18-21.
Kempe, Frederick and Gerald F. Seib, “U.K. Leaflets Urge Argentines to Surrender,” Sec. 1, p. 2, Col. 2,
June 4, 1982.
Kilgore, Joe E. (Maj.), “PSYOP in Support of Low-Intensity Conflict,” Special Warfare, Vol. 5, No.2,
October 1992, pp. 26-31.
McIntire, Katherine and Neil Munro, “Psyching Out the Enemy,” Army Times, Vol. 54, February 28, 1994,
pp. 12-14.
McMichael, William H. (SSgt., USA), “Mind Games (Psychological Operations in Operation Desert
Storm),” Soldier, Vol. 47, May 1992, pp. 6-8.
Morrow, Janice M. (Capt.), “Never Seen, Always Heard (the mission of the 193rd Special Operations
Group is Psychological Warfare),” Airman, Vol. 37, February 1993, pp. 2-5.
Paddock, Alfred H., Jr., “No More Tactical Information Detachments: U.S. Military Psychological
Operations in Transition,” Low Intensity Conflict & Law Enforcement, Vol. 2, Autumn 1993,
pp.195-211.
Parker, Jay M., “Training the PSYOP Force,” Special Warfare, Vol. 5, No. 2, October 1992, pp. 2-5.
Rodgers, R. Scott (Maj., USAF), “PSYOP: Most Powerful Non-Lethal Weapon System,” Night Flyer
Magazine, Vol. 4, September 1996, p. 9.
Sandler, Stanley, “Army Psywarriors: A History of U.S. Army Psychological Operations,” Special Warfare,
Vol. 5, No. 2, October 1992, pp. 18-25. (Includes information on Operations URGENT FURY,
JUST CAUSE, and DESERT STORM.)
Stankiewicz (Lt. Col., USAF, Ret), “PSYOP: Winning Wars by Saving Lives (PSYOP leaflets during Gulf
War),” Asia-Pacific Defense Forum, Vol. 17, Winter 1992-1993, pp. 8-14.
Stech, Frank J. (Lt. Col.), “Upheaval in Europe: PSYOP Communication Lessons Learned,” Special
Warfare, Vol. 5, No. 2, October 1992, pp. 13-17.
Summe, Jack N. (Maj., USA), “PSYOP Support to Operations Desert Shield/Desert Storm.” Special
Warfare, Vol. 5, No. 2, October 1992, pp. 6-9.
Summe, Jack N. (Maj., USA), “Total PSYOP Integration: Reorganizing Active and Reserve-Component
PSYOP Forces,” Special Warfare, Vol. 5, No. 2, October 1992, pp. 10-12.
Thomas, Timothy L., “Russian Information - Psychological Actions: Implications for U.S. PSYOP,” Special
Warfare, Vol. 10, No. 1, Winter 1997, pp. 12-19.
Timmes, Thomas A. (Col., USA, Ret), “Military Psychological Operations in the 1990’s,” Special Warfare,
Vol. 7, No. 1, January 1994, pp. 19-21.
Van Zandt, Clinton R., “When Forces Work Together: Army PSYOP and the FBI in St Croix,” Special
Warfare, Vol. 6, No. 2, May 1993, pp. 24-25.
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Branch Reading List
Wilson, D. J. (Capt., Australian Army), “Psychological Operations in Somalia,” Australian Defence Force
Journal, No.107, July-August 1994, pp. 35-42.
Middle East Suggested Reading
CULTURE
Patai, Raphael, The Arab Mind, Revised edition, 2002, Hatherleigh Press, Long Island, NY
Comar, Margaret K., Understanding Arabs: A Guide for Westerners, Nydell, 3d edition, Intercultural
Press, 2002, Yarmouth, ME.
HISTORY
Goldschmidt, Arthur Jr., A Concise History of the Middle East, 7th edition, Westview Press, 2002,
Boulder, CO.
PEOPLES
Bates, Daniel and Amal Rassam, Peoples and Cultures of the Middle East, 2d edition, Prentice Hall,
Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1983.
MILITARY
Rubin, Barry, and Thomas A. Keaney (ed.), Armed Forces in the Middle East: Politics and Strategy,
Frank Cass, London, 2002.
ISLAM
Esposito, John L., Islam: The Straight Path, revised 3d edition, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2005.
ISLAMISM AND ISLAMIC TERROR
Lewis, Bernard, The Crisis of Islam: Holy War and Holy Terror, Modern Library, NY, 2003.
Lewis, Bernard, What Went Wrong: Western Impact and Middle East Response, Oxford University Press,
NY, 2002.
POLITICAL SCIENCE
Rubin, Barry, The Tragedy of the Middle East, Cambridge Press, 2001.
Bill, James A. and Robert Springburg, Politics in the Middle East, 5th edition, Addison Wesley, Longman
Inc., NY, 2000.
Cohen, Michael J., Arab-Israeli Conflict: The Origins and Evolution of the Arab Zionist Conflict, University
of Berkeley Press, 1987.
IRAQ
Marr, Phebe, Modern History of Iraq, Westview Press, 2d edition, 2003.
Braude, Joseph, The New Iraq: Rebuilding the Country, Basic Books, NY, 2003.
Gunter, Michael M., The Kurds of Iraq: Tragedy and Hope, St. Martin’s Press, 1992 (out of print).
Chaliand, Gerard, A People Without a Country: Kurds and Kurdistan, Interlink Publishers, Northampton,
Massachusetts, 2004.
Nakash, Y., The Shia’s of Iraq, Princeton University Press, 2003.
IRAN
Rubin, Barry, Paved with Good Intentions: The American Experience in Iran, London, Penguin Books
reprint, 1984.
Keddie, Nikki R., Roots of Revolution: An Interpretive History of Modern Iran, New Haven, Yale University
Press, 1981.
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B-5
Appendix B
Fuller, Graham E., The Center of the Universe: The Geopolitics of Iran, Boulder, CO, Westview Press,
1991.
AFGHANISTAN
Vogelsang, Willem, The Afghan, Peoples of Asia, Blackwell Publishing, 2001.
Hopkirk, Peter, The Great Game: The Struggle for Empire in Central Asia, (hard to find).
Rashid, Ahmed, Taliban: Militant Islam, Oil and Fundamentalism in Central Asia, 2001.
Goodson, Larry, Afghanistan’s Endless Wars: State Failure, Regional Politics and the Rise of the Taliban,
2002.
Dupree, Louis, Afghanistan, 1973. (Out of print; but available; essential historical reading.)
TERRORISM
Howard, Russell D. and Reed L. Sawyer, Defeating Terrorism: Shaping the New Environment,
McGraw Hill, 2002.
Howard, Russell D. and Reed L. Sawyer, Terrorism and Counterterrorism: Understanding the New
Security Environment, McGraw Hill, 2002.
PSYCHOLOGY and PSYCHOLOGICAL OPERATIONS
Cialdini, Robert B., Ph.D., Influence, Quill, NY, 1993.
Grossman, David, On Killing: The Psychological Cost of Learning to Kill in War and Society, Boston:
Little, Brown and Co, 1996.
Lakoff, George, Don't Think of an Elephant: Know Your Values and Frame the Debate, Chelsea Green
Publishing, 2004.
Milgram, Stanley, Obedience to Authority, Harper Perennial, 1983.
Pratkanis, Anthony and Elliott Aronson, Age of Propaganda: The Everyday Use and Abuse of Persuasion,
New York: W.H. Freeman, 1991.
Roberts, (Wheezy), M.E., Villages of the Moon: Psychological Operations in Southern Afghanistan,
Baltimore, Publish America, 2005.
Winn, Denise, The Manipulated Mind: Brainwashing, Conditioning, and Indoctrination, Malor Books, 2000.
B-6
STP 33-37II-OFS
2 July 2007
GLOSSARY
Section I
Acronyms & Abbreviations
AMHS
automated message handling system
AN
annually
ANCOC
advanced noncommissioned officer course
AO
area of operations
AR
Army regulation
ARSOF
Army Special Operations Forces
BA
biannually
BNCOC
basic noncommissioned officer course
BPS
basic Psychological Operations study
BW
biweekly
C/E
cause and effect
CCIR
commander’s critical information requirements
CI
counterintelligence
CMNS
combat mission needs statement
COA
course of action
COCOM
combatant command (command authority)
DA
Department of the Army; direct action
DA Form
Department of the Army Form
DC
dislocated civilian; displaced civilian
DCO
deputy commanding officer
DD Form
Department of the Defense Form
DMS
defense message system
DOD
Department of Defense
DP
decision point
2 July 2007
STP 33-37II-OFS
Glossary-1
Glossary
EPW
enemy prisoner of war
FDO
flexible deterrent option
FFIR
friendly forces information requirement
FM
field manual; frequency modulation
FOLS
family of loudspeakers
FRAGO
fragmentary order
HRC
human resources command
G-1
Deputy Chief of Staff for Personnel
G-2
Deputy Chief of Staff for Intelligence
G-3
Deputy Chief of Staff for Operations and Plans
G-4
Deputy Chief of Staff for Logistics
G-6
Chief Information Officer/Director, Information Systems for Command, Control,
Communications, and Computers
G-7
Deputy Chief of Staff for Information Operations
GENTEXT
general text
HN
host nation
HQ
headquarters
HUMINT
human intelligence
IAW
in accordance with
ICC
information coordinating committee
IIP
International Information Program
INTSUM
intelligence summary
IO
information operations
IPB
intelligence preparation of the battlespace; intelligence preparation of the
battlefield
IR
information requirement
J-1
Manpower and Personnel Directorate
J-2
Intelligence Directorate
J-3
Operations Directorate
Glossary-2
STP 33-37II-OFS
2 July 2007
Glossary
J-4
Logistics Directorate
J-5
Plans Directorate of a joint staff
J-6
Command, Control, Communications, and Computer Systems Directorate
J-7
Operational Plans and Joint Force Development Directorate of a joint staff
JCS
Joint Chiefs of Staff
JFC
joint force commander
JIOC
joint information operation center
JTF
joint task force
MBITR
Multiband Intra-Team Radio
MDMP
military decision making process
MEDCAP
medical civil action project
METL
mission-essential task list
MILGRP
military group
MO
movement order; monthly
MOS
military occupational specialty
MOSC
military occupational specialty code
MTP
MOS training plan
NATO
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
NCO
noncommissioned officer
NLT
not later than
OFS
officer foundation standards
OGA
other government agency
OIC
officer in charge
OPLAN
operation plan
OPORD
operation order
OPSEC
operations security
OPSUM
operations summary
OSD
Office of the Secretary of Defense
2 July 2007
STP 33-37II-OFS
Glossary-3
Glossary
PAW
product/action work sheet
PDSS
predeployment site survey
PIR
priority intelligence requirement
PLL
prescribed load list
PO
Psychological Operations objective
POLMIL
political-military
POQC
PSYOP Officers Qualification Course
POTF
Psychological Operations task force
PSE
Psychological Operations support element
PSYACT
psychological actions
PSYOP
Psychological Operations
PTA
potential target audience
PTAL
potential target audience list
PTM
Psychological Operations transmission matrix
PTO
Psychological Operations targeting objective
QT
quarterly
S-1
personnel staff officer
S-2
intelligence staff officer
S-3
operations staff officer
S-4
logistics staff officer
S-5
plans staff officer
S-6
command, control, communications, and computer operations officer
S-7
information operations officer
S-8
financial management officer
S-9
civil-military operations officer
SA
security assistance; semiannually
SAT
systems approach to training
SCW
series concept work sheet
Glossary-4
STP 33-37II-OFS
2 July 2007
Glossary
SDW
series dissemination work sheet
SEM
series execution matrix
SIPR
secure internet protocol
SIPRNET
SECRET Internet Protocol Router Network
SM
Soldier’s manual
SMCT
Soldier’s Manual of Common Tasks
SOF
special operations forces
SOP
standing operating procedure
SOR
statement of requirement; statement of operational requirements
SPA
special Psychological Operations (PSYOP) assessment
SPO
supporting Psychological Operations objective
SPOTREP
SPOT report
STP
Soldier training publication
SPS
special Psychological Operations (PSYOP) study
SSD
strategic studies detachment
TA
theater Army; target area; target audience
TAA
tactical assembly area; target audience analysis
TAAD
target audience analysis detachment
TAAW
target audience analysis work sheet
TACSOP
tactical standing operating procedures
TM
technical manual; tympanic membrane
TPD
tactical Psychological Operations detachment
TPDD
tactical Psychological Operations development detachment
TPT
tactical Psychological Operations team
TSOC
theater special operations command
TV
television
U.S
United States
UAS
unmanned aerial system
2 July 2007
STP 33-37II-OFS
Glossary-5
Glossary
USAJFKSWC
United States Army John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center
WARNORD
warning order
wk
weekly
Section II
Terms
accessibility
The availability of an audience for targeting by Psychological Operations.
agents of action
Persons and organizations who carry out or conduct programs of psychological actions. Discretionary—
Persons or organizations whose activities are planned primarily for their psychological impact.
Incidental—Persons or organizations whose activities generate a psychological impact secondary to the
military operation.
basic Psychological Operations study
A document that describes succinctly the characteristics of a country, geographical area, or region which
are most pertinent to psychological operations, and which can serve as an immediate reference for the
planning and conduct of psychological operations. (JP 1-02) Also called BPS.
Civil Affairs
Designated Active Army and Reserve Component forces that are organized, equipped, and trained to
carry out missions that specifically include the conduct or support to Civil Affairs activities.
combatant command
A unified or specified command with a broad continuing mission under a single commander established
and so designated by the President, through the Secretary of Defense and with the advice and assistance
of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Combatant commands typically have geographic or functional
responsibilities. (JP 1-02)
conditions
Existing elements that affect a target audience's behavior. Conditions can be external, such as situations
and events, or internal, such as values, beliefs, and attitudes.
cause-and-effect analysis
Identifies the motivations and consequences of the target audiences (TA) current behavior and often,
those that impede or restrict the TA from engaging in the desired behavior.
critical information
Specific facts about friendly intentions, capabilities, and activities vitally needed by adversaries for them
to plan and act effectively so as to guarantee failure or unacceptable consequences for friendly mission
accomplishment.
deception
Those measures designed to mislead the enemy by manipulation, distortion, or falsification of evidence to
induce the enemy to react in a manner prejudicial to the enemy’s interests. (JP 1-02)
effectiveness
The actual ability of a target audience to carry out the desired behavioral or attitudinal change.
Glossary-6
STP 33-37II-OFS
2 July 2007
Glossary
joint doctrine
Fundamental principles that guide the employment of forces of two or more military departments in
coordinated action toward a common objective. It is authoritative; as such, joint doctrine will be followed
except when, in the judgment of the commander, exceptional circumstances dictate otherwise. It will be
promulgated by or for the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, in coordination with the combatant
commands and Services. (JP 1-02)
joint force
A general term applied to a force composed of significant elements, assigned or attached, of two or more
military departments operating under a single joint force commander. (JP 1-02)
joint operations
A general term to describe military actions conducted by joint forces or by Service forces in relationships
(e.g., support, coordinating authority) which, of themselves, do not create joint forces. (JP 1-02)
joint Psychological Operations task force
A joint special operations task force composed of headquarters and operational assets. It assists the joint
force commander in developing strategic, operational, and tactical psychological operation plans for a
theater campaign or other operations. Mission requirements will determine its composition and assigned
or attached units to support the joint task force commander. (JP 1-02) Also called JPOTF.
joint task force
A joint force that is constituted and so designated by the Secretary of Defense, a combatant commander,
a subunified commander, or an existing joint task force commander. (JP 1-02) Also called JTF
national objectives
The aims, derived from national goals and interests, toward which a national policy or strategy is directed
and efforts and resources of the nation are applied. (JP 1-02)
nongovernmental organization
Transnational organizations of private citizens that maintain a consultative status with the Economic and
Social Council of the United Nations. Nongovernmental organizations may be professional associations,
foundations, multinational businesses, or simply groups with a common interest in humanitarian
assistance activities (development and relief). “Nongovernmental organizations” is a term normally used
by non-United States organizations. (JP 1-02) Also called NGO.
medium
Singular form of media.
potential target audience list
List of target audiences the planner initially thinks have the ability to accomplish the SPOs. Also called
PTAL.
psychological actions
Activities conducted for their psychological impact.
Psychological Operations
(1) Planned operations to convey selected information and indicators to foreign audiences to influence
their emotions, motives, objective reasoning, and ultimately the behavior of foreign governments,
organizations, groups, and individuals. The purpose of psychological operations is to induce or reinforce
foreign attitudes and behavior favorable to the originator’s objectives. Also called PSYOP. (JP 1-02)
(2) (DOD) Planned operations to convey selected information and indicators to foreign audiences to
influence their emotions, motives, objective reasoning, and ultimately the behavior of foreign government,
organizations, groups, and individuals. The purpose of psychological operations is to induce or reinforce
foreign attitudes and behavior favorable to the originator’s objectives. Also called PSYOP.
2 July 2007
STP 33-37II-OFS
Glossary-7
Glossary
(3) (NATO) Planned psychological activities in peace and war directed to enemy, friendly, and neutral
audiences in order to influence attitudes and behavior affecting the achievement of political and military
objectives. They include strategic psychological activities, psychological consolidation activities, and
battlefield psychological activities.
Psychological Operations action
Action or activity planned primarily for its psychological impact. Also called PSYACT.
Psychological Operations argument
The overall argument and approach used to obtain a desired behavior or attitude from the target
audience. Main argument- reason(s) that the TA should engage in the desired behavior. Supporting
argument- used to provide factual evidence, address causes, effects, and exploit vulnerabilities. They
increase a TA's motivation to accept the main argument.
Psychological Operations assessment criteria
These are the objective measures used to monitor and assess changes in target audience behavior over
time. These behavioral trends are then analyzed in relation to PSYOP series execution. PSYOP
assessment criteria are written as questions. Initially developed during planning and refined during TAA,
these questions are based upon the specific, measurable and observable desired behavior(s) that
PSYOP wants to influence. When answered, the assessment criteria describe trends in behavior change.
Over time, these behavior trends will help determine the degree of success in achieving the SPO.
Psychological Operations impact indicator
An observable event or a discernible subjectively determined behavioral change that represents an effect
of a Psychological Operations activity on the intended foreign target audience at a particular point in time.
It is measured evidence, ascertained during the analytical phase of the Psychological Operations
development process, to evaluate the degree to which the Psychological Operations objective is
achieved.
Psychological Operations objective
A statement of a measurable response that reflects the desired attitude or behavior change of a selected
foreign target audience as a result of Psychological Operations. Also called PO.
Psychological Operations plan
A series of Psychological Operations programs conducted at the theater level to achieve short- and mid-
term objectives in support of a geographic combatant commander’s goals.
Psychological Operations series
All actions and products developed in support of a single supporting objective and single target audience
combination.
Psychological Operations support element
A tailored element that can provide limited Psychological Operations support. Psychological Operations
support elements do not contain organic command and control capability; therefore, command
relationships must be clearly defined. The size, composition, and capability of the Psychological
Operations support element are determined by the requirements of the supported commander. A
Psychological Operations support element is not designed to provide full-spectrum Psychological
Operations capability; reachback is critical for its mission success. Also called PSE.
Psychological Operations task force
A task force composed of Psychological Operations units formed to carry out a specific psychological
operation or prosecute Psychological Operations in support of a theater campaign or other operations.
The Psychological Operations task force may have conventional non-Psychological Operations units
assigned or attached to support the conduct of specific missions. The Psychological Operations task
force commander is usually a joint task force component commander. Also called POTF.
Glossary-8
STP 33-37II-OFS
2 July 2007
Glossary
special Psychological Operations assessment
A Psychological Operations intelligence document which focuses on any of a variety of different subjects
pertinent to Psychological Operations, such as a particular target group, significant social institution, or
media analysis. It can serve as an immediate reference for the planning and conduct of Psychological
Operations. Also called SPA.
spontaneous events
This includes any events or friendly, neutral, or hostile actions that affect the TA’s behavior (other than
the PSYOP series), or any events that demonstrate the impact of a specific supporting PSYOP program.
Spontaneous events must be considered along with the impact indicators when determining to what
degree PSYOP is influencing the TA’s behavior.
SPOT report
A concise narrative report of essential information covering events or conditions that may have an
immediate and significant effect on current planning and operations that is afforded the most expeditious
means of transmission consistent with requisite security. Also called SPOTREP. (Note. In
reconnaissance and surveillance usage, spot report is not to be used.) See Joint Tactical Air
Reconnaissance/Surveillance Mission Report.
supported commander
The commander having primary responsibility for all aspects of a task assigned by the Joint Strategic
Capabilities Plan or other joint operation planning authority. In the context of joint operation planning, this
term refers to the commander who prepares operation plans or operation orders in response to
requirements of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. (JP 1-02)
supporting commander
A commander who provides augmentation forces or other support to a supported commander or who
develops a supporting plan. This includes the designated combatant commands and Department of
Defense agencies as appropriate. (JP 1-02)
supporting Psychological Operations objective
The specific behavioral or attitudinal response desired from the target audience as a result of PSYOP.
The supporting Psychological Operations objective is what PSYOP will do to get the target audiences to
achieve Psychological Operations objectives. Also called SPO.
susceptibility
Susceptibility is the likelihood the target audience will be open to persuasion.
symbol
A visual (graphic or short textual), audio, or audiovisual means used to convey, reinforce, or enhance an
argument.
target audience
An individual or group selected for influence or attack by means of Psychological Operations. Also called
TA.
vulnerability
Vulnerabilities are characteristics, motives, or conditions of the TA that can be used to influence behavior.
Characteristics refer to TA qualities, traits, and attributes. Motives are anything that is required or desired
by the TA (needs and wants). Conditions refer to current situation and events, and attitudes, values, and
beliefs of the TA.
2 July 2007
STP 33-37II-OFS
Glossary-9
This page intentionally left blank.
REFERENCES
Required Publications
Required publications are sources that users must read in order to understand or to comply with this
publication.
Army Regulations
AR 350-1
Army Training and Leader Development, 13 January 2006
Department of Army Forms
DA FORM 2028
Recommended Changes to Publications and Blank Forms
Field Manuals
FM 3-05.30
Psychological Operations, 15 April 2005
FM 3-05.301
Psychological Operations Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures,
31 December 2003
FM 3-05.302
Tactical Psychological Operations Tactics, Techniques, and
Procedures, 28 October 05
FM 7-0
Training the Force, 22 October 2002
Related Publications
Related publications are sources of additional information. They are not required in order to understand
this publication.
Field Manuals
FM 2-0
Intelligence Operations, 17 April 2004
FM 3-0
Operations, 14 June 2001
FM 3-05.102
Army Special Operations Forces Intelligence, 31 August 2001
FM 3-13
Information Operations: Doctrine, Tactics, Techniques, and
Procedures, 28 November 2003
FM 3-25.26
Map Reading and Land Navigation, 18 January 2005
FM 5-0
Army Planning and Orders Production, 20 January 2005
FM 6-0
Mission Command: Command and Control of Army Forces,
11 August 2003
FM 6-20-10
Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for the Targeting Process,
8 April 1996
FM 7-8
Infantry Rifle Platoon and Squad, 22 April 1992
FM 7-15
The Army Universal Task List, 31 August 2003
FM 31-20-3
Foreign Internal Defense Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures
for Special Forces, 20 September 1994
FM 34-130
Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefield, 8 July 1994
Joint Publications
JP 1-02
Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated
Terms, 12 April 2001 (as amended through 8 August 2006)
JP 2-0
Doctrine for Intelligence Support to Joint Operations,
9 March 2000
JP 2-01.3
Joint Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Joint Intelligence
Preparation of the Battlespace, 24 May 2000
JP 3-0
Joint Operations, 17 September 2006
JP 3-05.2
Joint Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Special
Operations Targeting and Mission Planning, 21 May 2003
1 July 2007
STP 33-37II-OFS
References-1
References
JP 3-53
Joint Doctrine for Psychological Operations, 5 September 2003
JP 5-0
Joint Operation Planning, 26 December 2006
Other Product Types
CJCSI 3110.05C
Joint Psychological Operations Supplement to the Joint Strategic
Capabilities Plan FY 2003, 8 July 2003 (current as of
3 August 2006)
CJCS Memorandum 2077-04
Policy on Public Affairs Relationship to Information Operations,
2 September 2004
CJCSM 3500.04D
Universal Joint Task List (UJTL), 1 August 2005 (current as of
17 August 2006)
DODD S-3321.1
(S) Overt Psychological Operations Conducted by the Military
Services in Peacetime and in Contingencies Short of Declared
War (U), 26 July 1984
DODI 3608.11
Information Operations Career Force, 4 November 2005
DODI 3608.12
Joint Information Operations (IO) Education, 4 November 2005
DOD Information Operations Roadmap, 30 October 2003
National Security Strategy, September 2002
National Military Strategy, 1997
Joint Strategic Capabilities Plan, 18 July 2000
Theater Security Cooperation Plan
Special Psychological Operations (PSYOP) Assessment
Special Psychological Operations (PSYOP) Studies
References-2
STP 33-37II-OFS
2 July 2007
STP 33-37II-OFS
2 July 2007
By Order of the Secretary of the Army:
GEORGE W. CASEY, JR.
General, United States Army
Chief of Staff
Official:
JOYCE E. MORROW
Administrative Assistant to the
Secretary of the Army
0713404
DISTRIBUTION:
Active Army, Army National Guard, and US Army Reserve: Not to be distributed.
Electronic media only.
PIN: 084089-000
Soldier’s Manual and Trainer’s Guide
MOS 37F
STP 33-37F14-SM-TG
Psychological Operations
Specialist
Skill Levels 1 Through 4
August 2008
DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION:
Distribution authorized to U.S. Government agencies and their contractors
only to protect technical or operational information from automatic
dissemination under the International Exchange Program or by other
means. This determination was made on 16 June 2008. Other requests
for this document must be referred to Commander, United States Army
John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School, ATTN: AOJK-DTD-
PO, Fort Bragg, North Carolina 28310-9610.
DESTRUCTION NOTICE:
Destroy by any method that will prevent disclosure of contents or
reconstruction of the document.
FOREIGN DISCLOSURE RESTRICTION (FD 6):
This publication has been reviewed by the product developers in
coordination with the United States Army John F. Kennedy Special
Warfare Center and School foreign disclosure authority. This product is
releasable to students from foreign countries on a case-by-case basis
only.
HEADQUARTERS
DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY
This publication is available at
General Dennis J. Reimer Training and Doctrine
*STP 33-37F14-SM-TG
*SOLDIER TRAINING
HEADQUARTERS
PUBLICATION
DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY
No. 33-37F14-SM-TG
Washington, DC, 28 August 2008
Soldier’s Manual and Trainer’s Guide
MOS 37F
Psychological Operations Specialist
Skill Levels 1 Through 4
Table of Contents
PAGE
Preface
iv
Chapter 1. Introduction
1-1
1-1. General
1-1
1-2. Task Summaries
1-1
1-3. Soldier’s Responsibilities
1-2
1-4. Training Support
1-2
Chapter 2. Trainer’s Guide
2-1
2-1. General
2-1
2-2. Subject Area Codes
2-1
2-3. Critical Tasks List
2-2
Chapter 3. MOS/Skill Level Tasks
3-1
Subject Area 1
Phase I: Planning
331-305-0238 Integrate PSYOP Into the Supported Unit’s Military Decision Making
Process
3-1
_____________________
DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Distribution authorized to U.S. Government agencies and their
contractors only to protect technical or operational information from automatic dissemination under the
International Exchange Program or by other means. This determination was made on 16 June 2008.
Other requests for this document must be referred to Commander, United States Army John F. Kennedy
Special Warfare Center and School, ATTN: AOJK-DTD-PO, Fort Bragg, North Carolina 28310-9610.
DESTRUCTION NOTICE: Destroy by any method that will prevent disclosure of contents or
reconstruction of the document.
FOREIGN DISCLOSURE RESTRICTION (FD 6): This publication has been reviewed by the product
developers in coordination with the United States Army John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and
School foreign disclosure authority. This product is releasable to students from foreign countries on a
case-by-case basis only.
*This publication supersedes STP 33-37F14-SM-TG, 9 April 2004.
STP 33-37F14-SM-TG
i
Table of Contents
331-305-0233 Conduct Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefield as a PSYOP Planner
3-7
331-305-0232 Integrate PSYOP Into Preparation of the Environment
3-10
331-305-0338 Prepare a PSYOP Estimate
3-11
331-305-0239 Develop PSYOP Objectives
3-14
331-305-0241 Develop Supporting PSYOP Objectives
3-15
331-305-0220 Develop Initial PSYOP Assessment Criteria
3-17
331-305-0228 Integrate PSYOP Into the Targeting Process
3-18
331-37A-0344 Plan PSYOP Actions
3-20
331-305-0229 Develop PSYOP Targeting Objectives
3-22
331-37A-0340 Prepare Appendix 2 (Psychological Operations) to Annex P (Information
Operations) to an Operation Order
3-23
331-37A-0339 Prepare Tab D (Psychological Operations) to Appendix 3 (Information
Operations) to Annex C (Operations) of an Operation Plan/Operation
Order
3-27
331-305-0231 Coordinate PSYOP Support With Key Personnel From Supported
Components, Organizations, and/or Agencies
3-32
331-305-0230 Coordinate With Agencies Available to Support the PSYOP Plan
3-35
331-305-0223 Develop a Statement of Requirements
3-36
331-305-0224 Submit a Request for a Performance-Based Contract
3-37
331-305-0219 Conduct an Information Brief on PSYOP Capabilities
3-39
331-305-0210 Conduct a Military Briefing
3-42
Subject Area 2
Phase II: Target Audience Analysis
331-305-0222 Refine Potential Target Audiences
3-44
331-305-0211 Analyze a Target Audience
3-45
331-305-0206 Determine the Accessibility of a Target Audience
3-47
331-305-0205 Develop PSYOP Arguments
3-49
331-305-0221 Refine Initial PSYOP Assessment Criteria
3-51
331-305-0234 Supervise Target Audience Analysis
3-53
Subject Area 3
Phase III: Series Development
331-305-0226 Develop a Series Concept Work Sheet
3-56
331-305-0235 Complete a Series Dissemination Work Sheet
3-57
331-305-0236 Complete a Series Execution Matrix
3-58
331-305-0237 Develop a PSYOP Transmission Matrix
3-59
Subject Area 4
Phase IV: Product Development and Design
331-305-0200 Develop a PSYOP Product Concept
3-60
331-305-0201 Supervise the Design of a Visual PSYOP Product Prototype
3-63
331-305-0202 Create an Audio PSYOP Product Prototype
3-65
331-305-0203 Design an Audiovisual PSYOP Product Storyboard
3-67
331-305-0216 Prepare a Pretest/Posttest Questionnaire
3-69
331-305-0214 Pretest a PSYOP Product
3-71
331-305-0215 Posttest a PSYOP Series
3-73
331-37A-0476 Supervise the Development and Design of Products and Actions
for a PSYOP Series
3-75
ii
STP 33-37F14-SM-TG
28 August 2008
Table of Contents
Subject Area 5
Phase V: Approval
331-37A-0477 Submit a PSYOP Series for Approval
3-77
Subject Area 6
Phase VI: Production, Distribution, and Dissemination
331-305-0212 Disseminate an Audio Product Using a Loudspeaker System
3-79
331-305-0204 Employ an Interpreter
3-83
331-305-0225 Plan a Face-to-Face Communication Mission
3-85
331-305-0227 Plan an Aerial Dissemination Mission
3-87
Subject Area 7
Phase VII: Evaluation
331-305-0213 Report PSYOP-Relevant Information
3-89
331-305-0217 Conduct a PSYOP-Relevant Interview
3-91
331-305-0240 Monitor Target Audience Behavior on a PSYOP Assessment Matrix
3-94
331-37A-0490 Evaluate the Effectiveness of a PSYOP Series
3-96
Subject Area 8
Supporting Critical Tasks
331-305-0207 Analyze Propaganda Using the SCAME Approach
3-98
331-305-0208 Report Propaganda Using the Spot Report Format
3-100
331-305-0209 Assess Propaganda Effects Using the MARCO Format
3-101
Appendix A. Specific Job Summaries and Resources
A-1
Appendix B. PSYOP Reading List
B-1
Glossary
Glossary-1
References
References-1
28 August 2008
STP 33-37F14-SM-TG
iii
Preface
This Soldier training publication (STP) is for Skill Levels 1 through 4 Soldiers holding the military
occupational specialty (MOS) 37F, Psychological Operations Specialist. It contains standardized training
objectives in the form of task summaries to train critical tasks that support unit missions. All Soldiers
holding MOS 37F should have access to this publication. This publication applies to the Active Army, the
Army National Guard (ARNG)/Army National Guard of the United States (ARNGUS), and the United
States Army Reserve (USAR) unless otherwise stated.
The proponent for this publication is the United States Army John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center
and School (USAJFKSWCS). Send comments and recommendations on Department of the Army (DA)
Form 2028 (Recommended Changes to Publications and Blank Forms) directly to Commander,
USAJFKSWCS, ATTN: AOJK-DTD-PO, Fort Bragg, NC 28310-9610.
Unless this publication states otherwise, masculine nouns and pronouns do not refer exclusively to men.
iv
STP 33-37F14-SM-TG
28 August 2008
Chapter 1
Introduction
1-1. General.
a. This Soldier’s manual (SM) identifies the individual military occupational specialty (MOS) training
requirements for Soldiers in MOS 37F. Commanders, trainers, and Soldiers should use it to plan,
conduct, and evaluate individual training in units. This manual is the primary MOS reference to support
the self-development and training of every Soldier.
b. This manual is used with the following manuals to establish effective training plans and programs
that integrate Soldier, leader, and collective tasks:
z
Field Manual (FM) 3-05.301, Psychological Operations Process Tactics, Techniques, and
Procedures.
z
FM 3-05.302, Tactical Psychological Operations Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures.
z
Special Text (ST) 3-05.302, Mission Training Plan for the Tactical Psychological Operations
Company.
z
ST 3-05.303, Mission Training Plan for the Psychological Operations Product Development
Company.
z
STP 33-37II-OFS, Officer Foundation Standards II Psychological Operations (37A) Officer’s
Manual.
z
FM 7-0, Training the Force.
z
FM 7-1, Battle Focused Training.
1-2. Task Summaries.
a. Task summaries outline the performance requirements of each critical task in the SM. They
provide the Soldier and the trainer with the information needed to prepare, conduct, and evaluate critical
task training. As a minimum, task summaries include information the Soldier must know and the skills he
must perform to standard for each task. The format for the task summaries included in this SM is as
follows:
(1) Task Number. A 10-digit number identifies each task or skill. This task number, along with the
task title, must be included in any correspondence pertaining to the task.
(2) Task Title. The task title identifies the action to be performed.
(3) Conditions. The task condition identifies all the equipment, tools, references, job aids, and
supporting personnel that the Soldier needs to use to perform the task. This section identifies any
environmental conditions that can alter task performance, such as visibility, temperature, or wind. This
section also identifies any specific cues or events that trigger task performance, such as a chemical
attack or identification of a threat vehicle.
(4) Standards. The task standards describe how well and to what level the task must be
performed. Standards are typically described in terms of accuracy, completeness, and speed.
(5) Training and Evaluation. The training and evaluation section identifies specific actions (known
as performance measures) that the Soldier must do to successfully complete the task. These actions are
in the evaluation guide section of the task summary and are listed in a GO/NO-GO format for easy
evaluation. For some tasks, the training and evaluation section may also include detailed training
information in a training information outline and an evaluation preparation section. The evaluation
preparation section indicates necessary modifications to task performance in order to train and evaluate a
task that cannot be trained to the conditions. It may also include special training and evaluation
preparation instructions to accommodate these modifications and any instructions that should be given to
the Soldier before evaluation.
28 August 2008
STP 33-37F14-SM-TG
1-1
Chapter 1
(6) References. This section contains two lists of references that support training of all tasks in
this SM. “Required” references are listed in the conditions statement and are required for the Soldier to do
the task. “Related” references are materials that help a trainer prepare for the task, but are not required to
perform the task.
(7) Warnings. Warnings alert users to the possibility of immediate personal injury or damage to
equipment.
(8) Notes. Notes provide a supportive explanation or hint that relates to the performance
standards.
1-3. Soldier’s Responsibilities.
a. Each Soldier is responsible for performing individual tasks that the first-line supervisor identifies
based on the unit’s mission-essential task list (METL). The Soldier must perform each task to the
standards listed in the SM.
b. If a Soldier has a question about how to do a task or which tasks he must perform, he must ask
the first-line supervisor for clarification. The first-line supervisor either knows how to perform each task or
can direct the Soldier to the appropriate training materials.
1-4. Training Support.
This manual includes the following appendices and information:
a. Specific Job Summaries and Resources. Appendix A contains a list of select jobs and
assignments by skill level that is typical in the professional development of the MOS 37F.
b. PSYOP Reading List. Appendix B contains a list of pertinent books related to the field of
Psychological Operations.
c. Glossary. The glossary, which follows the last appendix, is a single comprehensive list of
acronyms, abbreviations, definitions, and letter symbols.
d. References. This section identifies references that provide more detailed and thorough
explanations of task performance requirements than those given in the task summary description.
1-2
STP 33-37F14-SM-TG
28 August 2008
Chapter 2
Trainer’s Guide
2-1. General. The 37F MOS training plan identifies the essential components of a unit training plan for
individual training. Units have different training needs and requirements based on differences in
environment, location, equipment, dispersion, and similar factors. Therefore, the training plan should be
used as a guide for conducting unit training and not a rigid standard. The training plan is designed to
assist the commander in preparing a unit training plan which satisfies integration, cross training, training
up, and sustainment training requirements for Soldiers in this MOS.
The training plan shows the relationship by general subject areas, the critical tasks to be trained in an
MOS, and the type of training required:
z
Subject Area Column. This column lists the subject area number and title.
z
Task Number Column. This column lists the task numbers for all tasks included in the subject
area.
z
Title Column. This column lists the task title for each task in the subject area.
z
Training Location Column. This column identifies the training location where the task is first
trained to STP standards. If the task is first trained to standard in the unit, the word “Unit” will be
in this column. If the task is first trained to standard in the training base, it will identify, by brevity
code (ANCOC, BNCOC, and so on), the resident course where the task was taught. Figure 2-1
contains a list of training locations and their corresponding brevity codes.
UNIT
Trained in the Unit
AIT
Advanced Individual Training
BNCOC
Basic NCO Course
ANCOC
Advanced NCO Course
Figure 2-1. Training hierarchy
z
Training Skill Level Column. This column lists the tasks by phase of the PSYOP process.
They are broken down for each phase by skill level.
2-2. Subject Area Codes.
Subject Area 1: Planning
Subject Area 2: Target Audience Analysis
Subject Area 3: Series Development
Subject Area 4: Product Development and Design
Subject Area 5: Approval
Subject Area 6: Production, Distribution, and Dissemination
Subject Area 7: Evaluation
Subject Area 8: Supporting Critical Tasks
28 August 2008
STP 33-37F14-SM-TG
2-1
Chapter 2
2-3. Critical Tasks List.
MOS TRAINING PLAN
37F
CRITICAL TASKS
Training
Task Number
Title
Skill Level
Location
Subject Area 1: Phase I: Planning
331-305-0238
Integrate PSYOP Into the Supported Unit’s MDMP
BNCOC
03
331-305-0233
Conduct IPB as a PSYOP Planner
BNCOC
03
331-305-0232
Integrate PSYOP Into Preparation of the Environment
ANCOC
04
331-305-0338
Prepare a PSYOP Estimate
BNCOC
03
331-305-0239
Develop PSYOP Objectives
ANCOC
04
331-305-0241
Develop Supporting PSYOP Objectives
AIT
02
331-305-0220
Develop Initial PSYOP Assessment Criteria
AIT
02
331-305-0228
Integrate PSYOP Into the Targeting Process
BNCOC
03
331-37A-0344
Plan PSYOP Actions
UNIT
03
331-305-0229
Develop PSYOP Targeting Objectives
BNCOC
03
Prepare Appendix 2 (PSYOP) to Annex P (IO) to an
331-37A-0340
BNCOC
03
OPORD
Prepare Tab D (PSYOP) to Appendix 3 (IO) to Annex
331-37A-0339
ANCOC
04
C (Operations) of an OPLAN/OPORD
Coordinate PSYOP Support With Key Personnel From
331-305-0231
Supported Components, Organizations, and/or
UNIT
04
Agencies
Coordinate With Agencies Available to Support the
331-305-0230
BNCOC
03
PSYOP Plan
331-305-0223
Develop a Statement of Requirements
UNIT
03
331-305-0224
Submit a Request for a Performance-Based Contract
UNIT
03
331-305-0219
Conduct an Information Brief on PSYOP Capabilities
UNIT
01
331-305-0210
Conduct a Military Briefing
AIT
01
Subject Area 2: Phase II: Target Audience Analysis
331-305-0222
Refine Potential Target Audiences
BNCOC
02
331-305-0211
Analyze a Target Audience
AIT
01
331-305-0206
Determine the Accessibility of a Target Audience
AIT
01
331-305-0205
Develop PSYOP Arguments
AIT
01
331-305-0221
Refine Initial PSYOP Assessment Criteria
BNCOC
02
331-305-0234
Supervise Target Audience Analysis
UNIT
04
2-2
STP 33-37F14-SM-TG
28 August 2008
Trainer’s Guide
Training
Task Number
Title
Skill Level
Location
Subject Area 3: Phase III: Series Development
331-305-0226
Develop a Series Concept Work Sheet
BNCOC
03
331-305-0235
Complete a Series Dissemination Work Sheet
BNCOC
03
331-305-0236
Complete a Series Execution Matrix
BNCOC
03
331-305-0237
Develop a PSYOP Transmission Matrix
BNCOC
03
Subject Area 4: Phase IV: Product Development and Design
331-305-0200
Develop a PSYOP Product Concept
AIT
01
Supervise the Design of a Visual PSYOP Product
331-305-0201
AIT
01
Prototype
331-305-0202
Create an Audio PSYOP Product Prototype
AIT
01
331-305-0203
Design an Audiovisual PSYOP Product Storyboard
AIT
01
331-305-0216
Prepare a Pretest/Posttest Questionnaire
AIT
01
331-305-0214
Pretest a PSYOP Product
AIT
01
331-305-0215
Posttest a PSYOP Series
AIT
01
Supervise the Development and Design of Products
331-37A-0476
UNIT
04
and Actions for a PSYOP Series
Subject Area 5: Phase V: Approval
331-37A-0477
Submit a PSYOP Series for Approval
ANCOC
04
Subject Area 6: Phase VI: Production, Distribution, and Dissemination
Disseminate an Audio Product Using a Loudspeaker
331-305-0212
AIT
01
System
331-305-0204
Employ an Interpreter
UNIT
01
331-305-0225
Plan a Face-to-Face Communication Mission
BNCOC
03
331-305-0227
Plan an Aerial Dissemination Mission
BNCOC
03
Subject Area 7: Phase VII: Evaluation
331-305-0213
Report PSYOP-Relevant Information
UNIT
01
331-305-0217
Conduct a PSYOP-Relevant Interview
UNIT
01
Monitor Target Audience Behavior on a PSYOP
331-305-0240
AIT
01
Assessment Matrix
331-37A-0490
Evaluate the Effectiveness of a PSYOP Series
ANCOC
04
Subject Area 8: Supporting Critical Tasks
331-305-0207
Analyze Propaganda Using the SCAME Approach
AIT
01
331-305-0208
Report Propaganda Using the Spot Report Format
AIT
01
331-305-0209
Assess Propaganda Effects Using the MARCO Format
AIT
01
28 August 2008
STP 33-37F14-SM-TG
2-3
This page intentionally left blank.
Chapter 3
MOS/Skill Level Tasks
Subject Area 1
Phase I: Planning
Integrate PSYOP Into the Supported Unit’s Military Decision Making Process
331-305-0238
Conditions: Given the requirement to plan PSYOP in support of a maneuver unit and given the Joint
Chiefs of Staff deployment order (DEPORD) with approved PSYOP program, the higher headquarters
(HQ) order, access to classified and unclassified digital information systems, and area studies.
Standards: Produce the PSYOP tab/appendix to the supported unit’s order in the five-paragraph format.
TASK STEPS AND PERFORMANCE MEASURES
GO
NO-GO
1.
Conduct Step 1 of the military decision making process (MDMP): Receipt of
Mission.
a. Receive commander’s initial guidance (if available).
b. Receive commander’s intent.
c. Receive commander’s critical information requirements (CCIRs).
2.
Conduct Step 2 of the MDMP: Mission Analysis.
a.
Analyze the higher HQ order.
(1) Read the entire higher HQ order, to include all tabs and appendixes.
(2) Begin writing the PSYOP estimate.
(3) Analyze the commander’s intent and the concept of operation for the
unit and PSYOP.
b.
Provide PSYOP support to intelligence preparation of the battlefield (IPB).
(1) Define the battlefield environment by determining significant
characteristics of the physical, informational, and cognitive
dimensions of the information environment.
(a) Establish the limits of the area of interest.
(b) Determine the political aspects.
1. Leadership.
2. Organizations.
3. Political system.
4. Legal system.
5. Political climate.
(c) Determine the military/security aspects.
1. Leadership.
2. Organizations.
(d) Determine the economic aspects.
1. Production.
2. Distribution.
28 August 2008
STP 33-37F14-SM-TG
3-1
Chapter 3
TASK STEPS AND PERFORMANCE MEASURES
GO
NO-GO
3. Consumption.
(e)
Determine the social aspects.
1. Groups, subgroups, social system, and society.
2. Demographics and education.
3. Attitudes, behavior, values, and beliefs.
4. History and religion.
5. Language, ethnicity, and culture.
(f)
Determine the information aspects.
1. Global information systems (international memberships and
information technology sources).
2. National information subsystems (mass communication
media—amplitude modulation [AM], frequency modulation
[FM], short wave [SW], and satellite radio; television; print; and
Internet—and audiences).
3. Defense information subsystems (military command, control,
and communication).
(g)
Determine the infrastructure and technology aspects.
1. Utilities.
2. Transportation.
3. Industry.
4. Public facilities.
(h)
Determine the environmental/physical aspects.
1. Geography.
2. Weather.
(i)
Submit requests for information to the J/G/S-2.
(2)
Describe the battlefield effects.
(a) Describe the weather effects that will influence PSYOP and
adversarial propaganda.
(b) Discuss the limitations that infrastructure places on PSYOP and
adversarial propaganda.
(c) Develop the PSYOP characteristics overlay.
(3)
Evaluate the threat.
(a) Conduct propaganda analysis.
1. Review previous source, content, audience, media, and effect
(SCAME)/message, audience, reaction/response, carrier, and
origin (MARCO) analysis.
2. Conduct SCAME analysis on current propaganda.
(b) Conduct counterpropaganda planning.
(c) Determine the vulnerabilities, arguments, susceptibilities,
accessibilities, and effectiveness of each threat.
(d) Conduct center of gravity (COG) analysis to evaluate the threat.
(4)
Determine the threat courses of action.
(a) Assist the J/G/S-2 in determining current enemy situation.
3-2
STP 33-37F14-SM-TG
28 August 2008
MOS/Skill Level Tasks
TASK STEPS AND PERFORMANCE MEASURES
GO
NO-GO
1. Determine likely threat propaganda concepts and objectives.
2. Determine the location of primary threat propaganda assets.
3. Determine when threat will likely employ propaganda assets.
(b) Develop a propaganda situation template depicting the following:
1. Where the threat will employ propaganda means.
2. Why the threat will employ its propaganda.
3. When the threat will employ its propaganda.
c.
Determine specified (specifically assigned), implied (not stated but must
be accomplished), and essential (must be executed to accomplish the
mission) tasks.
(1) Derive specified tasks from the higher HQ order.
(2) Analyze specified tasks to derive implied tasks.
d.
Review or select Psychological Operations objectives (POs) from
approved PSYOP program/DEPORD/executive order.
e.
Identify potential TAs from approved DEPORD/PSYOP program that can
achieve the supporting Psychological Operations objectives (SPOs).
f.
Begin development of SPOs.
g.
Review available assets (for example, PSYOP unit, supported unit, other
PSYOP assets, and host nation assets) and compare assets to mission
requirements. Submit requests for additional PSYOP forces as needed
(for example, combat mission needs statement or statement of
requirements). Information from this step is applied to section c (Friendly
Forces) of the PSYOP estimate.
h.
Determine PSYOP constraints (for example, resources required to do
something and prohibited actions such as themes to avoid), imposed
by both supported unit and higher PSYOP unit.
i.
Identify critical facts and assumptions: target audiences, PSYOP force
vulnerabilities, PSYOP force capabilities, and other PSYOP-specific
information.
j.
Conduct risk assessment.
(1) Identify risks associated with the environment and military operations.
(2) Identify inherent risks associated with the mission type (PSYOP
actions and arguments).
k.
Determine information requirements (IRs) and initial priority intelligence
requirements (PIRs) for PSYOP and provide input to the unit’s friendly
forces IRs and CCIRs.
(1) Identify intelligence gaps important to PSYOP mission
accomplishment and develop IRs to address these shortcomings.
(2) Identify friendly force assessment (for example, operation summaries,
spot reports, and subordinate assessments), threat force assessment
(for example, intelligence summaries, tactical human intelligence team
reports, and J/G/S-2 assessments), and third-party assessment (for
example, polling, Civil Affairs assessments, tactical PSYOP team
reports, and subordinate assessments) to support PSYOP assessment.
l.
Provide PSYOP input into the unit’s initial reconnaissance annex based
on previously identified IRs, which include PSYOP initial assessment
criteria developed concurrently with POs and SPOs.
28 August 2008
STP 33-37F14-SM-TG
3-3
Chapter 3
TASK STEPS AND PERFORMANCE MEASURES
GO
NO-GO
m.
Plan use of available time.
(1) Determine the predeployment timeline of the unit.
(2) Determine long lead-time tasks such as Psychological Operations
actions (PSYACTs) and product development and approval. Provide
PSYOP input into the unit’s timeline.
n.
Write the PSYOP restated mission.
(1) Who, what, when, where, and why.
(2) POs and SPOs.
o.
Conduct/take part in the mission analysis briefing in accordance with the
supported unit standing operating procedure. Provide early mission
analysis input to the J-3/G-7/S-7.
p.
Obtain supported commander’s approval for the PSYOP mission.
q.
Assist in the development of the supported commander’s initial intent.
(1) Incorporate into the commander’s initial intent what PSYOP must do
(key tasks) to support the unit.
(2) Provide input into the commander’s intent in the base order.
r.
Receive the commander’s guidance for PSYOP.
(1) Issue the warning order to subordinate units.
(2) Receive mission.
(3) Review situation.
(4) Review general instructions.
(5) Review special instructions.
(6) Review facts and assumptions for PSYOP.
3.
Conduct Step 3 of MDMP: Course of Action (COA) Development.
a. Analyze relative combat power.
(1) Determine where and what PSYOP to conduct in order to achieve the
mission objectives.
(2) Determine where and what PSYOP to conduct in order to counter
enemy propaganda actions.
(3) Analyze psychological impact of proposed supported unit actions on
multiple TAs in the area of operation.
b. Generate options. Determine how to employ PSYOP to support the COA.
c. Array initial forces. Determine PSYOP forces for each task, other units
tasked with PSYACTs, and security for PSYOP units.
d. Develop scheme of maneuver. Determine how arrayed forces will
accomplish the command’s intent for PSYOP.
e. Task-organize PSYOP forces (assign HQ) to properly support the COA.
f.
Prepare COA statements and graphic sketches to articulate the
commander’s intent for PSYOP, mission, and end state.
4.
Conduct Step 4 of the MDMP: COA Analysis. Information from this step of the
MDMP is applied to section 3 (Analysis of COAs) of the PSYOP estimate.
a. Synchronize PSYOP with the supported unit plan and war-game PSYOP
concept of support against how the enemy will conduct propaganda
operations.
3-4
STP 33-37F14-SM-TG
28 August 2008
MOS/Skill Level Tasks
TASK STEPS AND PERFORMANCE MEASURES
GO
NO-GO
b. Gather the tools (IPB products, to include key target sets overlay, weather
impact overlay, terrain impact overlay, and media infrastructure overlay).
c. List all friendly forces.
d. List assumptions.
e. List known critical events and decision points.
f.
Determine evaluation criteria for COA comparison (for example,
psychological impact and risk).
g. Select war-game method.
h. War-game the battle and assess results.
5.
Conduct Step 5 of the MDMP: COA Comparison. Information from this step of
the MDMP is applied to section 4 (Comparison of COAs) of the PSYOP
estimate.
a. Analyze advantages and disadvantages of each COA from a PSYOP
perspective.
b. Construct a matrix to compare each COA based upon the evaluation
criteria.
c. Weigh each of the evaluation criteria by degree of importance to PSYOP.
d. Determine which COA PSYOP can best support, achieves POs, poses the
minimum risk to Soldiers and equipment, best positions the unit for future
operations, and provides the best flexibility to meet unexpected events
during execution. Information from this step of the MDMP is applied to
section 5 (Recommendations and Conclusions) of the PSYOP estimate.
6.
Conduct Step 6 of the MDMP: COA Approval.
a. Finalize PSYOP support, POs, SPOs, potential target audience list
(PTAL), and PSYOP execution and synchronization matrixes.
b. Receive any additional guidance from the commander.
Note: Upon completion of Step 6 of the MDMP, the PSYOP estimate is complete.
7. Conduct Step 7 of the MDMP: Operations Order Production.
a. Refine PSYOP support to the COA.
b. Produce PSYOP appendix/tab derived from COA.
c. Obtain commander review and approval of PSYOP appendix/tab.
d. Issue PSYOP appendix/tab as part of the unit operation order.
Evaluation Preparation: Setup: Provide the Soldier with adequate training and testing facilities, sufficient
time to review the task materials, pencil, paper, and needed resources. If computers are used for the
evaluation, ensure they have connectivity to the Internet and that target Web sites are accessible. If
SECRET Internet Protocol Router Network (SIPRNET) access is notional for an evaluation, provide a hard-
copy product clearly marked to show classification guidance; for example, CLASSIFIED FOR TRAINING
ONLY, UNCLASSIFIED SAMPLE, or CLASSIFICATION MARKINGS FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY.
If classified sources are used, ensure SIPRNET connectivity and a secure training site are available.
Evaluation Guidance: Score the Soldier GO if all task steps/performance measures are passed. Score
the Soldier NO-GO if any task step/performance measure is failed. If the Soldier scores NO-GO, ensure
that the Soldier understands his deficiencies and how to correct them. Allow sufficient time for the Soldier
to receive retraining, make the necessary corrections, and be retested on the material covered.
28 August 2008
STP 33-37F14-SM-TG
3-5
Chapter 3
References
Required
Related
FM 3-05.301
FM 3-05.30
FM 3-05.302
FM 5-0
JP 3-53
3-6
STP 33-37F14-SM-TG
28 August 2008
MOS/Skill Level Tasks
Conduct Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefield as a PSYOP Planner
331-305-0233
Conditions: Given the requirement to plan PSYOP support during mission analysis phase 2, a supported
unit’s mission, the higher headquarters’ operation plan, and an area study.
Standards: Integrate PSYOP-relevant information into the supported unit’s mission analysis in
accordance with the four-step intelligence preparation of the battlefield (IPB) process.
TASK STEPS AND PERFORMANCE MEASURES
GO
NO-GO
1.
Define the battlefield environment by determining significant characteristics of
the physical, informational, and cognitive dimensions of the information
environment.
a.
Establish the limits of the area of interest.
b.
Determine the political aspects.
(1) Leadership.
(2) Organizations.
(3) Political system.
(4) Legal system.
(5) Political climate.
c.
Determine the military/security aspects.
(1) Leadership.
(2) Organizations.
d.
Determine the economic aspects.
(1) Production.
(2) Distribution.
(3) Consumption.
e.
Determine the social aspects.
(1) Groups, subgroups, social system, and society.
(2) Demographics and education.
(3) Attitudes, behavior, values, and beliefs.
(4) History and religion.
(5) Language, ethnicity, and culture.
f.
Determine the information aspects.
(1) Global information systems (international memberships and
information technology sources).
(2) National information subsystems (mass communication media—
amplitude modulation [AM], frequency modulation [FM], short wave
[SW], and satellite radio; television; print; and Internet—and
audiences).
(3) Defense information subsystems (military command, control, and
communication).
g.
Determine the infrastructure and technology aspects.
(1) Utilities.
(2) Transportation.
28 August 2008
STP 33-37F14-SM-TG
3-7
Chapter 3
TASK STEPS AND PERFORMANCE MEASURES
GO
NO-GO
(3) Industry.
(4) Public facilities.
h. Determine the environmental/physical aspects.
(1) Geography.
(2) Weather.
i.
Submit requests for information to the J/G/S-2.
2.
Describe the battlefield effects.
a. Describe the weather effects that will influence PSYOP and adversarial
propaganda.
b. Discuss the limitations that infrastructure places on PSYOP and
adversarial propaganda.
c. Develop PSYOP characteristics overlay.
3.
Evaluate the threat.
a. Conduct propaganda analysis.
(1) Review previous source, content, audience, media, and effect
(SCAME) and message, audience, reaction/response, carrier, and
origin (MARCO) analysis.
(2) Conduct SCAME analysis on current propaganda.
b. Conduct counterpropaganda planning.
c. Determine the vulnerabilities, arguments, susceptibilities, accessibilities,
and effectiveness of each threat.
d. Conduct center of gravity (COG) analysis to evaluate the threat.
4.
Determine the threat courses of action.
a. Assist the J/G/S-2 in determining current enemy situation.
(1) Determine the location of primary threat propaganda assets.
(2) Determine when threat will likely employ propaganda assets.
b. Develop a propaganda situation template that depicts the following:
(1) Where the threat will employ propaganda means.
(2) Why the threat will employ its propaganda.
(3) When the threat will employ its propaganda.
Evaluation Preparation: Setup: Provide the Soldier with adequate training and testing facilities, sufficient
time to review the task materials, pencil, paper, and needed resources. If computers are used for the
evaluation, ensure they have connectivity to the Internet and that target Web sites are accessible. If
SECRET Internet Protocol Router Network (SIPRNET) access is notional for an evaluation, provide a
hard-copy product clearly marked to show classification guidance; for example, CLASSIFIED FOR
TRAINING ONLY, UNCLASSIFIED SAMPLE, or CLASSIFICATION MARKINGS FOR TRAINING
PURPOSES ONLY. If classified sources are used, ensure SIPRNET connectivity and a secure training
site are available.
Evaluation Guidance: Score the Soldier GO if all task steps/performance measures are passed. Score
the Soldier NO-GO if any task step/performance measure is failed. If the Soldier scores NO-GO, ensure
that the Soldier understands his deficiencies and how to correct them. Allow sufficient time for the Soldier
to receive retraining, make the necessary corrections, and be retested on the material covered.
3-8
STP 33-37F14-SM-TG
28 August 2008
MOS/Skill Level Tasks
References
Required
Related
FM 3-05.301
FM 2-0
FM 34-130
FM 3-05.120
FM 3-05.30
JP 2-01.3
28 August 2008
STP 33-37F14-SM-TG
3-9
Chapter 3
Integrate PSYOP Into Preparation of the Environment
331-305-0232
Conditions: Given the requirement to perform duties while assigned to a theater special operations
commander’s or theater commander’s staff, theater engagement objectives and priorities, and access to
classified and unclassified digital information systems.
Standards: Develop and assign preparation of the environment (PE) tasks to PSYOP units scheduled to
conduct military operations, training or exercises in-theater. Coordinate for PSYOP support to planned
military operations, training, or exercises in order to enable PE activities by PSYOP units.
TASK STEPS AND PERFORMANCE MEASURES
GO
NO-GO
1. Review theater and theater special operations engagement objectives and
priorities.
2. Identify which objectives can be supported by PSYOP forces.
3. Develop specific tasks for PSYOP forces to conduct.
4. Identify existing planned activities in-theater to be executed by PSYOP forces.
5. Determine which tasks can be conducted during planned activities.
6. Obtain approval for task execution during existing planned activities.
7. Submit tasks to tasking authority for assignment to PSYOP forces.
8. Develop supporting activity plans for tasks that have not been assigned.
9. Obtain approval for plans and tasks to be executed during the activity.
10. Submit requirement to tasking authority for assignment to PSYOP forces.
Evaluation Preparation: Setup: Provide the Soldier with adequate training and testing facilities, sufficient
time to review the task materials, pencil, paper, and needed resources. If computers are used for the
evaluation, ensure they have connectivity to the Internet and that target Web sites are accessible. If
SECRET Internet Protocol Router Network (SIPRNET) access is notional for an evaluation, provide a
hard-copy product clearly marked to show classification guidance; for example, CLASSIFIED FOR
TRAINING ONLY, UNCLASSIFIED SAMPLE, or CLASSIFICATION MARKINGS FOR TRAINING
PURPOSES ONLY. If classified sources are used, ensure SIPRNET connectivity and a secure training
site are available.
Evaluation Guidance: Score the Soldier GO if all task steps/performance measures are passed. Score
the Soldier NO-GO if any task step/performance measure is failed. If the Soldier scores NO-GO, ensure
that the Soldier understands his deficiencies and how to correct them. Allow sufficient time for the Soldier
to receive retraining, make the necessary corrections, and be retested on the material covered.
References
Required
Related
TC 33-02
FM 3-05.30
FM 3-05.302
3-10
STP 33-37F14-SM-TG
28 August 2008
MOS/Skill Level Tasks
Prepare a PSYOP Estimate
331-305-0338
Conditions: Given the requirement to conduct the military decision making process with the supported
maneuver unit, the higher headquarters (HQ) orders, access to classified and unclassified digital
information systems, and area studies.
Standards: Prepare a PSYOP estimate, address all specified/implied tasks, and submit
recommendations and conclusions to the appropriate unit staff, agency, or organization.
TASK STEPS AND PERFORMANCE MEASURES
GO
NO-GO
1. List the references: maps, charts, and other relevant documents (military
capability study, special PSYOP studies, special PSYOP assessments, and
intelligence estimates).
2. Write the mission paragraph.
a. List the supported unit’s restated mission resulting from the mission
analysis.
b. Write the PSYOP mission statement (who, what, where, when, and why).
3. Write the situation and consideration paragraph (obtain from intelligence
preparation of the battlefield [IPB]).
a. List the characteristics of the area of operations.
(1) Describe how the weather will affect the dissemination of PSYOP
products and access to the target audiences.
(2) Describe how the terrain affects the dissemination of PSYOP products
and movement of tactical PSYOP elements.
(3) Analyze media infrastructure.
(a) Describe the location (by grid coordinate) and broadcast range
(radius, diameter, direction, and distance) of radio and television
(TV) facilities, retransmission towers, print facilities, and
distribution and dissemination nodes.
(b) Identify denied areas (not accessible by particular medium).
b. Identify the key target sets.
Note: These sets will be further refined into potential target audiences within the
limits of the approved PSYOP program. The potential target audiences will then
be analyzed and further refined during the target audience analysis process.
(1) For each hostile target set, identify strength, disposition, composition,
capability (ability to conduct propaganda and ability to help or hinder
the PSYOP effort), and probable courses of action (COAs) as they
relate to PSYOP.
(2) For each friendly target set, identify strength, disposition, composition,
capability (ability to conduct propaganda and ability to help or hinder
the PSYOP effort), and probable COAs as they relate to PSYOP.
(3) For each neutral target set, identify strength, disposition, composition,
capability (ability to conduct propaganda and ability to help or hinder
the PSYOP effort), and probable COAs as they relate to PSYOP.
c. Identify the friendly forces.
(1) State the supported unit’s COAs under consideration and the PSYOP-
specific requirements needed to support each COA.
28 August 2008
STP 33-37F14-SM-TG
3-11
Chapter 3
TASK STEPS AND PERFORMANCE MEASURES
GO
NO-GO
(2) State availability of organic personnel and resources needed to
support each COA under consideration. (Consider PSYOP-specific
personnel, low-density military occupational specialties, and
availability of PSYOP-specific equipment.)
(3) State availability of nonorganic resources needed to support each
COA. (Consider linguistic support, COMMANDO SOLO, leaflet-
dropping aircraft, other PSYOP forces, and host nation radio/TV/print/
capabilities/personnel.)
(4) Compare PSYOP requirements for each COA with current PSYOP
capabilities. (List the recommended solutions for any shortfall in
capabilities.)
d. State assumptions about the PSYOP situation regardless of the COA.
(For example, Assumption: Enemy propaganda broadcast facilities will be
destroyed by friendly forces not later than D+2.)
4. Conduct the COA analysis.
a. List evaluation criteria determined by staff for COA supportability to be
used in COA analysis and comparison.
b. Analyze each COA from the PSYOP point of view to determine its
advantages and disadvantages for conducting supporting PSYOP
activities.
Note: Throughout the analysis, the PSYOP officer/noncommissioned officer must
keep PSYOP considerations foremost in mind. The analysis is not intended to
produce a decision but to ensure that all applicable PSYOP factors have been
considered and that they form the basis for Steps 5 and 6.
5. Compare the COAs.
a. Compare the proposed COAs to determine the one that offers the best
chance of success from the PSYOP point of view. (List the advantages
and disadvantages of each COA affecting PSYOP, as a decision matrix
visually supports a comparison.)
b. Compare methods of overcoming disadvantages, if any, in each COA.
c. State a general conclusion on the COA that offers the best chance of
success for PSYOP.
6. Finalize the PSYOP estimate.
7. Submit the recommendations and conclusions to the appropriate unit staff,
agency, or organization.
a. Recommend COA based on comparison (most supportable from the
PSYOP perspective).
b. Rank COAs from best to worst.
c. List issues, deficiencies, and risks for each COA, with recommendations
to reduce their impact.
Evaluation Preparation: Setup: Provide the Soldier with adequate training and testing facilities, sufficient
time to review the task materials, pencil, paper, and needed resources. If computers are used for the
evaluation, ensure they have connectivity to the Internet and that target Web sites are accessible. If
SECRET Internet Protocol Router Network (SIPRNET) access is notional for an evaluation, provide a
hard-copy product clearly marked to show classification guidance; for example, CLASSIFIED FOR
TRAINING ONLY, UNCLASSIFIED SAMPLE, or CLASSIFICATION MARKINGS FOR TRAINING
3-12
STP 33-37F14-SM-TG
28 August 2008
MOS/Skill Level Tasks
PURPOSES ONLY. If classified sources are used, ensure SIPRNET connectivity and a secure training
site are available.
Evaluation Guidance: Score the Soldier GO if all task steps/performance measures are passed. Score
the Soldier NO-GO if any task step/performance measure is failed. If the Soldier scores NO-GO, ensure
that the Soldier understands his deficiencies and how to correct them. Allow sufficient time for the Soldier
to receive retraining, make the necessary corrections, and be retested on the material covered.
References
Required
Related
FM 3-05.301
FM 3-05
FM 5-0
JP 3-0
JP 5-0
28 August 2008
STP 33-37F14-SM-TG
3-13
Chapter 3
Develop PSYOP Objectives
331-305-0239
Conditions: Given national policy/objectives, the Joint Chiefs of Staff deployment order, higher
headquarters’ operation plan (OPLAN), updated staff estimates, supported commander’s guidance,
supported unit mission and objectives, PSYOP-relevant information, and the military decision making
process (MDMP).
Standards: Develop Psychological Operations objectives (POs) during MDMP written in the active voice,
following a verb-object format reflecting the desired behavior change, and staff for approval.
TASK STEPS AND PERFORMANCE MEASURES
GO
NO-GO
1. Determine the supporting unit’s implied, specified, and essential tasks during
Step 2, Mission Analysis, to develop POs.
a. Review and analyze national policies/objectives.
b. Review supporting campaign plans and OPLANs/operation orders
(OPORDs)/PSYOP annexes, appendixes, or tabs.
c. Analyze the mission by phase.
2. Write the POs, stating the desired behavior change that supports the
accomplishment of the supported commander’s mission.
a. Ensure the use of active voice in writing.
b. Ensure that a verb is used to begin the PO.
c. Ensure that the verb-object combination indicates the direction of the
behavior change (for example, increase, decrease, reduce).
3. Staff the POs for approval to appropriate-level headquarters or agency.
Evaluation Preparation: Setup: Provide the Soldier with adequate training and testing facilities, sufficient
time to review the task materials, pencil, paper, and needed resources. If computers are used for the
evaluation, ensure they have connectivity to the Internet and that target Web sites are accessible. If
SECRET Internet Protocol Router Network (SIPRNET) access is notional for an evaluation, provide a
hard-copy product clearly marked to show classification guidance; for example, CLASSIFIED FOR
TRAINING ONLY, UNCLASSIFIED SAMPLE, or CLASSIFICATION MARKINGS FOR TRAINING
PURPOSES ONLY. If classified sources are used, ensure SIPRNET connectivity and a secure training
site are available.
Evaluation Guidance: Score the Soldier GO if all task steps/performance measures are passed. Score
the Soldier NO-GO if any task step/performance measure is failed. If the Soldier scores NO-GO, ensure
that the Soldier understands his deficiencies and how to correct them. Allow sufficient time for the Soldier
to receive retraining, make the necessary corrections, and be retested on the material covered.
References
Required
Related
FM 3-05.301
FM 3-05.302
3-14
STP 33-37F14-SM-TG
28 August 2008
MOS/Skill Level Tasks
Develop Supporting PSYOP Objectives
331-305-0241
Conditions: Given the requirement to develop supporting Psychological Operations objectives (SPOs),
higher headquarters’ operation plan (OPLAN), updated staff estimates, supported commander’s
guidance, supported unit’s mission and objectives, PSYOP-relevant information (having integrated with
the staff and begun the military decision making process [MDMP]), and Psychological Operations
objectives (POs).
Standards: Develop SPOs including potential target audiences (PTAs) during MDMP for inclusion in the
tab or appendix for an OPLAN, commander’s estimate, supporting plans, or operations order.
TASK STEPS AND PERFORMANCE MEASURES
GO
NO-GO
1. Select a PO.
2. Determine the specific behavioral responses needed to achieve the POs in
support of the approved courses of action.
3. Write the SPOs.
a. Ensure that SPOs are written in active voice.
b. Ensure that a noun (target audience [TA]) starts the sentence (subject
[TA]-verb-object).
c. Ensure that the verb-object combination indicates a direction of the
behavior change sought.
d. Ensure that the behavior is a specific, measurable, and observable action.
(1) Can the number of times the behavior occurs be counted?
(2) Can someone observe the behavior being performed?
e. Ensure that the verb is not written in the absolute.
Note: An absolute is a verb that cannot be measured because it is a lack of a
behavior insinuating an end state; for example, refrains, ceases, stops, and so on.
f.
Develop at least two SPOs for each PO.
4. Identify the primary actors (TAs engaging in [or likely to engage in] the
targeted behavior).
5. Identify the secondary actors (TAs who directly or indirectly influence the
behavior of the primary actors.)
6. Identify the subcategories among the primary and secondary actors.
a. Organizations (military units; political, religious, social, or advocacy
groups; charities; professional associations).
b. Demographic sets (geographic area, gender, age, ethnicity, and tribe).
c. Leaders.
d. Key communicators.
7. Staff the SPOs and PTAs for approval to the appropriate level headquarters of
the supported unit.
8. Submit the SPOs and PTAs to the highest operational PSYOP element for
deconfliction and incorporation into the overall PSYOP plan.
9. Submit the approved SPOs for inclusion in the PSYOP tab or appendix to the
supported unit’s plan.
28 August 2008
STP 33-37F14-SM-TG
3-15
Chapter 3
Evaluation Preparation: Setup: Provide the Soldier with adequate training and testing facilities, sufficient
time to review the task materials, pencil, paper, and needed resources. If computers are used for the
evaluation, ensure they have connectivity to the Internet and that target Web sites are accessible. If
SECRET Internet Protocol Router Network (SIPRNET) access is notional for an evaluation, provide a
hard-copy product clearly marked to show classification guidance; for example, CLASSIFIED FOR
TRAINING ONLY, UNCLASSIFIED SAMPLE, or CLASSIFICATION MARKINGS FOR TRAINING
PURPOSES ONLY. If classified sources are used, ensure SIPRNET connectivity and a secure training
site are available.
Evaluation Guidance: Score the Soldier GO if all task steps/performance measures are passed. Score
the Soldier NO-GO if any task step/performance measure is failed. If the Soldier scores NO-GO, ensure
that the Soldier understands his deficiencies and how to correct them. Allow sufficient time for the Soldier
to receive retraining, make the necessary corrections, and be retested on the material covered.
References
Required
Related
FM 3-05.301
FM 5-0
3-16
STP 33-37F14-SM-TG
28 August 2008
MOS/Skill Level Tasks
Develop Initial PSYOP Assessment Criteria
331-305-0220
Conditions: Given the requirement to develop initial criteria to assess behavior change in a target
audience, a supporting Psychological Operations objective (SPO), and a list of potential target audiences
(PTAs).
Note: This is done during initial planning/military decision making process/mission analysis phase 2
(Steps 7 and 8).
Standards: Develop a PSYOP assessment criteria question to measure behavior change in a PTA based
upon a specific SPO and PTA. Submit to the supported unit G/S-2, the Psychological Operations task
force (POTF), or higher PSYOP element for recommendation of inclusion in the intelligence, surveillance,
and reconnaissance (ISR) plan as a PSYOP information requirement (IR).
TASK STEPS AND PERFORMANCE MEASURES
GO
NO-GO
1. Identify the specific behavior to be measured from the SPO.
2. Define the specific behavior.
3. Ensure the specific behavior is measurable and observable.
a. Can the number of times the behavior occurs be counted?
b. Can someone observe an individual or group performing this behavior?
Note: If the answer is “NO” to either question, then the behavior is too vague and
needs to be further quantified. The behavior must be specific, measurable, and
observable in order to be effectively targeted by PSYOP.
4. Characterize the behavior for each PTA.
5. Quantify the specific behavior by writing it in the form of a question for each
PTA.
6. Record the initial assessment criteria questions.
7. Compile the PSYOP assessment criteria categorized under the appropriate
PSYOP objectives and link to supported unit commander’s mission objectives.
8. Submit the compiled information to the supported unit G/S-2, the POTF, or
higher PSYOP element for recommendation for inclusion in the ISR as a
PSYOP IR.
Evaluation Preparation: Setup: Provide the Soldier with adequate training and testing facilities, sufficient
time to review the task materials, pencil, paper, and needed resources. If computers are used for the
evaluation, ensure they have connectivity to the Internet and that target Web sites are accessible. If
SECRET Internet Protocol Router Network (SIPRNET) access is notional for an evaluation, provide a
hard-copy product clearly marked to show classification guidance; for example, CLASSIFIED FOR
TRAINING ONLY, UNCLASSIFIED SAMPLE, or CLASSIFICATION MARKINGS FOR TRAINING
PURPOSES ONLY. If classified sources are used, ensure SIPRNET connectivity and a secure training
site are available.
Evaluation Guidance: Score the Soldier GO if all task steps/performance measures are passed. Score
the Soldier NO-GO if any task step/performance measure is failed. If the Soldier scores NO-GO, ensure
that the Soldier understands his deficiencies and how to correct them. Allow sufficient time for the Soldier
to receive retraining, make the necessary corrections, and be retested on the material covered.
References
Required
Related
FM 3-05.301
FM 3-05.302
28 August 2008
STP 33-37F14-SM-TG
3-17
Chapter 3
Integrate PSYOP Into the Targeting Process
331-305-0228
Conditions: Given the requirement to perform targeting duties in a joint task force, task force, or task
force component at echelons above corps or as part of a tactical PSYOP detachment or tactical PSYOP
team at brigade or below.
Standards: Participate in target value analysis and war gaming, and provide input on the psychological
ramifications of friendly actions in terms of their potential effect on wanted or unwanted actions. Assess
the potential psychological effect of prosecuting nominated targets on specific target audiences (TAs)
using established criteria or methodology. Provide advice and input on probable civilian courses of action
(COAs). Participate in the target nomination process by ensuring that targets selected during the military
decision making process (MDMP) that were deemed susceptible to PSYOP are further refined as part of
the ongoing target audience analysis (TAA) process and are nominated or selected during the target
nomination process. Coordinate available PSYOP assets to engage targets and coordinate delivery
systems to place PSYOP products in the target area.
TASK STEPS AND PERFORMANCE MEASURES
GO
NO-GO
1. Provide input on psychological effect(s) of friendly actions on wanted and
unwanted actions.
a. Use established criteria or methodology to conduct analysis.
b. Analyze effects of friendly actions against religious or cultural icons or
monuments, destroying specific units or personnel, and targeting
infrastructure resources like water, electricity, or media.
2. Determine probable civilian COAs in response to friendly actions.
a. Participate in red-teaming (developing threat COAs) during MDMP and
the targeting process.
b. Review appropriate TAA and research materials (TAA work sheets,
special PSYOP studies, and special PSYOP assessments).
3. Determine which threat vulnerabilities must be attacked and which friendly
capabilities must be protected in order to achieve desired psychological
effects.
4. Participate in target nomination process.
a. Coordinate with PSYOP element to ensure that the potential target
audience list (developed in MDMP) was refined.
b. Nominate targets based upon approved series.
c. Coordinate available PSYOP assets to engage targets and coordinate
delivery systems to place PSYOP products in target area.
Evaluation Preparation: Setup: Provide the Soldier with adequate training and testing facilities, sufficient
time to review the task materials, pencil, paper, and needed resources. If computers are used for the
evaluation, ensure they have connectivity to the Internet and that target Web sites are accessible. If
SECRET Internet Protocol Router Network (SIPRNET) access is notional for an evaluation, provide a
hard-copy product clearly marked to show classification guidance; for example, CLASSIFIED FOR
TRAINING ONLY, UNCLASSIFIED SAMPLE, or CLASSIFICATION MARKINGS FOR TRAINING
PURPOSES ONLY. If classified sources are used, ensure SIPRNET connectivity and a secure training
site are available.
Evaluation Guidance: Score the Soldier GO if all task steps/performance measures are passed. Score
the Soldier NO-GO if any task step/performance measure is failed. If the Soldier scores NO-GO, ensure
3-18
STP 33-37F14-SM-TG
28 August 2008
MOS/Skill Level Tasks
that the Soldier understands his deficiencies and how to correct them. Allow sufficient time for the Soldier
to receive retraining, make the necessary corrections, and be retested on the material covered.
References
Required
Related
TC 33-02
FM 3-05.301
FM 3-05.302
28 August 2008
STP 33-37F14-SM-TG
3-19
Chapter 3
Plan PSYOP Actions
331-37A-0344
Conditions: Given a supporting PSYOP plan, completed target audience analysis work sheets (TAAWs),
series concept work sheet (SCW), series dissemination work sheet (SDW), series execution matrix
(SEM), and the supported unit’s operation order.
Standards: Produce a Psychological Operations action (PSYACT) concept on the product/action work
sheet (PAW) and submit for approval.
TASK STEPS AND PERFORMANCE MEASURES
GO
NO-GO
1.
Recommend a PSYACT.
2.
Enter target audience (TA), PSYOP objectives, supporting PSYOP objectives,
product number, media type, arguments/symbols, related products, and
suspense date on the PAW from SCW and SDW.
3.
Enter the PSYACT concept on the PAW and write a detailed description of
the PSYACT, to include—
a. Type and size of unit.
b. Type of action (for example, medical civil action project, show of force,
or direct action).
c. Location.
d. Execution timeframe.
e. Effect (the desired behavior).
f.
Duration of effect.
g. Intent of action (commander’s intent for the operation).
h. How PSYACT relates to the arguments and has a synergistic effect when
executed with the rest of the series to elicit the desired effect.
4.
List the aspects of execution that have psychological effects on the TA that
are detractors or enablers (for example, dos and don’ts of the operation,
security posture, and wearing of camouflage).
5.
List the potential unintended consequences of PSYACT.
6.
Enter any related product/action concepts from the series.
7.
Submit the PAW along with the SCW, SEM, and SDW for review and
approval.
Note: If the PSYACT is disapproved, adjust series accordingly.
Evaluation Preparation: Setup: Provide the Soldier with adequate training and testing facilities, sufficient
time to review the task materials, pencil, paper, and needed resources. If computers are used for the
evaluation, ensure they have connectivity to the Internet and that target Web sites are accessible. If
SECRET Internet Protocol Router Network (SIPRNET) access is notional for an evaluation, provide a
hard-copy product clearly marked to show classification guidance; for example, CLASSIFIED FOR
TRAINING ONLY, UNCLASSIFIED SAMPLE, or CLASSIFICATION MARKINGS FOR TRAINING
PURPOSES ONLY. If classified sources are used, ensure SIPRNET connectivity and a secure training
site are available.
Evaluation Guidance: Score the Soldier GO if all task steps/performance measures are passed. Score
the Soldier NO-GO if any task step/performance measure is failed. If the Soldier scores NO-GO, ensure
that the Soldier understands his deficiencies and how to correct them. Allow sufficient time for the Soldier
to receive retraining, make the necessary corrections, and be retested on the material covered.
3-20
STP 33-37F14-SM-TG
28 August 2008
MOS/Skill Level Tasks
References
Required
Related
FM 3-05.301
FM 3-05.302
28 August 2008
STP 33-37F14-SM-TG
3-21
Chapter 3
Develop PSYOP Targeting Objectives
331-305-0229
Conditions: Given the requirement to integrate with a supported unit’s targeting element, series
execution matrix, series dissemination work sheet, supported unit’s operation order with all annexes,
access to a SECRET Internet Protocol Router Network (SIPRNET), and having conducted staff
integration, the military decision making process, and Phases I through III of the PSYOP process.
Standards: Write a Psychological Operations targeting objective (PTO) to enable series execution by
articulating the what, where, when, and why (desired effect), and to establish the need for a component or
supporting element to execute the mission.
TASK STEPS AND PERFORMANCE MEASURES
GO
NO-GO
1. Determine the psychological, tactical, synergistic, or synchronization reason to
conduct the operation.
2. Determine how achieving the PTO helps prosecute the campaign.
3. Establish the need for a component to execute the mission by determining
which key words will support the component’s planning, coordination, and
execution of the mission.
4. Choose verbs that have clear, concise doctrinal meanings.
5. Write the PTO, ensuring the following are articulated:
a. What?
b. Where?
c. When?
d. Why?
6. Submit the PTO for review.
Evaluation Preparation: Setup: Provide the Soldier with adequate training and testing facilities, sufficient
time to review the task materials, pencil, paper, and needed resources. If computers are used for the
evaluation, ensure they have connectivity to the Internet and that target Web sites are accessible. If
SIPRNET access is notional for an evaluation, provide a hard-copy product clearly marked to show
classification guidance; for example, CLASSIFIED FOR TRAINING ONLY, UNCLASSIFIED SAMPLE, or
CLASSIFICATION MARKINGS FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY. If classified sources are used,
ensure SIPRNET connectivity and a secure training site are available.
Evaluation Guidance: Score the Soldier GO if all task steps/performance measures are passed. Score
the Soldier NO-GO if any task step/performance measure is failed. If the Soldier scores NO-GO, ensure
that the Soldier understands his deficiencies and how to correct them. Allow sufficient time for the Soldier
to receive retraining, make the necessary corrections, and be retested on the material covered.
References
Required
Related
TC 33-02
FM 3-05.301
FM 3-05.302
3-22
STP 33-37F14-SM-TG
28 August 2008
MOS/Skill Level Tasks
Prepare Appendix 2 (Psychological Operations) to Annex P (Information Operations)
to an Operation Order
331-37A-0340
Conditions: Given the requirement to support the development of a plan or order; having conducted
deliberate or crisis action planning; and given the supported commander’s operation plan
(OPLAN)/operation order (OPORD), the PSYOP estimate, current intelligence, the OPORD format, and
access to classified and unclassified digital information systems and area studies.
Standards: Write the PSYOP appendix to the supported unit’s OPORD, supporting the unit’s mission in
accordance with the commander’s guidance within the time constraints of the planning directive.
TASK STEPS AND PERFORMANCE MEASURES
GO
NO-GO
1.
Write the situation paragraph to include—
a.
Enemy.
(1) State enemy resources and elements, both combatant and
noncombatant, available to conduct propaganda; state past enemy
propaganda efforts (who was targeted, using what means, and their
effectiveness).
(2) Identify enemy decision makers/key communicators.
(3) Identify the characteristics of enemy decision makers, their key
advisors, and staff (particularly intelligence analysts).
(4) Identify the enemy elements that affect counterpropaganda activities.
b.
Friendly.
(1) Identify ongoing PSYOP programs (if any).
(2) Identify competing PSYOP goals in the area of operations (AO).
(3) Identify PSYOP tasks to be accomplished.
(4) Identify organizations that are not subordinate to this command and
the PSYOP actions or counterpropaganda tasks assigned to each.
c.
Environment.
(1) Identify weather conditions that would hinder dissemination.
(2) List terrain features that could affect dissemination of the product.
(3) Identify all detrimental civil considerations.
d.
Attachments and detachments.
(1) List assets attached or detached.
(2) List resources available from higher headquarters (HQ).
2.
Write the mission paragraph. State the PSYOP concept of support (who, what,
where when, and why).
3.
Write the execution paragraph.
a. Scheme of support.
(1) State the PSYOP tasks.
(2) State the counterpropaganda concept of support.
(3) Identify the counterpropaganda activities occurring in each phase by
element.
28 August 2008
STP 33-37F14-SM-TG
3-23
Chapter 3
TASK STEPS AND PERFORMANCE MEASURES
GO
NO-GO
(4) Describe activity sequences in each phase, keyed to phase initiation
and supported operational events, and identify the time-phased
guidance for accomplishing actions implementing counterpropaganda
at the tactical level.
b.
Tasks to subordinate units.
(1) Ensure tasks clearly fix responsibilities and provide feedback on
effectiveness of PSYOP activities.
(2) Identify the command element responsible for coordinating counter-
propaganda actions.
(3) Identify the counterpropaganda tasks assigned to each subordinate unit
(to include identification of vulnerabilities).
c.
Coordinating instructions.
(1) Identify the neutral actions/behaviors that favor mission
accomplishment.
(2) Identify the activities and resources available to these favorable neutral
intentions.
(3) Identify the characteristics of decision makers and their key advisors,
major staff planners, staff factions (to include particularly influential
individuals), and intelligence system analysts.
(4) Identify the groups that can influence plans, decisions, and operational
effectiveness in task accomplishment.
(5) Identify how susceptible these groups are to PSYOP.
(6) Identify the apparent goals, motivations, and characteristics of each
group.
(7) Identify the leaders able to cause these groups to behave in various
ways.
(8) Identify the approved PSYOP objectives, themes to stress, and themes
to avoid.
(9) Identify the target audiences (TAs) in the AO, to include key
communicators.
(10) Identify relevant background information on TA perspectives,
vulnerabilities, effectiveness, and susceptibility to friendly and enemy
PSYOP.
(11) Identify military activities and actions, conducted by subordinate units,
that support or facilitate PSYOP efforts.
(12) Provide operation security guidance on PSYOP sensitivity and
employment.
(13) State classification authority for PSYOP tasks.
(14) Address mechanisms for coordinating PSYOP with attached PSYOP
support elements and assigned PSYOP staff.
(15) State procedures for coordinating fixed-wing, rotary-wing, unmanned
aircraft system, and field artillery delivery of PSYOP products.
(16) State PSYOP-specific current intelligence requirements (or refer to the
intelligence annex).
(17) State how intelligence, multidiscipline counterintelligence, security
monitoring, and operational feedback will be provided.
3-24
STP 33-37F14-SM-TG
28 August 2008
MOS/Skill Level Tasks
TASK STEPS AND PERFORMANCE MEASURES
GO
NO-GO
(18) Identify the coordination required with adjacent commands and civilian
agencies.
(19) Identify the detailed requirements for coordinating among elements
involved in counterpropaganda.
(20) Identify, if any, the special security or handling requirements for
counterpropaganda.
(21) State procedures for providing appropriate situational awareness
updates to public affairs personnel.
(22) Identify, if any, the operational reporting requirements necessary for
effective monitoring of counterpropaganda tasks.
2.
Write the service support paragraph.
a. Identify the resources required to conduct (plan, prepare, execute, and
assess) PSYOP actions.
b. Identify the logistic requirements. Include preparation, distribution, and
stocking of PSYOP materials; transport of PSYOP material and personnel
to operational areas, and their basing and support while conducting
PSYOP; provisions for the supply and maintenance of United States and
host nation (HN) PSYOP material; and fiscal and personnel matters.
c. Identify the provisions for control and maintenance of HN equipment and
materials.
d. Identify the fiscal matters relating to special funds.
e. Identify the personnel matters relating to HN personnel.
3.
Write the command and signal paragraph.
a. Command.
(1) Identify how control will be affected and implementation centrally
coordinated.
(2) Explain command relationships between attached PSYOP forces, the
Psychological Operations task force (POTF) elements operating in the
AO, the unit, and the supporting POTF.
(3) Identify the recognition and identification instructions.
(4) Identify the HQ locations and movements.
(5) Identify the location of the HQ element and planned movements.
b. Signal.
(1) State the PSYOP approval and dissemination authority that has been
delegated or retained by higher HQ.
(2) State the PSYOP approval authority the commander has delegated or
specifically retained to subordinate commanders for the development of
proposed PSYOP products, actions, and programs.
(3) State the PSYOP dissemination authority the commander has
delegated to subordinate commanders, or retained, for releasing and
disseminating approved PSYOP products in their respective AOs.
(4) Identify the information system that will be used to control, coordinate,
and supervise execution of the approved operation.
(5) Identify and define PSYOP-related acronyms and abbreviations.
28 August 2008
STP 33-37F14-SM-TG
3-25
Chapter 3
Evaluation Preparation: Setup: Provide the Soldier with adequate training and testing facilities, sufficient
time to review the task materials, pencil, paper, and needed resources. If computers are used for the
evaluation, ensure they have connectivity to the Internet and that target Web sites are accessible. If
SECRET Internet Protocol Router Network (SIPRNET) access is notional for an evaluation, provide a
hard-copy product clearly marked to show classification guidance; for example, CLASSIFIED FOR
TRAINING ONLY, UNCLASSIFIED SAMPLE, or CLASSIFICATION MARKINGS FOR TRAINING
PURPOSES ONLY. If classified sources are used, ensure SIPRNET connectivity and a secure training
site are available.
Evaluation Guidance: Score the Soldier GO if all task steps/performance measures are passed. Score
the Soldier NO-GO if any task step/performance measure is failed. If the Soldier scores NO-GO, ensure
that the Soldier understands his deficiencies and how to correct them. Allow sufficient time for the Soldier
to receive retraining, make the necessary corrections, and be retested on the material covered.
References
Required
Related
FM 3-05.301
FM 2-0
FM 5-0
FM 3-05.30
JP 2-0
JP 5-0
3-26
STP 33-37F14-SM-TG
28 August 2008
MOS/Skill Level Tasks
Prepare Tab D (Psychological Operations) to Appendix 3 (Information Operations)
to Annex C (Operations) of an Operation Plan/Operation Order
331-37A-0339
Conditions: Given the requirement to support the development of a joint plan or order; having conducted
deliberate or crisis action planning; and given the supported commander’s operation plan (OPLAN)/
operation order (OPORD), the PSYOP estimate, current intelligence, the OPORD format, and access to
classified and unclassified digital information systems and area studies.
Standards: Write the PSYOP tab to the supported unit OPORD; support the unit’s mission in accordance
with the commander’s guidance within the time constraints of the planning directive.
TASK STEPS AND PERFORMANCE MEASURES
GO
NO-GO
1. List the references: plans, estimates, special PSYOP studies, media
production mobilization plans, combined military PSYOP committee
agreements, peacetime PSYOP programs, relevant messages, orders, and
other documents that have a significant bearing on the conduct of PSYOP.
2. Write the situation paragraph to include—
a. Overview. Describe the general situation, competing goals, and the task to
be accomplished (often the overview is a brief description of PSYOP
support and employment with regard to the supported commander and his
mission and tasks).
b. United States (U.S.) (or U.S. and Allied) perspective (if applicable).
Outline intentions (how the task will be accomplished), capabilities
(resources to be used), and activities (current actions) and general
phasing of future actions.
Note: Sometimes the information that is asked for here is written in paragraph 3
(Execution) of the Concept of Operations. Another heading often used for
paragraph 3 is Friendly, which gives information on friendly forces that may
directly affect the action of subordinate commanders.
c. Neutral perspective (if applicable).
(1) Outline estimated neutral intentions under various circumstances, the
resources available to neutrals, and their activities. State neutral
actions and behavior that would favor mission accomplishment.
(2) Explain how neutrality plays a part in the overall geographic
combatant commander’s (GCC’s) or joint force commander’s (JFC’s)
objectives and how opponents may try to exploit the issue of
neutrality.
d. Enemy perspectives.
(1) Describe the environment and negative messages that the deployed
GCC’s or JFC’s forces are likely to encounter upon entering the area
of operations (AO).
(2) Identify groups that can influence and interfere with plans, operations,
and actions.
(3) Identify opponent psychological vulnerabilities and susceptibilities to
the GCC’s or JFC’s PSYOP.
(4) Identify opponent propaganda strengths and weaknesses in all
phases of the plan.
28 August 2008
STP 33-37F14-SM-TG
3-27
Chapter 3
TASK STEPS AND PERFORMANCE MEASURES
GO
NO-GO
(5)
Describe apparent goals, motivations, and characteristics of various
opponent groups and the leaders who can influence them to behave
in ways unfavorable to the GCC’s or JFC’s objectives.
(6)
Describe the effects of adversary propaganda on local and regional
audiences.
(7)
List expected opponent themes and objectives. Identify opponent
centers of gravity for all levels of war.
(8)
Indicate the need for enemy prisoners of war/dislocated personnel to
be interviewed for PSYOP-relevant information, and for that
information to be analyzed to determine vulnerabilities for exploitation.
Under enemy perspectives, the following subparagraphs are listed;
use as applicable.
(a) Decision maker and staff.
1. Identify the decision makers that can direct development or
allocation of resources of course of action (COA) execution
pertinent to the task assigned.
2. Outline feasible, alternative actions that would favor or harm
friendly operational effectiveness.
3. Describe the characteristics of enemy decision makers, their
key advisors, and staff (particularly intelligence analysts).
(b) Intelligence systems.
1. Identify intelligence systems that support decision makers and
their staffs, and intelligence system capabilities pertinent to
the situation.
2. Describe objective and subjective factors and the
characteristics of collection planners and decision makers that
affect development and selection for use of information-
gathering resources.
(9)
Target audiences (TAs). Although TAs are subparagraphed under
enemy perspectives, it is allowable for TAs (themes and objectives
included) to be listed separately as exhibits to the tab.
(10)
Command systems (if applicable).
(a) Describe opponent communication systems and command
centers used to plan COA, and control, coordinate, and supervise
execution of the planned COA.
(b) State targets for jamming or attacking. Indicate when to execute
operations to demoralize and disorganize opposing commands,
reduce opposing operational effectiveness, enhance the
effectiveness of planned deceptions and PSYOP, and support
operations security to maximum advantage. (Quite often the above
is written for compartmented operations, and the appendixes that
are written to support such operations are listed separately and
not contained in the basic plan.)
3.
Write the mission paragraph. The PSYOP mission statement is written in
conjunction with the GCC’s or JFC’s mission statement.
4.
Write the concept of operations.
3-28
STP 33-37F14-SM-TG
28 August 2008
MOS/Skill Level Tasks
TASK STEPS AND PERFORMANCE MEASURES
GO
NO-GO
a.
Overview. Outline the overall concept for employing PSYOP in support of
task accomplishment by phase. If the GCC’s campaign plan states a
prehostilities phase, address strategic PSYOP actions in support of flexible
deterrent options.
(1) For each phase of the plan, address the level of PSYOP support that is
being provided, when and where it is arriving, and whom it is
supporting.
(2) Explain what tasks and PSYOP objectives are being carried out in
support of components per phase and what equipment is being used
and by whom.
(3) Denote PSYOP locations and linkup of tactical forces with maneuver
units.
(4) Explain the general actions taken to facilitate product development and
dissemination in conjunction with host nation assets and sister Service
facilities.
(5) Recommend which PSYOP programs will be initiated by phase.
b.
Provide the following as general guidance to units and forces involved, by
phase if applicable:
(1) Approve PSYOP themes and objectives to be promoted and themes to
be avoided and discouraged.
(2) Describe the cultural and psychological characteristics of the
potential target audience to aid operational planners and personnel in
selecting COAs and interacting with TA members.
(3) Description of propaganda (including disinformation) directed at U.S.
personnel and at foreign groups in the AO, and guidance for countering
such operations.
c.
Monitor the situation.
(1) Describe how intelligence, multidiscipline counterintelligence, security
monitoring, and operational feedback will be provided.
(2) State requirement for running situation estimates; periodic estimates of
target appreciations responsive to critical information, actions, and
attitudes and behavior; and current reporting of intelligence and
multidiscipline counterintelligence information, security monitoring
results, and implementing actions.
(3) Identify resources required and their availability.
d.
Control. List coordinating instructions pertaining to two or more elements of
the task organization.
(1) Outline coordination with adjacent commands and civilian agencies,
U.S. diplomatic missions, and the Bureau of International Information
Programs.
(2) Address information coordinating committees, coordination with
information operations teams, and designated coordinating authority,
if applicable. If coordinating with personnel centers and joint
interrogation and debriefing centers performing interrogation, address
coordination procedures with them.
(3) Address direct liaison and coordination issues among components and
subordinate and supporting commands.
28 August 2008
STP 33-37F14-SM-TG
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Chapter 3
TASK STEPS AND PERFORMANCE MEASURES
GO
NO-GO
e. Tasks. Assign responsibilities to implement the concept. When multiple
organizations are involved, designate an executive agent to coordinate
implementation, if applicable.
(1) Ensure tasks clearly establish responsibilities and provide for feedback
about effectiveness. Tasks to components in support of PSYOP often
call for the coordination of component aircraft, surface vessels, and
submarines to distribute materials and to conduct radio and television
broadcasts.
(2) Provide for shipboard printing and photo facilities to print products as
required, and call for the integration of component air delivery systems
into daily-integrated tasking orders to support PSYOP missions.
5.
Write the administration and logistics paragraph. Provide a statement of the
administrative and logistical arrangements applicable to PSYOP but not
covered in the basic plan or another annex.
a. Administration. Address the following issues: financial, morale, welfare,
medical, dental, postal, legal, graves registration, and religious support, as
necessary; identification of workspace as necessary for PSYOP personnel
attached to other components and organizations; rating chain issues and
clearance requirements; and coordination for the use of indigenous
personnel, facilities, or materials to support PSYOP.
b. Logistics. Address the following:
(1) Requisitions for standard (BA 5590, prescribed load list for vehicles),
and nonstandard PSYOP supplies (family of loudspeakers, Risograph
parts and supplies), through Army supply channels.
(2) Special operating funds.
(3) Coordination for logistical support for leaflet production, aerial delivery,
and media dissemination teams.
(4) Requests for maintenance support not available through military
channels.
(5) Designated component or agency responsible for providing routine
common-use logistical support to the PSYOP task force in-theater;
provisions for living space accommodations; contracting for special
purchase of supplies, equipment, and the hiring of local national
personnel to support product development; and deployment into theater
with supplies for 30 days, water rations, and so on.
6.
Write the command and control paragraph.
a. State the command relationships. Joint operations can have complex
command relationships. Plans must be specific concerning these
arrangements, including shifts that may take place as the operation
progresses from one phase to the next. Command and support
relationships for PSYOP personnel fall into this paragraph.
b. State the PSYOP approval process and identify appropriate PSYOP
product approval or authorities (as applicable).
(1) State the applicable PSYOP approval authority for the development of
all types of proposed PSYOP products, actions, and programs.
(2) State the appropriate PSYOP dissemination authority for each type/
classification of approved PSYOP products.
3-30
STP 33-37F14-SM-TG
28 August 2008
MOS/Skill Level Tasks
Evaluation Preparation: Setup: Provide the Soldier with adequate training and testing facilities, sufficient
time to review the task materials, pencil, paper, and needed resources. If computers are used for the
evaluation, ensure they have connectivity to the Internet and that target Web sites are accessible. If
SECRET Internet Protocol Router Network (SIPRNET) access is notional for an evaluation, provide a
hard-copy product clearly marked to show classification guidance; for example, CLASSIFIED FOR
TRAINING ONLY, UNCLASSIFIED SAMPLE, or CLASSIFICATION MARKINGS FOR TRAINING
PURPOSES ONLY. If classified sources are used, ensure SIPRNET connectivity and a secure training
site are available.
Evaluation Guidance: Score the Soldier GO if all task steps/performance measures are passed. Score
the Soldier NO-GO if any task step/performance measure is failed. If the Soldier scores NO-GO, ensure
that the Soldier understands his deficiencies and how to correct them. Allow sufficient time for the Soldier
to receive retraining, make the necessary corrections, and be retested on the material covered.
References
Required
Related
FM 3-05.301
FM 3-0
FM 3-05.30
FM 3-05.302
FM 5-0
JP 3-0
JP 3-53
JP 5-0
28 August 2008
STP 33-37F14-SM-TG
3-31
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