Military reference books and manuals (2009-2023, Volume 7)

Chapter 2

Conduct of Training

TRAINING STRATEGY

2-1. Training is a prerequisite for Army readiness to use NLW. The NLW training strategy is primarily

organized around leader and user training. Training should be designed to give individuals an understanding of

the concepts and principles of NLW and certification and familiarization on nonlethal munitions. NLW training

should be integrated into all appropriate battle simulations, command post exercises, and field training

exercises.

2-2. There are three objectives to consider when using NLW. The objectives include; accuracy (hitting the

target in the desired location), effectiveness (are the munitions producing the desired effect on the target), and

reduction of injury (are the injuries inflicted truly nonlethal). All NLW training should proceed with these

objectives in mind.

USER TRAINING

2-3. User training is provided through an MMTSP designed to conduct Train-the-Trainer certification. The

MMTSP is also available through the Army training Web site to ensure widest possible dissemination and rapid

updating.

2-4. User-level training consists of certification and familiarization training for leaders and Soldiers on the

equipment operation, nonlethal tactics, munitions, and maintenance of NLCS equipment during pre-deployment

training at the unit level. Training is accomplished by the unit using the MMTSP and this TC. Units should use

Soldiers assigned the ASI 2A (Nonlethal Advisor) to assist in developing a nonlethal training program that

supports the units mission and to ensure the training is conducted to standard.

2-5. Once the concepts and principles of NLW employment have been mastered, nonlethal capabilities should

be integrated into other training opportunities. For example, commanders should incorporate nonlethal

capabilities into collective training such as cordon and search, convoy operations, checkpoint operations,

detainee operations, and civil disturbance. The nonlethal equipment, tactics, and munitions described in this TC

are specifically designed to support such missions. Some components are more technical and may need

additional training however, most items included in the NLCS are easily mastered and relatively simple to

employ.

NONLETHAL MUNITIONS TRAINING REQUIREMENTS

2-6. Commanders should ensure Soldiers assigned M203 launchers and 12 gauge shotguns receive the required

training as described in DA Pamphlet 350-38.

All units being deployed on missions which require the employment of non-lethal munitions will

ensure all Soldiers/crews qualify with their assigned and/or designated weapons if they have not

qualified within the past 90 days.

Due to constraints on the availability of non-lethal munitions, this training may be done once

Soldiers arrive at their deployment site. Upon notification of deployment, commanders must

ensure all Soldiers who might be required to employ nonlethal munitions are properly trained in

accordance with the guidance provided in this TC.

Ninety percent of the Soldiers identified to train with non-lethal munitions will have met the

individual requirements to standard with their assigned weapons.

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Chapter 2

CERTIFICATION AND FAMILIARIZATION TRAINING

2-7. Certification of nonlethal munitions requires the individual to demonstrate safe handling procedures of a

particular munition and firing platform and to discharge it with a reasonable degree of accuracy while

completing a prescribed course of fire. Certification acknowledges that there has been a minimum standard of

performance set and that the individual met the standard.

2-8. Familiarization, on the other hand, includes many of the tasks and conditions of a qualification but does

not include a minimum standard. An individual demonstrates that they can perform loading, unloading, aiming,

and discharging the system safely. Whether they hit the target, where they hit the target, or how many times

they can repeat it is not important to the task. Accuracy and shot placement as well as fine tuning sweet spot

recognition is not measured in the performance.

2-9. A qualification for nonlethal rounds is more than just hitting a target at a given distance with a given

number of rounds. This is just part of the requirement. Other critical factors just as important include the aim

point and the sweet spot for the round. These factors are described in the following sections.

AIMING POINT

2-10. Achieving the proper aiming point is critical for all nonlethal munitions training. Where a particular

nonlethal projectile is aimed will play a great part in what effect the round will have on the target. Typically,

Soldiers are taught to aim center mass. However, striking larger muscle groups such as the thigh or lower

abdomen are more effective for nonlethal munitions and reduce the chance of serious injury or death. Striking

the head, neck, spine, or solar plexus are targets that will result in greater risk of serious injury or death. Aiming

points for specific rounds are discussed in each of the chapters on nonlethal munitions. Figure 2-1 illustrates

nonlethal shot placement zones.

Figure 2-1. Nonlethal Munitions Shot Placement Zones

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Conduct of Training

SWEET SPOT

2-11. The “sweet spot” is the finite distance between the point away from the launcher muzzle where the

projectile has lost enough energy that it will not cause serious injury and the point where the projectile has lost

so much energy that a hit is no longer effective and/or accurate. The sweet spot will be different for each

munition, but typically it is between 10 and 55 meters.

2-12. Proper target range estimation is an essential skill for individuals using nonlethal munitions. Intentionally

using a nonlethal round closer than the minimum safe distance may increase the risk of serious injury or death.

Using the munition beyond the maximum effective range will result in a wasted shot or the striking of an

unintended target as the round’s flight path degrades as it looses its energy. Table 2-1 illustrates the effects of

nonlethal munitions at various distances.

Table 2-1. Effects of Nonlethal Munitions at Distances

Potential to Cause

Sweet

Potentially

Type of Nonlethal Munition

Serious Injury or

Spot

Ineffective

Death

40MM Sponge Grenade Round, M1006

0m - 10m

10m -50m

50m+

40MM Crowd Dispersal Round (area), M1029

0m - 10m

10m - 30m

50m+

12-GA Crowd Dispersal Round (area), M1013

0m - 10m

10m - 20m

20m+

12-GA Fin Stabilized Round, M1012

0m - 10m

10m - 20m

20m+

Modular Crowd Control Munition, M5

0m - 5m

5m - 15m

15m+

66MM Nonlethal Grenades, L96, M98, & M99

0m - 80m

80m - 100m

100m+

ACCURACY

2-13. Accuracy is a key factor that works in combination with sweet spot and aim point to achieve the desired

effect in the targeted subject. Nonlethal rounds while in some cases are considered accurate, will never be as

accurate as lethal rounds. They are most accurate at the beginning of their sweet spot and less accurate at the

terminal end of the sweet spot. This is due to their loss of energy and the possible effects of the environment

such as wind, rain, or extreme temperature on relatively slow and large rounds.

2-14. The only way to predict how a particular nonlethal munition will perform across the sweet spot area is to

train with it and the appropriate firing platform. Accuracy is where the sweet spot and aim point intersect on the

target to produce a desired effect.

2-15. Some nonlethal munitions are designed to be fired directly at a specific single target while others are

designed to be used primarily as area target munitions. Area target munitions are multiple rounds that will

deliver several rubber balls into a narrow area against several targets in a specified location.

ENGAGEMENT SKILLS TRAINER (EST) 2000

2-16. The EST 2000 is an automated computerized simulator that provides realistic weapons qualification and

familiarization to a Soldier or operator. The video-based system has more than 30 high-fidelity friendly and

enemy targets, 14 terrain sets, variable climatic conditions and special effects combined with over 175 scenario

options. Soldiers may familiarize, and when NL munitions are not available, Soldiers may qualify and certify

using the EST 2000 when authorized by the commander.

2-17. The EST 2000 allows Soldiers to fire an array of different weapons to familiarize them with the feel,

sound and sight of weapons such as the M203 Grenade Launcher and the M1200 12 Gauge Shotgun. Table 2-2

and 2-3 illustrate individual NLW training currently programmed and available on the EST 2000.

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Chapter 2

Table 2-2. 40MM Sponge Grenade and 12-GA Point Round Individual Training Program

INDIVIDUAL TRAINING PROGRAM

M203 [40MM] (M1006 Sponge Grenade) & M1200 12 Gauge (M1012 Point Round)

Table

Distance (Meters)

Number of Target Exposures

21M

29M

34M

49M

Table 2-3. 40MM Crowd Dispersal and 12-GA Crowd Dispersal Individual Training Program

INDIVIDUAL TRAINING PROGRAM

M203 [40MM] (M1029 Crowd Dispersal) & M1200 12 Gauge (M1013 Crowd Dispersal)

Table

Distance (Meters)

Number of Target Exposures

25M

2-18. The EST 2000 has 10 different collective training scenarios written into the program. The crowd control

scenario allows the Soldier to respond with either lethal or nonlethal depending on the circumstances involved.

COMPOSITE RISK MANAGEMENT

2-19. Composite risk management (CRM) is the Army’s primary decision-making process for identifying

hazards and controlling risks across the full spectrum of Army missions, functions, operations, and activities.

CRM is used to mitigate risks associated with all hazards that have the potential to injure or kill personnel,

damage or destroy equipment, or otherwise impact mission effectiveness. Refer to FM 5-19.

2-20. Risk assessments are conducted to make operations safe without compromising the level of realistic

training. Commanders continuously assess the risk of training conditions to prevent injury to Soldiers and loss

of equipment. Risk assessments should consider the level of proficiency of the Soldiers and trainers as well as

environmental factors such as weather and terrain. Training enhancers, such as role-players, demonstration fire,

blank ammunition, simulators, smoke, and other pyrotechnics, are fully integrated into NLW training to achieve

the training objective. Soldiers are required to wear ear protection, protective vests, and eye protection in order

to protect against noise and debris.

2-21. The commander is the safety officer and is responsible for ensuring that his/her unit, both leaders and

Soldiers, comply with safety regulations and the unit tactical standard operating procedure (SOP). All leaders

must:

Use mission, enemy, terrain and weather, troops and support available, time available, and civil

considerations (METT-TC) factors to identify risks.

Assess possible losses and their costs.

Select and develop risk-reduction measures.

Implement controls by integrating them into plans and order, SOP, training performance

standards, and rehearsals.

Never shoot nonlethal munitions at human targets during training.

Supervise and enforce risk reduction measures and safety standards at all times.

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Conduct of Training

RECOMMENDED RANGE PROCEDURES

Note: Before conducting a live-fire range, ensure you adhere to the procedures that support Army

regulations, local range regulations, and established unit training SOPs.

2-22. Before beginning a live-fire exercise, all personnel must receive an orientation on range operations. The

orientation should outline the procedures for conducting the exercise to include the duties of the non-firing

orders. To provide a safe and efficient range operation and effective instruction, the following is an example of

personnel and duties that may be required.

Officer in Charge. The Officer in Charge (OIC) is responsible for the overall operation of the

range before, during, and after live firing.

Range Safety Officer. The range safety officer (RSO) is responsible for the safe operation of the

range to include conducting a safety orientation before each scheduled live-fire exercise. He

ensures that all personnel comply with the safety regulations and procedures prescribed for the

conduct of a live-fire exercise. He ensures that each weapon is cleared before a firer leaves the

firing line. The RSO will not be assigned any other duties.

Non-Commissioned Officer in Charge. The Non-Commissioned Officer in Charge (NCOIC)

assists the OIC and safety officer, as required. For example, the NCOIC will supervise enlisted

personnel who are supporting the live-fire exercise.

Ammunition Detail. This detail is composed of one or more ammunition handlers whose

responsibilities are to break down, issue, receive, account for, and safeguard live ammunition. The

detail also collects expended ammunition casings and other residue.

Unit Armorer. The unit armorer repairs the weapons to include replacing parts, as required.

Lane Safeties. One assistant instructor (AI) is assigned for each one to two firing points. Each lane

safety ensures that all firers observe safety regulations and procedures and assists firers having

problems.

Medical Personnel. They provide emergency medical treatment and medical evacuation support as

required by local policy.

Control Tower Operator. The tower operator gives the fire commands.

Maintenance Detail. This detail performs minor maintenance on the target-holding mechanisms.

Communications. At least two (2) means of communication are needed to maintain continuous

communications with Range Control. Local policy will dictate which forms of communication are

allowed.

2-23. Factors to consider when conducting a nonlethal live fire exercise:

Develop a Range Safety SOP if one does not exist.

Instructor to student ratio is generally 1:10.

Accidents happen from lack of supervision. Supervise continuously.

Nonlethal munitions can kill or seriously injure. Use the same safety standards used for lethal

munitions.

Train as you fight.

Always have medical personnel present.

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Chapter 2

2-24. General Range Safety Considerations: These range rules apply to any range situation and should be

followed and enforced at all times.

Hearing protection, eye protection, and appropriate headgear will be worn on and in the vicinity of

the firing line.

All firing activities will be done on command.

Do not handle or pick up any weapon until told to do so.

Do not handle a weapon while anyone is down range.

No one goes forward of the firing line unless directed to do so by Range Cadre.

Keep weapons pointed down range at all times.

Keep weapons on safe when not actually firing.

Keep trigger finger off the trigger when not actually firing.

Follow proper weapon jam or malfunction procedures.

RULES OF ENGAGEMENT

2-25. ROE are the directives established by higher Headquarters that delineate the circumstances and

limitations under which Soldiers will initiate and/or continue engagement with belligerent forces. ROE may

reflect the law of armed conflict and operational considerations but are primarily concerned with the restraints

on the use of force. ROE are the primary means by which commanders convey legal, political, diplomatic, and

military guidance to Soldiers. Leaders at every level must train Soldiers carefully and thoroughly concerning

ROE and laws that govern armed conflict before deployment. During the conduct of operation, leaders continue

to train Soldier and stress firm, determined, and impartial execution of ROE.

RULES FOR THE USE OF FORCE

2-26. Since NLW are often considered for civil support operations commanders should ensure Soldiers

participating in these operations are trained on Rules for the Use of Force (RUF). RUF provide the operational

guidance and establish fundamental policies and procedures governing actions taken by DoD forces performing

civil support missions within the U.S. and its territories. RUF apply to land-based homeland defense missions

occurring within the U.S. and its installations within or outside the U.S. and its territories. For Army law

enforcement and security personnel AR 190-14 provides policy for RUF.

FORCE CONTINUUM TRAINING

2-27. The force continuum concept provides a guide for the use of force that must be reasonable or proportional

in intensity, duration, and magnitude based on the totality of circumstances. This continuum concept states that

there is a wide range of possible actions, ranging from presence and verbal commands to application of deadly

force that may be used to counter resistance or threat in any particular situation. Situations vary, and the threat

level can rise and fall several times based on the actions of both the Soldier and the individual or groups

involved. The purpose of a force continuum concept is to serve as a guide and a graphic training aid to assist

Soldiers in use of force decision making consistent with ROE, commander’s intent, and the force options

available to the Soldier.

2-28. This stair-stepped approach shows the action and reaction correlation between the Soldier and the

individual or group. Typically, there are five levels of subject behavior and Soldier response:

1. Compliant: If the subject is compliant, the Soldier should remain professional and use cooperative

controls.

2. Passive Resistance: If the subject has become passive resistant, the Soldier may assume a tactical

posture and consider the use of contact controls.

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5 November 2009

Conduct of Training

3. Active Resistance: If the subject has become assaultive, the Soldier may reach a threshold and will

have to consider the use of compliance techniques.

4. Assaultive: Once the subject has become assaultive and does not respond to compliance

techniques, the Soldier may have to employ defensive tactics which may include the use of

nonlethal munitions.

5. Serious/Grievous Bodily Harm or Death: Once the subject has become assaultive to the point of

bringing serious bodily harm or death, the Soldier may have to employ deadly force.

2-29. NLW training must include the use of force decision-making process, how to leverage nonlethal

capabilities into mission planning, tactical nonlethal considerations, and how to incorporate lethal and nonlethal

force options. Soldiers must be taught these skills through situational training exercises where they are required

to constantly travel up and down the force continuum stair steps. Figure 2-2 illustrates the five levels of subject

behaviors and Soldier response.

Figure 2-2. Force Continuum

ESCALATION OF FORCE

2-30. The following information is derived from the Center for Army Lessons Learned (CALL) Escalation of

Force Handbook (No. 07-21). The purpose of escalation of force (EOF) training is to improve leader and

Soldier awareness when planning, preparing, and executing EOF methods to prevent unnecessary deaths of

Soldiers and civilians. The desired end state is for Soldiers and leaders at all levels to understand and apply EOF

procedures in order to lengthen response time and prevent unnecessary lethal force engagements. The following

EOF-related tasks should be integrated into NLW training:

Soldiers at every level must understand EOF procedures before, during, and after an EOF event to

include the possible second and third order effects and/or the strategic impact of EOF incidents,

which can lead to misperceptions by the local populace.

Soldiers must continually train and rehearse EOF procedures at home station, during mobilization

training and mission rehearsal exercises, and while deployed.

All Soldiers must understand EOF in order to prevent hesitation or second-guessing when making

a decision to apply force.

Units should be resourced with the correct protection equipment in order to increase reaction time,

reduce unnecessary EOF incidents resulting in the use of lethal force, and reduce casualties.

2-31. When time and circumstances permit, the forces committing hostile acts or demonstrating hostile intent

should be warned and given the opportunity to withdraw or cease threatening actions. The opportunity to de-

escalate a situation may result from the mere presence or drawing of a NLW.

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Chapter 2

2-32. If these important EOF-related tasks are successfully integrated into training, and Soldiers and leaders

adhere to the training principles, unnecessary lethal force engagements can be reduced or eliminated. Adhering

to EOF-trained principles also supports the goal of enhancing the partnership with local governments by

reinforcing a positive image of coalition forces. Key benefits of EOF training include the following:

EOF-trained Soldiers are able to make the right decision on what is a legitimate target.

EOF training lengthens the preparation time to positively identify targets and apply force

commensurate with the level of threat.

EOF never limits a Soldier’s inherent right to self-defense.

DOCTRINAL GUIDANCE FOR NONLETHAL WEAPONS

2-33. Doctrinal guidance for the employment of NLW/capabilities can be found throughout the Doctrine,

Organization, Training, Materiel, Leadership and Education, Personnel, and Facilities (DOTMLPF) domains.

Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures (TTP) for the tactical employment of NLW are described in FM 3-22.40.

FM 3-22.40 is an “all service” manual that was developed by the Air Land Sea Application Center . In addition,

several 3-19 series field manuals describe NLW employment during specific military police operations. Figure

2-3 highlights doctrinal and training resources that are essential for Soldiers, leaders, and staffs responsible for

planning and conducting nonlethal training.

Doctrinal Publications

•

FM 3-22.40, Multi-Service TTP for the Tactical Employment of Nonlethal Weapons

•

FM 3-07, Stability Operations

•

FM 3-19, Military Police Operations

•

FM 3-19.4, Military Police Combat Leaders’ Handbook

•

FM 3-19.11, Military Police Special Reaction Teams

•

FM 3-19.15, Civil Disturbance Operations

•

FM 3-19.40, Military Police Internment and Resettlement Operations

•

FM 3-63.1, Detainee Operations

•

FM 4-01.45, Multi-Service Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Tactical Convoy

Operations

•

TRADOC Pamphlet 525-99, Concept for Nonlethal Capabilities in Army Operations

•

DA Pamphlet 350-38, Standards in Training Commission (STRAC)

•

CALL Handbook, No. 07-21, Escalation of Force, August 2007

Training Resources

•

Inter-Service Nonlethal Individual Weapons Instructor Course (INIWIC)

•

Nonlethal Multi-Media Training Support Package

•

Penn State Online Nonlethal Weapons: Policies, Practices, and Technologies

Certificate Program

•

Engagement Skills Trainer (EST) 2000

Figure 2-3. Doctrinal and Training Resources

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Chapter 3

Employ 12-Gauge Point and Area Target Munitions

OVERVIEW

3-1. Nonlethal 12-gauge munitions are used to control hostile crowds by temporarily incapacitating without

causing life-threatening consequences. This gives commanders the option to apply nonlethal force as a first line

of defense where appropriate.

3-2. The firing platform for the Army 12-gauge nonlethal munitions is the 12-gauge pump action shotgun such

as the Mossberg 500. Other models that may be used include the Winchester M1200 and the Remington 870. In

addition to firing from a standard 12 gauge pump shotgun, both the M1012 and M1013 can be fired from the 12

gauge Modular Accessory Shotgun System (MASS). MASS is a lightweight accessory shotgun system that

attaches underneath the barrel of the M4 and M16 rifle. It provides the capability to fire lethal, nonlethal, and

door breaching 12 gauge rounds. It can be zeroed to the sighting system of the host weapon. MASS provides the

lethality equivalent of a stand-alone 12 gauge shotgun.

M1012 12-GAUGE NONLETHAL POINT ROUND SPECIFICATIONS

3-3. The M1012 point round is a nonlethal, low hazard, non-shrapnel producing device fired from a 12-gauge

pump-action shotgun. It is a standard 12-gauge shotgun shell, cylindrical in shape with a three-quarter-inch

diameter and is 2.5 inches long. The payload is a molded rubber fin-stabilized projectile fired at a muzzle

velocity of about 500 feet per second. It can be fired from both the 2.75-inch and 3-inch chamber of standard

military pump-action shotguns. The M1012 national stock number (NSN) is 1305-01-470-2405.

3-4. The round’s sweet spot is between 10 to 20 meters. Closer than 10 meters the round may create lethal or

near lethal injuries to the target. Beyond 20 meters the round will be inaccurate and ineffective. While distance

to the target is critical, round placement is also a critical factor. Head and neck shots are not acceptable.

3-5. Figure 3-1 provides a cut-away view of the M1012 12-gauge Point Round.

M1012,12-GAUGE, POINT CARTRIDGE

SPECIFICATIONS

PAYLOAD

• Material: Molded rubber fin-stabilized projectile.

• Muzzle Velocity: ~500 Fps.

• Maximum Effective Range: 30m.

• Engagement Distance: 10-20m.

Figure 3-1. Cut-away View of the M1012 12-Gauge Point Cartridge

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Chapter 3

WARNING: All nonlethal rounds are subject to “bounce back”. Firers

and range personnel must use caution.

M1012 EMPLOYMENT CONSIDERATIONS

3-6. The M1012 point control cartridge gives the Soldier the capability to stun individuals without penetration

by delivering a strong blow to the body. The munition fills a wide range of possible NLW applications. In

crowd control, the M1012 point round provides a multi-shot nonlethal capability that can be used to break

contact, enforce a buffer zone (stand-off distance) with a violent crowd, or stun an individual threat.

3-7. The cartridge is designed to inflict nonlethal blunt trauma to a single targeted individual thereby, increasing

flexibility in the application of force during military operations. It is intended to confuse, disorient, and distract

a person who may be a potential threat.

M1012 CERTIFICATION STANDARDS

3-8. Each firer will conduct Tables 1 through 5 on the EST 2000 system as part of preliminary marksmanship

instruction prior to firing the certification Table. Each firer will have five rounds for certification and five

rounds for annual training in one of the collective tasks listed in Table 3-1. Use the following guidance for

M1012 point cartridge certification.

Range: Set target at 15 meters.

Target: Standard E-type silhouette.

Time: 60 seconds.

Shooting position: Standing unless typical mission requires an alternate position such as kneeling.

Minimum score: Four hits at the designated target area.

3-9. Instructor or designee will be responsible for counting hits on target. Hits can easily be counted visually as

the round strikes the target.

Table 3-1. Collective Tasks for Annual Nonlethal Weapons Training

TASK NUMBER

TYPE OF TASK

TASK TITLE

Respond to Emergency

Situations in an

19-2-3512

Collective

Internment/Resettlement (I/R)

Facility and/or Camp

Roadblocks and Checkpoints

19-3-2406

Collective

Operations

Conduct Company Level Civil

19-2-4003

Collective

Disturbance Control Operations

19-2-2014

Collective

Supervise In-Transit Security

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Employ 12-Gauge Point and Area Target Munitions

M1012 SIGHTING

3-10. The M1012 point round is designed to engage targeted individuals at a range of 10 to 20 meters. Do not

engage if target is closer than 10 meters unless lethal force is justified. Serious injury or death of targeted

individual may result.

3-11. With the shooting eye, align top center of receiver assembly with the front sight centered on target mass.

Concentrate to keep sight on target. Always target the center of mass and not the head or face of an individual.

Do not “skip fire” the projectiles at the targeted individual. Accuracy and range will be decreased. Tumbling of

the projectile may result in serious injury to the targeted individual.

3-12. Figure 3-2 shows the proper aiming point for targets 10 to 20 meters away.

M1012 SIGHTING

At 10-20m: Aim center mass.

At greater distances: Adjust as needed.

RECEIVER

ASSEMBLY

Figure 3-2. M1012 Sighting at 10-20 Meter Targets

M1013 12-GAUGE CROWD DISPERSAL CARTRIDGE SPECIFICATIONS

3-13. The M1013 Crowd Dispersal Cartridge is a standard 12-gauge shotgun shell, cylindrical in shape with a

three-quarter-inch diameter and 2.5 inches length. The payload consists of 18 small molded rubber pellets fired

at a muzzle velocity of about 900 feet per second. It can be fired from both the 2.75-inch and 3-inch chamber of

standard military shot guns. The M1013 NSN is 1305-01-470-2139.

3-14. The rounds sweet spot is 10 to 20 meters. Closer than 10 meters it may have lethal effects. Farther than

20 meters it will be ineffective. Placement of round is a critical factor. Head and neck shots are not acceptable

unless lethal force is justified. Figure

3-3 is a cut-away view of the M1013 12-gauge Crowd Dispersal

Cartridge.

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Chapter 3

M1013, 12-GAUGE,

NONLETHAL CROWD DISPERSAL

CARTRIDGE SPECIFICAITONS

• Material: 18, .32 .caliber PVC rubber balls.

• Muzzle Velocity: ~900 Fps.

• Maximum Effective Range: 20m.

• Engagement Distance: 10-20m.

Figure 3-3. Cut-away View of the M1013 12-Gauge Crowd Dispersal Cartridge

M1013 EMPLOYMENT CONSIDERATIONS

3-15. The M1013 Crowd Dispersal Cartridge is an area target round that gives the Soldier the capability to

stun/deter two (2) to three (3) people without penetration by delivering a strong blow to the body. These

munitions fill a wide range of possible NLW applications. In crowd control, the M1013 Crowd Dispersal

Cartridge gives a Soldier a multi-shot nonlethal capability that can be used to break contact, enforce a buffer

zone (stand-off distance) with a violent crowd, or clear an area of multiple threat targets.

3-16. The M1013 Crowd Dispersal Cartridge is intended to confuse, disorient, and distract a person who may

be a potential threat to friendly force personnel. The M1013 Crowd Dispersal Cartridge is a nonlethal, low

hazard, non-shrapnel-producing device fired from a 12-gauge pump-action shotgun. The cartridge is designed to

inflict nonlethal blunt trauma to multiple threat targets with one shot.

M1013 FAMILIARIZATION STANDARDS

3-17. Each firer will conduct Tables 1 through 5 on the EST 2000 system as part of preliminary marksmanship

instruction prior to firing familiarization fire. Each firer will have two rounds for familiarization. Use the

following guidance for M1013 round qualification:

Range: Target set at 15 meters.

Target: Standard E-type silhouette.

Time : 25 seconds.

Shooting position : Standing unless typical mission requires an alternate position.

3-18. Firers will only familiarization with multiple projectile munitions due to the time required for counting,

scoring, and marking targets.

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Chapter 4

Employ 40 Millimeter Nonlethal Munitions

OVERVIEW

4-1. The U.S. Army currently fields the M1006 point target round better known as the “Sponge Grenade” and

the M1029 Crowd Dispersal Cartridge. Each is intended for close quarter engagement and can engage 3 or more

targets at once.

4-2. The firing platform for the U.S. Army 40mm nonlethal munitions is the M203 grenade launcher mounted

on M16 or M4 series weapons. Only individuals assigned the M203 should complete the annual certification

requirements.

4-3. Both the M1006 and M1029 can be fired from the M32 Launcher however they will not cycle the M32

multi-shot launcher. These rounds can not be fired from the MK19 Machine Grenade Launcher.

M1006 SPONGE GRENADE SPECIFICATIONS

4-4. The M1006 Sponge Grenade is designed with a foam rubber nose affixed to a carrier as the payload. The

foam rubber nose is why it is commonly referred to as the “Sponge Grenade.” It is a direct-fire, low-hazard,

non-shrapnel-producing projectile. The M1006 NSN is 1310-01-452-1190.

4-5. The M1006 has a muzzle velocity of 265 feet-per-second with a terminal velocity of 200 feet-per-second at

50 meters. The sweet spot for the Army Sponge Grenade is 10 to 50 meters.

4-6. The payload is installed and secured into a high density, plastic-cartridge case. An impulse cartridge

installed in the rear of the cartridge case develops the propulsive energy. The impulse cartridge has the primer.

Like an M781 training/practice cartridge, no propellant materiel is in the plastic cartridge case. Figure 4-1 is a

cut-away view of the M1006 Sponge Grenade.

M1006 SPONGE GRENADE

CUT-AWAY VIEW

Foam rubber nose

Carrier bonded to nose

Cartridge case

Impulse cartridge with primer

Figure 4-1. M1006 Sponge Grenade Cut-Away View

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M1006 EMPLOYMENT CONSIDERATIONS

4-7. The M1006 Sponge Grenade is a 40mm nonlethal point round that gives the Soldier the capability to stun

individuals without penetration by delivering a strong blow to the body. This munition fills a wide range of

possible NLW applications.

4-8. In crowd control, M1006 Sponge Grenades provides a nonlethal capability that can be used to break

contact, enforce a buffer zone (standoff distance) with a violent crowd, or stun an individual threat for possible

detention. The M1006 Sponge Grenade can also provide detention facilities with similar capabilities. This round

is used to confuse, disorient, dissuade, and gain control of hostile individuals in a wide range of military, law

enforcement, or civil unrest operations. It provides the commander an additional tool for controlling unruly

subjects without relying solely on the use of deadly force.

4-9. When using the M1006 Sponge Grenade the following employment procedures should be considered:

Do not engage individuals closer than 10 meters (except in situations where deadly force is

justified).

Do not fire at individuals above chest level.

Be aware of “bounce-back.” If projectile is fired at a hard object or wall within 20 meters of the

shooter.

Do not ricochet the round off the ground. This could cause the projectile to rotate and strike the

targeted individual with the hard plastic carrier.

M1006 CERTIFICATION STANDARDS

4-10. Each M203 firer will have five rounds for familiarization and five rounds for qualification. Use the

following guidance for M1006 round qualification:

Range: Targets set at 10, 20, and 30 meters.

Target: Standard E-type silhouette.

Time: 60 seconds.

Shooting position: Standing unless mission requires alternate position such as kneeling.

Minimum score: Four hits at the designated target area. Rounds which hit the head, neck, or

sternum will be considered a miss. Mark record as pass or fail.

4-11. Instructors or designee will be responsible for counting hits on target. Hits can be counted visually as the

hits are made on the target.

M1006 SIGHTING

4-12. When aiming, use the 50-meter notch of the leaf sight on the M203 Grenade Launcher and the front sight

of the M4 Carbine or M16 series rifle for aiming at targets when firing the M1006 Sponge Grenade cartridge.

The 50-meter notch is identified by a red line on the leaf sight. When the targeted individual is 50 meters from

the shooter, align the sights on the weapons with the center of mass on the target.

4-13. The operator must sight/aim below the intended target impact point for targets that are 45 meters or less

from the shooter. Align the sights approximately 24 inches below the center of mass for targets that are between

10 and 45 meters away from the shooter. This is done to compensate for projectile rise when firing at targets

less than 50 meters from the shooter. Adjust your aim point as necessary.

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Employ 40 Millimeter Nonlethal Munitions

4-14. Figures 4-2 and 4-3 illustrate the M1006 aiming points at 50 meters and 10 to 45 meters.

M1006 SIGHTING

At 50m:

Aim center mass!

Figure 4-2. M1006 Sighting at 50 Meters

M1006 SIGHTING (CONT.)

At 10-45m:

Aim 24 inches below center

mass!

Figure 4-3. M1006 Sighting at 10 to 45 Meters

M1029 40MM NONLETHAL CROWD DISPERSAL CARTRIDGE

SPECIFICATIONS

4-15. The M1029 40mm round is an aluminum cartridge of similar proportions to standard 40mm illuminant

cartridges but with no separate cartridge case. A fiberboard sleeve and plastic cover contain the internal

nonlethal payload of 48, 0.48 caliber rubber balls that are designed to cause nonlethal blunt trauma to a targeted

group of individuals upon impact. The M1029 NSN is 1310-01-475-0628.

4-16. When this round is fired from the M203 grenade launcher, it acts much like a large shotgun shell. The

payload spreads out from the barrel to cover an area equal to five standard E-type silhouettes standing side-by-

side at a range of 30 meters.

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Chapter 4

4-17. The M1029 has a sweet spot of between 10 and 30 meters. It may have lethal effects if discharged into a

target inside of 10 meters and is ineffective and not accurate after 30 meters. While distance to the target is

critical, round placement is equally important. This round should not be fired at the upper chest, neck, or head.

Placing a round in an eye socket can prove fatal at any “safe” range while a thigh hit would rarely, if ever, be

fatal at any distance.

4-18. The M1029 Crowd Dispersal Cartridge is an area fire, nonlethal, low hazard, non-shrapnel-producing

munition that is fired from the M203 grenade launcher mounted on either the M4 carbine or M16 series rifle.

This round cannot be fired from the MK-19 Machine Grenade Launcher. Figure 4-4 is a cut-away view of the

M1029 Cartridge.

WARNING: All nonlethal rounds are subject to “bounce back”. Firers

and range personnel must use caution.

M1029, 40 MM

NONLETHAL CROWD DISPERSAL CARTRIDGE

SPECIFICATIONS

• Payload:

48 Ea 0.48 Caliber Rubber Balls.

• Muzzle Velocity:

~ 375 Feet/Second.

• Terminal Velocity At 30m:

~ 200 Fps.

• Minimum Engagement Distance: 10m.

• Maximum Effective Range: 30m.

WARNING: The M1029 Cannot Be Fired From The MK19 MGL.

Figure 4-4. Cut-Away View of the M1029

M1029 EMPLOYMENT CONSIDERATIONS

4-19. The M1029 Crowd Dispersal Cartridge gives the Soldier the capability to stun/deter two (2) to three (3)

people without penetration by delivering a strong blow to the body. These munitions fill a wide range of

possible NLW applications. In crowd control, the M1029 Crowd Dispersal Cartridge delivers a multi-shot

nonlethal capability that can be used to break contact, enforce a buffer zone (standoff distance) with a violent

crowd, or clear an area of multiple threat targets. It can also provide detention facilities with similar capabilities.

It is intended to confuse, disorient, or momentarily distract potential threat personnel.

4-20. This device can be used by military personnel in crowd control operations, in hostage rescue situations,

and in the capture of criminals, terrorists, or other adversaries. It provides commanders a nonlethal capability to

increase the flexibility in the application of force during military operations.

4-21. The M1029 is subject to wind and gravity effects at longer ranges. When firing in windy conditions

(approximately 10 mph) some hold-off will be required when firing these items. As range increases, the rounds

will drop toward the ground. If instinct shooting, focus your eyes on the center of mass of the target, not at the

target's head. Adjust aiming point as necessary for condition. When using the M1029 Crowd Dispersal

Cartridge:

Do not engage individuals closer than 10 meters unless deadly force is justified.

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Employ 40 Millimeter Nonlethal Munitions

The payload will spread to hit at least five (5) individuals standing side-by-side at 30 meters.

Be aware of possible bounce-back of payload when firing at hard targets within 20 meters of

shooter.

M1029 FAMILIARIZATION STANDARDS

4-22. Each M203 firer will have two rounds for familiarization. Use the following guidance for M1029 round

familiarization:

Range: Set target at 30 meters.

Target: Standard E-type silhouette set up in groups of three abreast per shooter.

Time: 30 seconds.

Shooting position: Standing unless typical mission requires an alternate position such as kneeling.

M1029 SIGHTING

4-23. The iron sights of the M16 rifle or M4 carbine are used for aiming when using the M1029 Crowd

Dispersal Cartridge. The aiming point on the targeted hostile group is center mass. Select an individual in the

middle of the crowd. If targeted group is more than 15 meters away, aim at the center of the torso (chest high).

If the targeted group is 15 meters or closer, aim at the waist or legs to reduce head hits.

4-24. Figures 4-5 and 4-6 illustrate proper M1029 aiming points at 15 to 30 meters and 10 to 15 meters.

M1029 SIGHTING

At 15-30m:

Using iron sights,

aim slightly above

center mass.

Figure 4-5. M1029 Sighting at 15 to 30 Meters

M1029 SIGHTING (CONT.)

At 10-15m:

Using iron sights,

aim between

waist and knee

level.

Figure 4-6. M1029 Sighting at 10 to 15 Meters

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4-5

Chapter 5

Employ Nonlethal Grenades

OVERVIEW

5-1. The U.S. Army currently fields two hand-tossed low hazard grenades. The M84 Stun Hand Grenade is a

non-fragmenting grenade designed to temporarily distract a potential threat and the M104 Sting Ball Grenade is

designed to create a diversion and temporarily incapacitate. The M104, which is typically thrown by hand, can

also be launched from a device attached to a standard 12-gauge shotgun.

M84 STUN HAND GRENADE SPECIFICATIONS

5-2. The M84 Stun Hand Grenade is a hand-tossed, nonlethal, low-hazard, non-fragmenting device that weighs

15 ounces. The M84 Stun Hand Grenade will produce the following effects:

Intense light (flash) over 1 million candle-power.

Sound (bang) ranging from 170-180 decibels at five (5) feet.

5-3. The user must wear approved single hearing protection when employing the grenade during training in the

event of a premature functioning or bounce back when tossed. Personnel within 25 feet of a functioning M84

Stun Hand Grenade must also wear single hearing protection. Use of approved hearing protection during actual

operations is also recommended.

5-4. Figure 5-1 shows the M84 Stun Grenade.

Figure 5-1. M84 Stun Grenade

5-5. The grenade body is a hollow steel cylinder 5.25 inches long and 1.73 inches in diameter with hexagonal

top and bottom. Twelve vent holes in the cylindrical portion of the body allow the release of energy from the

payload when initiated. A modified M201A1 fuse is secured in a threaded opening in the top of the body. The

fuse consists of primary and secondary safety pins, a safety lever (spoon), a spring-loaded striker, and a

percussion primer and metal oxidant mix. The pyrotechnic charge is a magnesium and potassium perchlorate

mix. Within its operational bounds, the blast overpressure or intense flash of this device will not produce any

long-term effects on vision or hearing. However, protective gloves should be worn. Personnel laying on top or

adjacent to these devices may experience serious injury or death.

5-6. The M84 Stun Hand Grenade is easily identifiable as a nonlethal device by the hexagonal shape at the top

and bottom of the body, a nonlethal green band around the body, and a brown band on the spoon. The M84 Stun

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Chapter 5

Hand Grenade also has a round primary safety pin that is removed immediately prior to tossing the grenade and

a triangular shaped secondary safety pin that precludes inadvertent initiation in transportation, storage, and

handling. Removing the safety pins requires a pull ring force between 15 to 40 pounds. The M84 NSN is 1330-

01-459-8141.

M84 EMPLOYMENT CONSIDERATIONS

5-7. The M84 Stun Hand Grenade is a non-fragmentation, nonlethal, one-time-use, “flash and bang” grenade. It

has been successfully deployed in many situations by U.S. Forces to confuse, disorient, or momentarily distract

a potential threat in forced entry scenarios as well as selected urban operations or crowd control operations.

5-8. The device is designed to be thrown into a room (through an open door, breached glass window, or other

opening) where it delivers a loud bang and bright flash sufficient to temporarily disorient the occupants. The

M84 Stun Hand Grenade is used when minimum force is necessary by tactical and non-tactical forces when

performing missions such as hostage rescue or capture of criminals, terrorists, or other adversaries.

5-9. When preparing to employ the M84 Stun Hand Grenade, the user must identify an existing opening in the

structure where the grenade can be tossed. If no opening exists, the user may have to create one. The user must

then toss the grenade through the opening and take cover from effects. The M84 Stun Hand Grenade functions

1-2.3 seconds after spoon released. DO NOT COOK-OFF.

5-10. The M102 Reloadable Stun Practice Grenade is the reloadable cost effective trainer for the M84. It offers

realistic characteristics of the M84 to assist in the training of stun grenades without using actual grenades.

M84 SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS

5-11. Ensure all grenades function properly. If a grenade has been identified as a “dud,” cover it with a wet

cloth or towel to minimize its effects in the event that it does detonate and contact EOD for proper disposal.

Activation of the M84 Stun Hand Grenade should not ignite paper or cloth. However, other hazards such as

volatile fumes in the space where the grenade will detonate should be considered prior to tossing it into a closed

structure.

5-12. One of the byproducts generated by a functioning stun grenade is hydrogen chloride. A one-time use of

the grenade in an enclosed room (approximately 20 feet by 20 feet by eight (8) feet) will not expose an

individual to an unacceptable health risk. However, during training exercises, enclosed areas where stun

grenades are used should be well ventilated to preclude buildup of hazardous levels of hydrogen chloride.

5-13. Trainers should have approved fire suppression devices available when deploying stun grenades.

5-14. Human target participation should not be permitted during training, even if hearing protection is

provided. In addition to a potential for damage to hearing, there is also a risk of personnel injury that is not

warranted during a training exercise. Possible injuries could include:

Being struck by the grenade when tossed into a confined space.

Grenade jumping up to 20 feet at time of detonation.

Damage to eyes from plastic particles from the payload when detonated.

Flash burn if individual is close to grenade when detonated.

5-15. M84 Nonlethal Stun Hand Grenades should always be transported in the original shipping configuration

to preclude inadvertent removal of safety pins. Always ensure that both safety pins are installed until ready to

employ the grenade. The secondary pin is provided for safety during transportation and handling and is

identified by a triangular shaped pull ring. It should only be removed when you have unpackaged the grenades

and are responding to a situation.

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Employ Nonlethal Grenades

ARM M84 STUN HAND GRENADE

5-16. When removing the primary safety pin, ensure you grasp the grenade and spoon tightly. Once the

primary pin is removed from the grenade and your hand lets go of the grenade spoon, the fuse will function

within 1-2.3 seconds. Use the following method to employ the grenade:

Right-handed thrower:

1. Grasp the grenade firmly by wrapping your thumb around the spoon.

2. Remove secondary safety pin.

3. Remove primary safety pin.

5-17. Figure 5-2 illustrates right-handed procedure.

ARM M84 STUN HAND GRENADE

(RIGHT HANDED)

RIGHT HANDED SOLDIERS:

• Grasp the grenade firmly.

• Remove secondary safety pin.

• Remove primary safety pin.

WARNING: Do not loosen your grip on the spoon once the

safety pins are removed!

Figure 5-2. M84 Stun Grenade Right Handed Procedure

Left-handed thrower:

1. Hold the grenade with the fuse assembly pointed toward the ground.

2. Grasp the grenade firmly by wrapping your thumb around the spoon.

3. Remove the secondary safety pin.

4. Remove the primary safety pin.

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Chapter 5

5-18. Figure 5-3 shows left handed procedure.

M84 STUN HAND GRENADE

(LEFT HANDED)

LEFT HANDED SOLDIERS:

• Hold the grenade with the fuze assembly

pointed towards the ground.

• Grasp the grenade firmly.

• Remove secondary safety pin.

• Remove primary safety pin.

WARNING: Do not loosen your grip on the spoon once the

safety pin s are removed!

Figure 5-3. M84 Stun Grenade Left Handed Procedure

M104 STING BALL GRENADE SPECIFICATIONS

5-19. The M104 Sting Ball Grenade is primarily a hand-thrown nonlethal grenade. It is a one-time use, low

hazard device that provides a diversion and causes temporary incapacitation by dispensing a payload of 100

each 0.25 inch diameter rubber balls in a 360 degree radius at a distance of 15-20 meters.

5-20. The effective radius is 2 to 3 meters, with an effective range of 15 to 20 meters, depending on whether an

air-burst or ground detonation is used. The rubber balls leave the grenade at about 700 feet per second. Figure

5-4 shows a cut-away view of the M104 Sting Ball Grenade.

Figure 5-4. Cut-Away View of the M104 Sting Ball Grenade

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5 November 2009

Employ Nonlethal Grenades

M104 EMPLOYMENT CONSIDERATIONS

5-21. The M104 Sting Ball Grenade is a hand tossed grenade with two primary employment considerations.

Outdoor employment requires the thrower to toss the grenade toward the target far enough away so the thrower

does not feel the effects (minimum of four meters). For employing into a building or room the grenade should

be tossed through an opening and the thrower should take cover from the effects.

5-22. The M104 also gives Soldiers engaged in patrolling, convoy, or crowd control a non-lethal capability to

break contact, enforce a buffer zone (stand-off distance) with a violent crowd, or clear an area of a violent

crowd. It operates like a standard hand grenade, detonating a few seconds after the spoon is released.

M104 SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS

5-23. The M104 has a minimum safe distance of four meters. Safety considerations for the M104 include the

following:

Handle ammunition items carefully.

Use appropriate personal protective equipment.

Keep grenades in original packaging prior to use.

Safety pins installed prior to unpacking.

Do not attempt to toss grenades through glass.

Human targets are not allowed during training.

Ensure enclosed areas are well ventilated.

Maintain a tight grip around grenade body and spoon when removing safety pin.

Retain Safety pin until grenade is used.

DO NOT PRACTICE “COOK OFF.”

ARM M104 STING BALL GRENADE

5-24. The M104 is armed the same as the M84 Stun Grenade. When removing the primary safety pin, ensure

you grasp the grenade and spoon tightly. Once the primary pin is removed from the grenade and your hand lets

go of the grenade spoon, the fuse will function within approximately 2.6 seconds.

5-25. Right and left handed griping procedures are the same as the M84 Stun Grenade.

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5-5

Chapter 6

Employ Modular Crowd Control Munition

OVERVIEW

6-1. The M5 Modular Crowd Control Munition (MCCM) is primarily a crowd control and area denial system

that provides an alternative to lethal force. It is a nonlethal option used to control hostile crowds by temporarily

incapacitating without causing life-threatening consequences. This gives commanders the option to apply

nonlethal force as a first line of defense where appropriate. Appendix C describes a Practical Exercise for the

M5 MCCM.

M5 MCCM SPECIFICATIONS

6-2. The M5 MCCM produces a flash-bang effect in addition to propelling 600 small plastic balls traveling at

155 meters-per-second. The M5 MCCM is effective against individuals wearing one layer of clothing at

distances between five (5) to 15 meters. The probability of hitting four (4) out of five (5) E-type silhouette

targets is 90 percent at five (5) meters and 80 percent at 15 meters. Basic operating temperature is from zero (0)

degrees F to 120 degrees F, and storage temperature is -45 degrees F to 165 degrees F.

6-3. Engaging personnel closer than five (5) meters could result in serious injury or death. Do not engage

personnel within five (5) meters.

6-4. The M5 MCCM comes packaged in a wooden crate. Inside the wooden crate is cardboard barrier

packaging that contains six

(6) bandoleers. Each bandoleer contains an instruction sheet sewn into the

bandoleer, one (1) M5 MCCM, one (1) shock tube/blasting cap assembly, one (1) shock tube cutter, one (1)

wire nut, and one (1) M81 igniter.

6-5. The M5 MCCM consists of the following components:

Plastic olive drab green body and light green rear cover with raised diamond pattern to aid in the

identification of the M5 as nonlethal munition when chemical protective gloves or in limited

visibility.

600, 32-caliber plastic balls packed in a pliable gel arranged in two (2) layers of 300 balls each.

12 to 14 grams of a pentaerythritol tetranitrate sheet explosive cut into a pattern to provide

maximum performance.

6-6. Additionally, thin foam spacers within the munition keep internal components snug within the munition

module. The rear cover is glued to the rest of the munition and should not be removed or tampered with. The

M5 NSN is 1377-01-464-2606. Figure 6-1 shows the M5 MCCM with components.

M5 MCCM COMPONENTS

•

Six (6) bandoleers per box.

•

Each bandoleer contains the following:

- Instruction sheet (sewn into bandoleer).

- One (1) MCCM.

- One (1) shock tube / blasting cap assembly.

- One (1) M81 Igniter, a cutter, and wire nut.

Figure 6-1. M5 MCCM with Components

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Chapter 6

SHOCK TUBE/BLASTING CAP ASSEMBLY

6-7. The non-electric blasting cap assembly (shock tube) is used as the primary means of detonating the M5

MCCM. Because it is a non-electric component, this reduces the chance for accidental initiations due to static,

transmitter, or electrical discharge. The energy created by the blasting cap is powerful enough to detonate

standard military explosives. This component is pre-crimped to the blasting cap so there is no need for the user

to crimp the components together. The opposite end of the shock tube is factory sealed with a heat sink to

protect against moisture seepage. The shock tube is pre-spooled for ease of use.

6-8. The shock tube is a 110-foot-length, two-piece tubing with a polyethylene (soft plastic) outer wall and a

surlyn (hard plastic) inner wall. The color of the live item is olive drab green. The interior of the shock tube is

coated with a thin layer of an explosive material mixture of 90 percent high melting explosive and 10 percent

aluminum powder. Once ignited, the explosive velocity travels through the tube at 6,500 feet-per-second (fps)

to the blasting cap. The shock tube contains the explosive wave so the tube does not explode, get hot to the

touch, melt, or change its shape. The only difference in the shock tube prior to and after igniting is at the

blasting cap area or lack of cap. However, due to safety, do not hold the shock tube when firing it.

6-9. Prior to inserting into the M81 igniter, cut the shock tube approximately six (6) to eight (8) inches from

the heat-crimped seal using the provided cutter. The cut should be a straight 90 degree cut approximately six (6)

to eight (8) inches off the crimped/sealed end of the shock tube. Do not cut the tube on an angle as the M81

igniter may not ignite the shock tube.

WARNING: Do not strike, yank, or mishandle the blasting cap as this

could cause premature detonation resulting in serious injury.

Blasting Cap Demonstration

Note: Students should view a video clip of the blasting cap being detonated. Instructor shows a clip

from a preliminary test of a non-electric blasting cap inside standard issue ammunition can. This is to

show users how powerful the blasting cap is and to emphasize that the cap should be handled with

care. The video clip is included in the MMTSP.

M81 IGNITER

6-10. The M81 igniter is used to ignite the shock tube component. Once the shock tube has been cut, loosen the

end cap one half-turn. Remove the green solid plug, ensuring that the clear soft plug remains in place. Insert the

cut end of the shock tube into the M81 igniter approximately one (1) inch. Next, tighten the collar of the M81

igniter. Remove the cotter pin safety and grasp the M81 igniter tightly. When ready to detonate the M5 MCCM,

pull the ring on the M81 igniter sharply. It is recommended that the firer wear a leather-palmed glove on the

hand holding the M81 igniter. Follow these steps to insert the M81 Igniter into the M5 MCCM.

1. Remove the anti-static bag containing M81 igniter, shock tube sealing nut, shock tube cutter, and

supplemental instruction sheet from the bandoleer.

2. Cut anti-static bag one quarter-inch from the seal so bag can be resealed in the event of shock tube

recovery.

3. Remove M81 supplemental instructional sheet, and shock tube cutter from anti-static bag. Leave

shock tube sealing nut in bag in the event of shock tube recovery.

4. Loosen, but do not remove, M81 end cap by turning it counter-clockwise one half-turn.

5. Pull (do not twist) and remove the plastic weather-proofing plug from fuse cap holder.

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5 November 2009

Employ Modular Crowd Control Munition

6. Place in anti-static bag for possible reuse.

7. Place anti-static bag back in empty bandoleer pocket.

8. Using shock tube bag cutter, cut approximately six (6) to eight (8) inches (90-degree cut) off the

crimped/sealed end of shock tube and discard.

9. Insert shock tube all the way into the hole from which the weather proofing plug was removed until it

stops (approximately one (1) inch). Twist while pushing the shock tube in to ensure that it makes

good contact with the M81 igniter primer.

Caution: End of shock tube must be seated fully into shock tube holder in order for M81 igniter to

properly initiate shock tube.

10. Tighten the fuse holder in order for M81 igniter to properly initiate shock tube.

6-11. Hearing protection is required for all personnel within 300 feet (90 meters) of a detonating M5 MCCM.

Figure 6-2 shows the M81 Igniter and highlights installing instructions.

WARNING: Lethal trauma may occur to individuals in front of

munition if M5 MCCM is fired closer than 16 feet (5 meters).

M81 IGNITER

• Used to Ignite shock tube.

• Loosen collar 1/2 turn.

• Remove green plug and insert cut end of shock tube,

(Make sure shock tube is inserted approximately one (1)

inch), then tighten collar.

• Remove safety, pull ring quickly.

• Hold with leather work glove (optional) .

Remove for

Shock Tube

Figure 6-2. M81 Igniter

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6-3

Chapter 6

M5 MCCM EMPLOYMENT CONSIDERATIONS

6-12. The M5 MCCM is a nonlethal variant of the Claymore munition and is designed to be a part of the

NLCS. The M5 MCCM is a nonlethal munition used to incapacitate large groups of personnel with the flash

bang and impact of rubber balls. It can be deployed by mounted or dismounted troops and provides a visual

deterrent due to similarity in appearance to the M18A1 Claymore munition. The MCCM can be fired singularly

or in a group and has a sweet spot of five (5) to 15 meters with 60-degree coverage. In the ground employment

mode, the M5 MCCM will increase fixed-site and area security capabilities against potentially hostile forces

without the sole reliance on the application of deadly force.

6-13. The M5 MCCM is intended to be a direct-fire, low-hazard munition that produces a nonlethal effect upon

impact by incapacitating personnel through robust flash-bang and stinging plastic balls. The M5 MCCM uses

600 rubber balls (32-caliber) set in a two (2)-layer matrix of inert binder chemically similar to children's “play-

dough.” A sheet explosive 0.042 inches thick is used as the propellant. The sheet is sandwiched between the

ball matrix and a polyethylene foam layer. The balls are launched in a fan-shaped distribution pattern with a

maximum effective range of 15 meters.

6-14. The M5 MCCM looks similar to the M18A1 Claymore, except that the M5 MCCM is light green in color

and the back cover has molded raised diamonds for tactile discrimination by troops wearing work gloves, and/or

chemical protective gloves. The M5 MCCM is initiated using a blasting cap assembly supplied in the bandoleer.

Figure 6-1 shows the M5 MCCM.

M5 MCCM SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS

6-15. Follow all local range regulations and ensure the proper wear of appropriate range uniform. Review

safety issues found in FM 3-34.214, Explosives and Demolitions. Safety requirements include the following:

Read packaged operator instructions prior to training with the M5 MCCM.

Maintain the device in original packaging until ready to use.

The instructor will maintain possession of the M81 igniter during training at unit level until ready

to install the shock tube.

Hearing protection is required.

Report malfunctions or other unsafe conditions.

Shock tube terminates at cap.

Do not hold shock tube while firing.

Do not disassemble the M5.

Do not strike, drop or abuse blasting caps.

Do not pull on the shock tube.

Dispose of residue IAW appropriate regulations and local SOP.

6-16.

Other safety considerations include the following:

Know the proper aiming distance and angle.

Know general ammunition safety procedures.

Be familiar with the M5 MCCM.

Maintain the M5 MCCM in its original packaging until ready to use.

Report malfunctions or other unsafe conditions.

Remember the shock tube terminates at the blasting cap.

6-4

TC 3-19.5

5 November 2009

Employ Modular Crowd Control Munition

Do not hold shock tube while firing.

Do not disassemble the M5 MCCM.

Do not engage personnel with the M5 MCCM closer than five (5) meters.

PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE CHECKS AND SERVICES

6-17. The M5 MCCM is a one-shot device; as such, operator and unit maintenance will be minimal. Used in

the field, the device will not require maintenance beyond the current capabilities of assigned unit maintenance

assets.

6-18. PMCS are limited to a visual inspection at the time of issue to ensure all components are present.

6-19. Shock-Tube Rejection Criteria. If the shock tube is not damaged to the core (indicated by presence of

silver powder), the shock tube is serviceable. If the shock tube has minor damage, it can be reinforced with tape,

if available.

6-20. Using a moist cloth, carefully remove any mud or debris from external surfaces of turned in, unused M5

MCCM or M81 igniters prior to repacking.

EMPLACING, AIMING, AND ARMING THE M5 MCCM

6-21. The MMTSP provides a video clip of the set up procedures described in this section.

6-22. Place the M5 MCCM in position and pace off five (5) meters. Place an object (stone, branch, etc.) at that

point. This mark will serve as the minimum engagement line. Follow the steps described below for set up

procedures:

Remove the shipping plug priming adapter (either one will work).

Insert the blasting cap from the Blasting Cap Assembly in the adapter. Slip the shock tube in the

groove of the shipping plug.

Thread the adapter back into cap well of the M5 MCCM. Ensure the blasting cap is well seated

into the well. Failure to do so may result in a misfire.

Check the aiming point of the M5 MCCM using the procedures described below.

Carefully uncoil the shock tube assembly and place a rock or a sandbag on the shock tube to keep

it stationary. Care should be taken not to anchor with anything heavy enough to crimp the shock

tube.

Continue uncoiling the shock tube back to the safe detonating distance. Safe detonating distances

are 50 feet for a shielded firer and 100 feet for an unshielded firer.

NOTE: The MCCM should never be mounted to a vehicle.

AIMING THE M5 MCCM

6-23. Select an aiming point approximately 16 feet (five (5) meters) in front of the munition and approximately

one (1) foot or boot/calf height. Follow these procedures for aiming the M5 MCCM:

Unfold and press the legs of the M5 MCCM firmly into the ground (should be able to place fist

between munition and ground).

Position eye approximately six (6) to nine (9) inches to the rear of the sight.

Aim the munition by aligning front and rear edges of sight with aim point.

Align the front and rear sights to aim the M5 MCCM sight at the bottom of the object. Aim sector

is between five (5) meters and 15 meters at a 45 degree angle in front of munition.

5 November 2009

TC 3-19.5

6-5

Chapter 6

6-24. Students view a video clip of the aiming procedures (provided in the MMTSP).

ARMING PROCEDURES

6-25. Using care not to damage the shock tube; secure the shock tube approximately 18 inches from the

blasting cap side of the munition with a stone, gravel, or sand bag to prevent aiming munition from being

misaligned if shock tube is disturbed.

6-26. Minimum safe distance between the munition and a protected or shielded operator firing position is 50

feet (15 meters), and 100 feet (30 meters) between the munition and an unprotected position.

6-27. Unravel remainder of shock tube until it reaches the protected or shielded operator firing position. Place

empty tube spool into bandoleer pocket for reuse if munition is recovered.

WARNING: Do not hold shock tube when firing. There is possibility of

hot gaseous byproducts being released from the M81 igniter forward

end opening (shock tube insertion point) when initiating the munition.

During firing of the M81 igniter, keep hands clear of this area.

MISFIRE PROCEDURES

6-28. Misfire Procedures in a training environment:

Once user pulls the M81 igniter and MCCM does not function, user will then re-cock the M81 and

attempt to fire again (this can be done twice).

User will remove M81 igniter and measure approximately three (3) feet (one (1) meter) down the

shock tube.

Cut the shock tube at that point with provided cutter (90-degree angle) and then cut an additional

six (6) inches off. (Cut should be a straight 90-degree cut. Do not cut tube on an angle; M81 may

not ignite the shock tube.)

Conduct the blow test by blowing through the six (6)-inch long shock tube with the open end

aimed toward the palm of user’s hand. If user notices a small amount of silver powder, re-install a

new M81 igniter, if available, and attempt to fire.

If user does not notice any silver powder in the palm of his/her hand, repeat Steps 2 through 4

until the process produces silver powder (this can be done two (2) additional times or up to nine

(9) ft of shock tube). Re-install a new M81 igniter and attempt to fire.

If MCCM still does not function, a wait time of 30 minutes is mandatory (FM 3-34.214), after

which the user can flag the M5 MCCM and notify Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) for

removal.

WARNING: During blow test DO NOT ingest or inhale explosive

powder in shock tube. After handling shock tube, wash hands before

eating or drinking.

6-6

TC 3-19.5

5 November 2009

Employ Modular Crowd Control Munition

6-29. Misfire procedures in an operational environment.

Once user pulls the M81 igniter and M5 MCCM does not function, re-cock the M81 igniter and

attempt to fire again. The M81 igniter can be re-cocked twice. (The M81 igniter may require one

quarter-turn to push ring all the way in.)

If the user has an additional M81 igniter and time permits, user will remove that M81 and measure

approximately nine (9) to 10 ft. down the shock tube (two (2) double arm spans). Cut the shock

tube at that point with provided cutter (90-degree angle). Re-install a new M81 and attempt to fire.

(Cut should be a straight 90-degree cut. Do not cut tube on an angle; M81 may not ignite the

shock tube.)

If additional M81 is not available flag the M5 MCCM and notify EOD for proper disposal.

HANDLING AND RECOVERY PROCEDURES

6-30. Treat all explosive components with care. Do not strike, drop, or abuse blasting caps. Detonated or

burning explosives and plastics produce poisonous fumes; do not inhale fumes while igniting shock tube.

Residue must be disposed of properly (according to local SOP). Remember that there is shock tube residue once

expended, check with your ammunition supply point on what residue must be turned in. Do not breathe in when

applying the blow test because you may swallow the explosive powder instead of blowing through the tube.

DISARM AND RECOVER

6-31.

If mission dictates that the M5 MCCM must be disarmed and recovered, take the following steps:

Remove safety pin (cotter pin) from anti-static bag in bandoleer.

Align hole in M81 igniter with hole in pull ring shaft and insert safety pin through holes.

Loosen, but do not remove, fuse holder by turning it counter-clockwise three (3) to four (4) full

turns.

Remove shock tube from M81 igniter.

Install saved weatherproofing plug and tighten fuse holder cap by turning clockwise.

Seal end of shock tube by folding over approximately two (2) inches from end. Secure fold by

screwing shock tube sealing nut from anti-static bag in bandoleer over the fold.

Place M81 igniter and shock tube cutter in anti-static barrier bag. Fold over and seal open end of

barrier bag with tape, if available. Place barrier bag in bandoleer.

Take the spool from the bandoleer and re-coil shock tube, moving toward the munition.

Unscrew priming adapter on M5 MCCM to remove blasting cap assembly from detonator well.

Remove shock tube from primer adapter by sliding it out through the slot in the adapter.

Replace shipping plug end of combination shipping plug/primer adapter into detonator well on M5

MCCM.

Recoil remaining shock tube (checking for damage) and secure blasting cap end of shock tube

onto spool using tape, if available.

Collapse and fold legs of M5 MCCM and replace in barrier bag. Fold over opening of barrier bag

and seal with tape, if available.

Return all items to the bandoleer.

5 November 2009

TC 3-19.5

6-7

Chapter 7

Employ 66 Millimeter Nonlethal Grenades

OVERVIEW

7-1. Nonlethal grenades can produce different effects that range from distraction to blunt trauma to delivery of

smoke or anti-riot irritants. They are primarily designed to provide protection to friendly forces, control crowds,

and denial by stopping, confusing, disorienting crowds without the use of deadly force.

7-2. The nonlethal grenades described in this chapter are launched from the M7 66mm grenade-launching

system mounted on a variety of tactical vehicles. The M7 is an indirect fire support system that can deliver the

M98 distraction grenade that creates a flash-bang effect, the L96 antiriot grenade, or the M99 blunt trauma

grenade that creates a sting-ball effect.

66MM NONLETHAL GRENADE SPECIFICATIONS

7-3. The five nonlethal grenade types discussed in this TC include the following:

L96A1, Anti-riot, Irritant (NSN 1330-01-459-4018).

L97A1, Anti-riot, Practice (NSN 1330-01-459-4032).

M90 Nonlethal Smoke.

M98 Nonlethal, Distraction (NSN 1330-01-484-7773).

M99 Nonlethal, Blunt Trauma (NSN 1330-01-484-7775).

THE L96 AND L97 GRENADES

7-4. The L96A1 is loaded with twenty-three canisters containing a CS compound (causes extreme irritation to

eyes and mucous membrane). Length is 7.28 in. and weighs approximately 1.2 pounds. Electrical current

ignites the grenade’s propellant charge ejecting it out of the tube and down range. Grenade’s rubber body

ruptures in flight and disperses the 23 canisters. Each canister produces a cloud of CS smoke for approximately

10-12 seconds. The L97A1 is the same configuration as the L96A1 except it’s the trainer and contains

cinnamic acid (CA) as a simulant.

7-5. Safety warnings associated with the L96A1 and the L97A1 grenades include the following:

CS and CA smoke can cause irritation to eyes, skin, and mucous membranes. When entering a CS

or CA smoke cloud, wear appropriate face protection (M17 or M40 series mask).

In dry grass area, burning grenades could cause fires, keep fire extinguisher handy.

During training, single hearing protection must be worn within 16 meters (including vehicle

occupants).

Do not fire grenades within 150m (90ºarc around firing vehicle) from personnel or equipment.

Fire only at the 100m aiming bracket setting.

THE M90 GRENADE

7-6. The M90 grenade is loaded with three canisters providing a protective smoke screen for light vehicles

during hostile situations. Each canister is filled with Terephthalic Acid (TA). Length is 9.9 in. and weighs

approximately 2.86 pounds. Electrical current ignites the grenade’s propellant charge ejecting 3 canisters out of

tube and down range. The aluminum tube remains in the discharger after grenade has fired. Tube must be

removed to reload.

5 November 2009

TC 3-19.5

7-1

Chapter 7

7-7. Safety warnings for the M90 grenade include the following:

Prolonged breathing of obscurant smoke can damage lungs. When entering smoke cloud, wear

face protection.

In dry grass area, bursting grenade payloads could cause fire, keep fire extinguisher handy.

During training, single hearing protection must be worn within 0.5 meters (including vehicle

occupants).

Do not fire grenades within 75m (90ºarc around firing vehicle) from personnel or equipment.

Fire only at the 100m aiming bracket setting.

THE M98 AND M99 GRENADES

7-8. The M98 and M99 are loaded with three canisters and are used to disorient or disperse rioting crowds.

Each M98 (audio/visual) canister delivers 170 dB and a quick burst of light. Each M99 (blunt trauma) canister

has same characteristics as the M98, plus delivers 140 - .32 caliber plastic balls. Length is 9.9 in. and weighs

approximately 1.5 pounds. Electrical current ignites the grenade’s propellant charge ejecting the 3 canisters out

of tube and down range. The aluminum tube remains in the discharger after grenade has fired. Tube must be

removed to reload.

7-9. M98 and M99 safety warnings include the following:

Bursting grenades may cause cornea or skin injuries at very close range. Personnel within 35

centimeters of operating launcher or 0.5m of a bursting canister should wear safety or ballistic eye

protection, long sleeves, elevated shirt collar and Kevlar.

Avoid looking directly at bursting grenades, temporary loss of vision is possible.

In dry grass area, bursting grenade payloads could cause fire, keep fire extinguisher handy.

During training, single hearing protection must be worn within 17m (vehicle occupants included).

Do not fire grenades within 160m (90ºarc around firing vehicle) from personnel or equipment.

NONLETHAL GRENADE LOADING AND UNLOADING PROCEDURES

7-10. Before loading 66mm grenades make sure vehicle is parked with the ARM/OFF switch in the OFF

position (light will be off). Remove the discharge cover, save and visually check tubes for damage or debris.

7-11. Safety warnings include the following:

Handle grenades with care.

Do not drop or throw grenades.

Do not use damaged grenades.

Keep grenades away from electrical sparks and hot surfaces.

Keep grenades sealed until loading.

Never position any part of your body in front of the dischargers once loaded.

Always ensure ARM/OFF switch is OFF before loading.

7-12. Remove and unpack the required number and type of grenades from their container. Keep grenades clean

free from dirt and grease. Insert grenade into discharger tube (electrical contact first), push down gently until

grenade’s spring clip engages tip at the bottom of the tube. You will feel two distinct clicks. Rotate the grenade

¼ turn, ensuring an electrical contact. The M7 is now loaded.

7-2

TC 3-19.5

5 November 2009

Employ 66 Millimeter Nonlethal Grenades

7-13. To unload the M7 place the ARM/OFF switch to the OFF position. Remove the grenades from discharger

tubes and return them to their original containers. Install the discharger cover on the tubes and secure grenades

IAW unit SOP.

7-14. Safety warnings for unloading procedures includes the following:

Electrical spark could cause grenades to launch prematurely.

Ensure ARM/OFF switch is OFF before unloading.

Keep grenades away from hot surfaces.

Never position your body in front of the dischargers during loading and unloading procedures.

NONLETHAL GRENADE LAUNCHING PROCEDURES

7-15. Adjust the elevation lever on the aiming bracket for required launch distance in meters. Use the following

settings:

M98/99 50m, 75m, or 100m

M90, L96A1 and L97A1 100m only

7-16. Place the ARM/OFF switch to the ARM position, indicator light will be lit. Press the FIRE button, this

will launch all grenades loaded (1-4). Switch the ARM/OFF switch to the OFF position, light will go off.

7-17. When tactical situation permits, check to see if all grenades launched. If not, perform Hangfire, Misfire,

or Dud procedures.

HANGFIRE AND MISFIRE PROCEDURES

7-18. A hangfire is a temporary failure or delay in the action of the propellant charge. If this occurs, wait 10

seconds and make two additional attempts to fire (within a 10 second interval). If the grenade fails to fire after

waiting 5 minutes, treat as a misfire.

7-19. A misfire is the failure of either the L96A1 or L97A1 grenade to eject from the discharger OR the failure

of the M90, M98 and M99 payload canisters to eject from the grenade tube.

WARNING: Grenades could accidentally fire. to avoid possible death

or injury, position your body away from the front of loaded

discharger. If misfired grenade launches during unloading, personnel

in the area could be killed or injured. Keep vehicle pointed down

range until grenades are removed.

7-20. Ensure that the ARM/OFF switch is set to ARM and press the FIRE button. If the grenade does not fire,

set the switch to the OFF position and make sure the grenade is firmly seated in discharger tube. Next place the

ARM/OFF switch back to the ARM position and attempt to fire again. If the second attempt fails, return the

switch to the OFF position, remove that grenade from the discharger and install grenade into another discharger

tube.

7-21. When relocating the grenade, hold it away from body and point it downrange. Attempt to fire grenade

from another discharger tube. If the grenade fires, notify the unit maintenance to repair or replace the defective

tube. If the grenade still fails to fire, remove the grenade and place it 200 M (220 yds) away from personnel

and equipment.

7-22. Notify EOD to dispose of grenade(s).

5 November 2009

TC 3-19.5

7-3

Chapter 8

Employ Individual Riot Control Agent Disperser

OVERVIEW

8-1. The Individual Riot Control Agent Disperser (IRCAD) is an individual disperser for self-defense and

keeping hostiles out of arms reach. It is designed to provide a safe and effective way to subdue a hostile subject

without causing permanent injury.

8-2. The procedures described in this chapter apply to the M39 however, these procedures also apply to the

M38 disperser and the M40 (Trainer).

8-3. Initial training for new personnel should be comprehensive and will include a level 1 contamination.

Consider not certifying those who have any respiratory conditions such as asthma.

8-4. IRCAD training should include the following:

Level 1 contamination (direct facial exposure).

Unit policy and procedures.

Employment practice using inert training device.

First Aid and decontamination.

8-5. When planning or conducting riot control agent disperser training, ensure the trainers have the correct

materials. Notice that the M39 IRCAD (Live Agent) is red with a white label and the letters “OC” printed on

the front of the can, while the M40 IRCAD (Trainer) has a gray label with “Simulant” printed across the front

of the can.

8-6. Sustainment training should be conducted on a “regular” basis as dictated by unit policy. Policy changes

should be included in sustainment training. OC users should be made aware of any case law, ROE, or liability

issues that may affect the use of OC. Discuss and critique incidents that resulted in the use of OC.

8-7. Sustainment training should include a Level 2 (rubbing a contaminated cloth over closed eyes) or Level 3

(walking through an OC mist) contamination followed up with fight through drills. Fight through scenarios

teaches the users why and when to use OC, as opposed to other training that may only address how.

8-8. Fight through scenarios can be constructed with:

Inert training units.

Video presentations.

Simulators such as Firearms Training Systems (FATS).

NOTE: Riot control agents will be employed only when authorized by the President and

geographical combatant commander, subject to the effective ROE, and then only defensively, to

protect U.S. personnel and installations.

DEFINITIONS

8-9. Trainers should be familiar with the following common terms and definitions associated with IRCAD:

Oleoresin - A mixture of a resin and an essential oil occurring naturally in various plants.

Capsicum - Any plant of the genus capsicum occurring in many varieties that range from mild to

hot, having pungent seeds enclosed in a potted or bell-shaped pericap.

5 November 2009

TC 3-19.5

8-1

Chapter 8

Oleoresin Capsicum - Oil of capsicum.

Pungency - The heat or intensity of the pepper.

Capsaicinoids - A group of alkaloid compounds, naturally occurring within the fats, oils, and

waxes of the pepper plant; the amount of these compounds determines the pungency of the pepper.

Capsaicin - The most prevalent of the seven compounds found within the Capsaicinoids and

considered the active ingredient in OC; these compounds can be measured in a laboratory using a

method of analysis called High Pressure Liquid Chromatography.

Scoville Heat Units - A scale used to define the perception of heat based upon the capsaicinoid

content of the capsicum plant.

Solvents - A liquid substance capable of dissolving or dispensing one or more other substances.

Emulsifier - A substance that creates an emulsion, or a mixture of mutually insoluble liquids in

which one is dispersed in droplets throughout the other; bonds two or more liquids together.

Carrier - The ingredient or ingredients, other than the OC, which comprise the OC formulation.

Propellant - The gas or liquid that pressurizes the canister and propels the carrier and agent to the

target.

M39 IRCAD SPECIFICATIONS

8-10. The M39 is an IRCAD used for self-defense and for keeping rioters and/or hostile subjects out of arms

reach. The M39 IRCAD contains enough OC or “Pepper Spray” for 15 one (1)-second bursts. It has an

operational range of 10 to 30 feet and comes with a carry pouch. The M39 NSN is 1040-01-501-4380. The M40

Trainer NSN is 1040-01-501-4423.

8-11. The M39 IRCAD is divided into six different parts that include the following:

Nozzle - Dispenses the product from the canister according to the prescribed pattern.

Canister - Contains the product.

Safety Cover - Plastic latch located on top of the actuator button.

Actuator Button - Mechanism that activates the product.

Valve Assembly - Connects the tube to the valve stem.

Tube Delivery - Delivery system to the valve assembly.

Note: This is the nomenclature for the M39 IRCAD. Other products such as the M38 may have a

slight difference in nomenclature depending on the manufacturer and the specifications required.

8-2

TC 3-19.5

5 November 2009

Employ Individual Riot Control Agent Disperser

8-12. Figure 8-1 shows the M39 IRCAD.

M39, IRCAD DESCRIPTION

The M39 is an individual Riot Control Agent

Disperser (IRCAD) for self-defense and keeping

rioters and/or hostile subjects out of arms reach.

The M39 contains enough Oleoresin Capsicum

(OC) or "Pepper Spray" for 15 one (1) second

bursts. It has an operational range of 10 - 30 feet

and comes with a carry pouch.

Figure 8-1. M39 Individual Riot Control Agent Disperser

SPRAY PATTERNS

8-13. Spray patterns are defined by how the OC is displaced when leaving the nozzle of the canister. There are

three basic spray patterns used by all manufacturers: fog, stream, and foam. They will be employed according to

the type of canister and the environment in which they will be used.

8-14. Fog Pattern. Fog (Cone/Mist) - Smallest particulate size. Handheld Fog/Cone spray patterns are

dispersed in a wide formation (similar to a shotgun effect) making it easier to acquire the target.

The spray is completely filled with microscopic droplets causing every area around the subject’s

eyes, nose, and face to be covered.

Full cone patterns are affected more by wind conditions, and, due to the nozzle design, generally

do not have as many spray bursts per canister as stream patterns.

The minimum spraying distance is 36 inches with an effective range of three (3) to eight (8) feet.

8-15. Stream Pattern. Stream pattern is the larger particulate size. Concentrated stream allows a greater range

in its delivery system. Use of the stream contains the contamination in a more concentrated area.

The ballistic stream can be used to select an individual in a crowd with greater accuracy and

reduce the likelihood of contaminating other subjects or Soldiers who may be in the area.

This pattern hits the subject with a splash or splatter effect (dependent upon the distance), giving it

an effective range of three (3) to 12 feet.

The minimum spraying distance is 36 inches.

8-16. Foam Pattern. Foam pattern is the most concentrated particulate size.

Jet foam patterns - A powerful fast-acting foaming surfactant that coats the face upon contact.

This pattern hits with greater impact, has better surface adhesion, reduces cross contamination, and

has an effective range of three (3) to five (5) feet.

It is designed for climate-controlled environments such as courtrooms, hospitals, schools, and

holding facilities. It is easier to see the application during low light conditions.

The minimum spraying distance is 36 inches.

Some throwback potential exists and may possibly be inhaled; the product may become slippery

on smooth surfaces.

5 November 2009

TC 3-19.5

8-3

Chapter 8

DELIVERY METHODS

8-17. The method of delivery is defined by how the OC is applied to the aggressor(s) depending upon the

particular spray pattern. The three (3) most effective ways to deliver OC are:

Up and Down - OC is dispersed by spraying in a sweeping motion from the eyes. This method of

delivery is recommended with the fog spray pattern.

Side to Side - OC is dispensed by spraying in a sweeping motion from ear to ear, concentrating on

the eyes. This method of delivery is recommended with the stream spray pattern.

Spiral Motion - OC is dispensed by spraying in a tight circular motion, concentrating on the facial

area. This method of delivery is recommended with the foam spray pattern.

HYDRAULIC NEEDLE EFFECT

8-18. The hydraulic needle effect is an important factor to consider when employing OC. This is the

consequence of the OC particulate penetrating the soft tissue of the eye. This is due to the correlation between

the distance and the amount of pressure (size of the canister) in which it is delivered. Concerns have been raised

about the possibility of soft tissue injury, prolonged irritation, or possibly infection.

8-19. Because of the possibility of the hydraulic needle effect, minimum safe distances have been established

for each delivery system.

8-20. Instances of hydraulic needle effect are rare, but nevertheless should be taken into consideration.

8-21. Safety of the individual employing OC should never be compromised by delaying the use of OC in

tactical situations for the concern of a hydraulic needle effect. Let the tactical situation determine the tactical

response.

IRCAD EMPLOYMENT TECHNIQUES

8-22. This section describes drawing methods, grip methods, and stance when employing OC.

8-23. Drawing. There are three (3) basic ways of drawing the OC canister from the holster. Each method is

acceptable; however, practice is recommended on each. Drawing techniques include the following three

methods:

Strong Side Draw - This is a draw where the canister is worn on the strong side of the user’s body.

The user will unfasten the top of the holster with the strong hand, remove the canister with the

strong hand, and assume a ready position.

Cross Draw - This is a draw where the canister is worn on the weak side of the user’s body. The

user will unfasten the top of the holster with the strong hand, remove the unit from the holster with

the strong hand, and assume a ready position.

Tactical/Assist Draw - This is a draw where the canister is worn on the strong or weak side of the

body. The user will unfasten the holster with the weak hand, while simultaneously drawing the

canister with the strong hand, and assume a ready position.

Note: As with a firearm or side handle baton, it is impractical to draw the OC canister with the weak

hand; therefore, a weak side draw should not be used.

8-24. Gripping. Proper grip of the handheld OC canister is just as important as drawing the canister. Grip the

canister using a “C” clamp. The fingers are extended firmly around the canister and snugly kept together with

the thumb over the safety lid until ready to dispense. The index finger is under the nozzle guard. Actuation of

the OC occurs by using the thumb or index finger, whichever feels most comfortable.

8-4

TC 3-19.5

5 November 2009

Employ Individual Riot Control Agent Disperser

8-25. The benefits of using the thumb are often favored as it allows the user to apply direct pressure downward

on the actuator for quick and smooth release of the OC.

Advantage: If attacked while using the thumb to actuate the unit, the user could lift his thumb

from the actuator and place his thumb back over the flip-top safety. This will increase the control

the user has with his unit. It also allows the use of defensive or offensive hand techniques.

Disadvantage: Some thumbs might not be able to fit in the actuator housing to allow the user to

safely discharge the unit. Four (4) fingers can grasp stronger than three (3). Flexibility is the key!

8-26. Improper grip of the M39 canister could result in a very unfavorable outcome for the user. Proper grip is

achieved when:

The canister is held in the weak hand. The fingers are securely wrapped around the canister and

held tightly against the strong side of the body.

The strong hand grips the handle while the thumb is used to actuate the OC. If not held in this

fashion, the aggressor may be able to grab the canister and detach it from the handle. If this should

happen, it will cause the contents to completely engulf the user because of the pressurization and

separation of the handle from the canister.

8-27.

Stance. There are four basic stance positions.

Two Hand Stance. The canister is held with the bottom of the canister over the user’s forward

foot. Do not fully extend the arm holding the canister. The weak hand is in a palm-down position

on top of the strong wrist. This stance presents a dominant and authoritative appearance and alerts

others that OC is being used.

One Hand Stance. The canister is held with the bottom of the canister over the user’s front foot.

Do not fully extend the arm holding the canister. The weak hand is positioned either with the

fingertips lower than the cheekbone and forward of the nozzle or behind the nozzle; in either

position, do not extend the canister any further than three (3) to six (6) inches from the chest. This

stance presents a dominant and authoritative appearance allowing for easy transitions between

weapons and provides a clearing or checking hand.

Two Hand Concealed Carry/Front Position. The user assumes a good, stable position with the

strong leg back and the canister held in front of and close to the body. Both of the elbows remain

above the user’s duty belt, placing the free hand over the unit to conceal it from view. The thumb

should be kept off the actuator and on the safety cap. This carry presents a professional appearance

and a low profile approach for the user and will not alert other bystanders that the user is ready to

employ OC. The designated finger needs to be above the flip-top safety to prevent accidental

discharge.

Low Profile Carry. The user assumes a good stable position with the strong leg back. The canister

is held in the strong hand extended down to his or her side keeping the thumb on the safety cap

and placing the knuckles of that hand to the center of the buttocks. Primarily used for approaching

a subject from a concealed area. This carry presents a professional low profile approach for the

user, which will not alert other bystanders that the user is ready to employ OC. The designated

finger needs to be above the flip-top safety to prevent accidental discharge.

SECURING THE SUBJECT

8-28. After spraying subject, order the subject to a prone position. The contaminated subject will have the

means to effectively resist. It is crucial to establish control by having them assume a prone position. This will

give more control over the subject. Quickly place handcuffs or restraints on the subject, reassure them that they

will be fine, and tell them what you will be doing to them.

8-29. Do not press down on the subject’s back. Sitting, kneeling, or pressing on the subject’s back will make it

harder for them to breathe. Their airway will be restricted by the effects of OC. Pressing on their back could

cause severe medical problems or death.

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8-5

Chapter 8

IRCAD SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS

8-30. During training have safety officers present for each individual contamination to assist in practical

exercise, decontamination, and recovery phases. Instructors and safety officers must be cognizant of all students

at all times.

8-31. Remove contact lenses prior to inert or “live” OC contamination. Cosmetics may either diminish or

prolong the effects of OC and should be removed prior to contamination during training.

8-32. Do not contaminate students at a faster pace than the decontamination facility will accommodate.

Medical assistance will be on scene and available during training where the contamination is executed. Consider

placing medical personnel out of sight or at the water site so as not to heighten the anxiety of the students.

8-33. Training with inert units will help ensure the accuracy and effectiveness of individuals when employing

OC sprays under a variety of conditions. Eye protection should be used when practicing with inert units directly

on fellow students. The alcohol within the inert formulation may wash away the eyes’ protective fluids.

8-34. The training area must have at least one adequate running water site in order to properly conduct the

decontamination procedure. Using buckets of water in the decontamination process is acceptable only if it is

continuously replenished.

8-35. The training area should be in an area away from onlookers to avoid unnecessary and inappropriate

comments.

DECONTAMINATION, RECOVERY, AND FIRST AID

8-36. Once the subject has been restrained, begin the decontamination process. During transport reassure

subject and monitor for distress, coherence, and respiration. Continually evaluate the subject for coherence and

respiration. At any sign of distress, get immediate medical assistance.

DECONTAMINATION

8-37. General decontamination. Remove the subject from the contaminated area and establish a verbal rapport.

Expose the subject to fresh air and have him/her face into the wind. Fans or air conditioning units may be used.

Tell the subject to breathe in through the mouth, and out through the nose. Tell the subject to strobe the eyes

(open and close rapidly). Do not allow the subject to rub his or her eyes.

8-38. If it is practical before transporting, apply immediate first aid/decontamination such as “COOL IT” or

small water dispensers such as “FIRST RELIEF.”

8-39. The most effective way to remove resin from the skin is by blotting the face with a wet paper towel

followed by a dry one. Repeat this until the resin is removed.

RECOVERY

8-40. An individual will usually recover within one hour with vast improvements. The eyes should be able to

open within 20 to 30 minutes.

8-41. Anyone not exhibiting significant improvement after one (1) hour should be closely monitored to ensure

continued recovery.

FIRST AID

8-42. OC formulations, which exceed 0.60% Capsaicin, increase the potential for burns, particularly in fair-

skinned persons (those who sunburn easily). Any person who exhibits sunburn-like redness more than one (1)

hour after being decontaminated or who show any evidence of blistering (second degree burns) after being

sprayed should receive medical treatment for burns. Avoid salves and ointments until affected area has been

completely decontaminated.

8-6

TC 3-19.5

5 November 2009

Employ Individual Riot Control Agent Disperser

8-43. Once a subject has been restrained after being sprayed, the user should conduct a Primary Medical

survey: airway, breathing, and circulation.

Open the airway.

Check for signs of obstruction in the mouth.

Check for signs of responsiveness.

8-44. No person who has been contaminated by OC or any other chemical agent should be left unsupervised

for at least two hours after contamination. Medical personnel should immediately evaluate any person who

admits to being under the influence of any drugs or alcohol. Medical personnel should evaluate any person who

admits a history of heart problems, lung problems, diabetes, high blood pressure, or any other potentially

serious medical condition.

CHARACTERISTICS OF OC

8-45. Because the OC formulation is heavier than air, the vapor rate of OC is very low and minimizes the

possibility of transfer or cross contamination. Vaporization is when a substance changes from a liquid to a gas

state and should not be confused with very small droplets or particulate that may remain airborne, such as a

fogger.

8-46. These airborne particulates may move across rooms or through ventilation systems and are most

prevalent in the following:

Fog delivery systems.

Spray nozzles that use conical spray patterns.

8-47. Several environmental factors should be considered when using OC in a tactical situation. These factors

include the following:

Wind and rain.

Fans and ventilation.

Heat and humidity.

FLAMMABILITY

8-48. Flammability and carcinogenic properties. Depending on whether a product is oil- or water-based, there

will be a specific requirement for solvents and emulsifiers to ensure even suspension of the Capsaicin. These

ingredients make up the majority of the formulation and should be closely evaluated for their safety.

8-49. Guardian Protective Services’ OC products are nonflammable and non-carcinogenic. Although propylene

glycol (emulsifier) and ethanol (solvent) are used in Guardian products, they are not used in sufficient quantities

for the formulation to be carcinogenic or combustible if it comes into contact with a flame or a source of heat.

Guardian OC products meet the non-flammability and non-carcinogenic requirement set forth by Army policy.

AWARENESS

8-50. OC should be used early with the element of surprise and prior to escalation of physical contact.

Communicate with fellow Soldiers when spraying a subject who is in the proximity of or in physical contact

with another Soldier. Use code words such as “spray” or “OC.” Avoid using words or phrases that incite rage or

anger like “nuke him.”

TARGET AREA SPRAY VOLUME

8-51. The primary target when employing OC is the facial area, guaranteeing coverage of the eye zone (eyes,

forehead, and brow). The secondary target is the nose and mouth. Discharge into facial area using as much as

required.

5 November 2009

TC 3-19.5

8-7

Chapter 8

8-52. If the open eye is contaminated, a half- to one-second burst should be adequate to achieve the desired

effects. However, expecting an individual to accurately employ a projector for two bursts of a half second to

one second during a confrontation may be unrealistic.

8-53. In situations where the subject is hit around the eyes (i.e., forehead or cheek), an ample amount of

formulation should be employed to ensure that enough fluids are present to carry the OC particulate into the

eyes. For multiple opponents, use as much as required to control the situation based upon the threat.

LEVELS OF CONTAMINATION

8-54. When handling or using any type of chemicals, there are three (3) levels of contamination. Each level

will affect an individual differently. The three (3) levels of contamination are as follows:

Level 1: This is defined as direct physical contact with OC.

Level 2: This is defined as an indirect or secondary contact with OC. A level 2 contamination is

the result of attempting to control or physically touch another person or item that has had a level 1

contamination. Moving in to control an aggressor who has just received a level 1 contamination

may result in a level 2 contamination to the individual employing the OC.

Level 3: This is defined as an area contamination with OC, such as after using it in an aerosol

form. Usually, level 3 contamination will occur when entering a contaminated zone or area.

PHYSICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF OC

8-55. Knowing the physical and psychological effects will allow the control force member to know when it is

best to employ the OC against an individual. Failing to take the effects of OC into consideration when

attempting to control a crowd could end up being counterproductive to the goal of crowd dispersal.

PHYSICAL REACTIONS TO OC

8-56. Common physical reactions to OC include the following:

Involuntary closure of the eyes, resulting in temporary visual impairment.

Eyes will close when Capsaicin contacts the nerve endings.

Eyes will remain closed due to the drying of the natural protective fluid of the eyes.

Involuntary extension of the hands to the facial area.

A burning sensation and inflammation of the eyes, mucous membranes, and a burning sensation to

contaminated skin and tissues.

The secretion of excessive mucous from the nose.

Shortness of breath:

• Capsaicin’s inflammatory properties are a result of dilating blood vessels in the affected area.

This action increases blood flow to the area, resulting in minimal swelling.

• When this occurs within the nasal passages, the physiological effects trigger a psychological

response, “I can’t breathe.”

• The perceived inability to breathe can trigger a panic response, which manifests itself into

hyperventilation.

Approximately .005 of the general population may have an allergic reaction to various types of

peppers.

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5 November 2009

Employ Individual Riot Control Agent Disperser

While most allergic reactions are not life threatening, it is necessary to provide medical treatment

to any person believed to be having an allergic reaction.

Any person who has been contaminated by an OC product who complains of itching, hives,

difficulty swallowing, or facial swelling should be evaluated by medical personnel without delay.

PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF OC

8-57. Anxiety is the fear of the unknown. It is normal for an individual to experience increased anxiety when

faced with the unknown, such as being contaminated by OC for the first time. Some individuals may have an

anxiety attack, causing them to change their breathing rhythms. Anyone who has never been contaminated with

OC may display anxiety prior to contamination based on hearsay or rumors of its effects.

8-58. Fear is the confirmation of the unknown. It is normal for an individual to experience fear before, during,

and after any physical confrontation. Individuals who have never been contaminated with OC may have their

own fears and a premonition of what it does. Panic is the reality of one’s fear. Some individuals may panic and

flee without thought for obstructions or trip hazards.

Caution: Personnel who have never been contaminated by OC may panic if they are accidentally

contaminated during the employment of OC. Train for the worst-case scenario.

EFFECTIVENESS

8-59. The failure rate of OC is difficult to quantify; however, it does exist. OC has a varied reaction time,

ranging from one (1) to five (5) seconds. The mental state of an individual may be a significant factor to

consider. Some people have a very high threshold for pain, especially subjects who are emotionally disturbed or

prone to substance and/or alcohol abuse.

8-60. Mindset may influence effectiveness. Goal-oriented and mentally focused individuals may still

accomplish their goal even though they cannot see and are experiencing significant discomfort. Many failures

are operator errors due to lack of training or improper use of an OC product. OC is a viable force option when

used by properly trained individuals and in conjunction with other force options.

ENVIRONMENTAL AND STORAGE CONSIDERATIONS

8-61. OC is biodegradable and does not require special equipment process for decontamination. With normal

ventilation or by using high-speed fans, buildings, rooms, and vehicles can be decontaminated in approximately

one hour. Ingredients may be washed down in drains. Blot exposed surfaces, clean with damp rag and non-oil-

based soap. Clothes may be laundered as normal with other clothing.

STORAGE

8-62. Aerosol canisters may burst if exposed to temperatures above 120 degrees Fahrenheit (F). Prolonged

exposure to temperatures below freezing (32 degrees F) may result in slower discharge. Canisters should be

stored off the ground at comfortable room temperatures. Place stored aerosol canisters upside down to keep

seals moist. Rotate the canisters upside down to right side up every 30 days. This prevents the seals from

cracking and the OC canister from leaking.

8-63. Canisters should be physically inspected daily for damage. If carried on the duty belt unused for 30 days

or more, discharge the OC in a designated area for a ¼ second burst. (This clears the nozzle of any debris or

condensation.)

8-64. When stored in the armory, store the canister in the carrier with the nozzle towards the belt flap to keep

any obstructions from getting into the nozzle.

CANISTER REPLACEMENT

8-65. OC canisters must be replaced at the end of the shelf life. Normally, the shelf life expires four (4) years

after the date of manufacture. This is due to the potential loss of propellant, resulting in a slower discharge.

5 November 2009

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8-9

Chapter 9

Employ Electro-Muscular Disruption Device

OVERVIEW

9-1. The primary electro-muscular disruption device (EMD) currently used by U.S. Army personnel is the

X26E TASER. This device causes electro-muscular disruption as a safe and effective way to incapacitate

personnel at distances up to 35 feet. A pronged dart system strikes anywhere on the body and delivers 50,000

volts, causing instantaneous incapacitation to the targeted individual. Appendix D describes the TASER

Performance Evaluation.

ELECTRO-MUSCULAR DISRUPTION SPECIFICATIONS

9-2. X26E is a device used to fire two (2) barbed projectiles (probes) into a target with the purpose of

delivering an electrical shock to subdue the target without harm to the target or the operator. The EMD weapons

stun and override the sensory and motor nervous systems causing uncontrollable contractions of the muscle

tissue.

9-3. The X26E is operated much like a standard issue sidearm complete with a laser sight. When the trigger is

pulled, the two barbs are propelled by compressed nitrogen. The barbs are connected to the device by insulated

wires and are effective within two (2) inches of the subject’s body (the electrical charge can penetrate up to two

(2) inches of cumulative clothing).

9-4. When the circuit is completed (both barbs must hit the target), a five (5)-second cycle of electrical pulses is

initiated and sent through the wires into the subject’s body. The cycle can be stopped by positioning the safety

down to SAFE or can be reapplied by pulling the trigger a second time.

9-5. Figure 9-1 illustrates the various parts and functions of the X26E TASER.

X26E NOMENCLATURE, PARTS

AND FUNCTIONS

Rear Sight

DPM Release

Stainless Steel

Illumination

Button

Serial No. Plate

Safety

Selector

Front Sight

CID

Air Cartridge

Wire

Trigger

Probes

Stainless Steel

Shock Plates

Blast Doors

LIL: Low Intensity Lights (LEDs)

DPM: Digital

Power Magazine

AFIDs

Laser Sight

Figure 9-1. X26E Parts and Functions

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9-1

Employ Electro-Muscular Disruption Device

X26E ELECTRICAL SIGNALS

9-8. The X26E sends electrical signals similar to those used by the brain to communicate with the body. The

signals overpower the normal electrical signals within the body’s nerve fibers. The targeted subject instantly

loses control of his body, cannot perform coordinated action, and usually falls to the ground.

9-9. The X26E sends out short-duration, high-voltage electrical waves that overpower the normal electrical

signals within the nerve fibers. These waves create extra “noise” within the nervous system much like static on

the “phone lines” in the human body. Stun weapons jam the central nervous system with electrical noise. This

only affects the sensory nervous system creating pain compliance. The X26E can function as a stun weapon

when used in the “drive stun” mode—the contacts placed directly in contact with the target. The X26E does not

rely on pain to achieve compliance, but instead, overwhelms the central nervous system to achieve

incapacitation.

X26E ELECTRICAL CURRENT

9-10. An electrical current of less than 0.02 amps can produce sensations ranging from tingling to sharp pain.

A more serious effect occurs if the current causes muscles to contract. A person touching a live wire with their

outstretched hand may literally not be able to let go of the wire due to the current's effect on the muscles.

Currents from 0.03 to 0.07 amps will begin to impair the ability of the person to breathe. The X26E deliveries

less than 0.004 amps.

9-11. Amps are the total electrons-per-second. The X26E output is less than 0.004 amps. Volts are the

“pressure” pushing electrons. The X26E output is 50,000 volts. Typically, we experience 35,000 to 100,000

volts in our daily lives with “static electricity” when a spark jumps to us from door knobs, each other, etc. The

danger is the amps, not the volts.

X26E ELECTRIC ENERGY

9-12. One (1) probe can arc through two (2) cumulative inches of clothing or one (1) inch of clothing per

probe, including some bullet resistant materials. It is the high voltage that makes penetration possible.

9-13. Electricity (X26E energy) must be able to flow between the probes or the electrodes. Electricity (X26E

energy) follows the path of least resistance between the probes. The greater the spread between the probes, the

greater the effectiveness. The X26E energy will not pass to others in contact with the subject unless contact is

made directly with probes or wires.

COMMON EFFECTS OF X26E EMD

9-14. Common effects of the X26E EMD include the following:

Subject can fall immediately to the ground.

Subject may yell or scream.

Subject may experience involuntary muscle contractions.

Subject may freeze in place with legs locked.

Subject may feel dazed for several seconds/minutes.

Subject may experience potential vertigo.

Subject may experience temporary tingling sensation.

Subject may experience critical stress amnesia (may not remember any pain).

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9-3

Chapter 9

X26E RISKS AND SIDE EFFECTS

9-15. Probable X26E EMD risks and side effects include the following:

Can cause eye injury if shot too high.

Can ignite flammable liquids or gases.

Might cause slight signature marks that resemble minor surface burns (appear red or may blister).

Can cause strong muscle contractions.

• The exertion experienced is similar to athletic activities, such as weight lifting or wrestling

and may result in similar type injuries such as muscle or tendon strain or tear, joint injuries,

back injuries, stress fractures, or other secondary injuries resulting from strong muscle

contraction.

Muscle contractions may pose additional risk to certain persons, such as pregnant women.

Can cause secondary injuries from person falling. Fall injuries, particularly from elevated heights,

can pose risk of significant injury or death.

Can cause pain and associated stress.

What the X26E Does Not Do

9-16. The following is a list of effects not common to X26E EMD:

Does not damage nerve tissue.

Does not cause “electrocution” in a wet environment.

• Exposure to water will not cause electrocution or increase the energy to the subject.

Generally does not cause urination or defecation.

DIGITAL PULSE CONTROLLER

9-17. The Digital Pulse Controller (DPC) is an internal circuit including the microprocessor of the X26E and

various support hardware.

9-18. When the X26E is fired, the DPC measures the time between each energy pulse discharged from the

weapon. The DPC then regulates the power throughput of the pulse generator to maintain a constant pulse rate.

All pulse rates are approximate and may vary slightly.

9-19. The DPC automatically delivers a five (5)-second burst for each pull of the trigger. The DPC uses a

variable pulse rate and lower DPMs in version 14. During the first two (2) seconds of each burst, the DPC runs

at 19 pulses-per-second for maximum takedown power. After two (2) seconds, it slows slightly to 15 pulses-

per-second for the remaining three (3) seconds in each burst. This lower pulse rate extends battery life by 25%.

If the operator continues to hold down the trigger through the full five (5) seconds, the pulse rate will stay on at

15 pulses-per-second until the operator releases the trigger. In version 15 and higher, the pulse rate is 19 pulses-

per-second for the full five (5) seconds.

9-20. The user has the capability to download X26E usage data using the data port download. The information

that is downloaded is: Shot Sequence #, GMT Time, Local Time, Duration of the Shot in Seconds, Temperature

of the Unit (deg C), and % of Battery Life Left. See Download Usage Data section at the end of this chapter.

CENTRAL INFORMATION DISPLAY

9-21. The CID displays the DPM power level, burst time countdown, warranty/general systems status, re-arm

required status, and illumination setting.

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Employ Electro-Muscular Disruption Device

9-22. The CID is a two-digit display on the back of the X26E. The CID communicates the following

information:

Zero (0)-99% DPM power level (energy cell indicator).

When the safety is positioned upward to arm the weapon, the CID will display the percentage of

DPM power remaining. This indication will last for five (5) seconds.

After five (5) seconds, the CID will display two (2) dots to indicate the weapon remains armed.

After 20 minutes, the system will shut down, and the CID screen will go blank. The unit WILL

NOT FIRE. This condition requires re-arming the X26E by moving the safety from FIRE to SAFE

and then back to FIRE. This is a battery saving strategy built into the device’s programming.

Burst Time Countdown. When the X26E is triggered, it delivers a five (5)-second energy burst.

The CID displays a countdown from five (5) to zero (0) indicating how many seconds remain in

the current burst. The burst can be stopped at any time by positioning the safety down to SAFE.

ILLUMINATION SETTINGS

9-23. The X26E is equipped with a laser sight in addition to two

(2) low-intensity lights. When the

Illumination Selector Switch is used (with safety on), the CID will display one of four codes to indicate which

illuminators will be activated upon arming of the X26E. To cycle through the illumination options:

Place X26E on SAFE and ensure it is unloaded.

Press illumination selector and hold for one (1) second.

Press and release to toggle modes displayed in CID.

1. LO: Laser Only will illuminate.

2. OF: Only Flashlight will illuminate.

3. LF: Laser and Flashlight both illuminate.

4. OO (Off/Off); Neither laser nor light will illuminate, and the CID goes dim.

9-24. System diagnostics can also be read through the CID. When a DPM is loaded with a warranty expiration

date, current date and time, current Celsius internal temperature, and software revision level appear and flash in

sequence.

DIGITAL POWER MAGAZINE

9-25. The DPM has a 10-year shelf life. Power comes from the lithium energy cells inside and provides up to

195 five (5)-second cycles (depending on the software version). A memory chip tracks the percent of energy left

(% life). The DPM stores the percent of life remaining digitally and can be removed and used in other X26Es

while still retaining its remaining power. The DPM must be left in the weapon at all times to maintain the

system clock.

CUT AWAY OF THE X26E CARTRIDGE

9-26. Cartridge characteristics include the following:

Solid yellow blast doors; live cartridge; 15-foot wires with regular probes.

Striped blast doors; live cartridge; 21-foot wires with regular probes.

Yellow cartridge with striped blast doors; live cartridge; 21-foot wires with longer, heavier probes

(XP probes).

Blue cartridge with striped blast doors; training simulation cartridge; 21-foot non-conductive lines

with short probes (LS probes).

5 November 2009

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9-5

Chapter 9

9-27. Figure 9-3 illustrates a cut-away view of the X26E cartridge. AFID (seen in the illustration) refers to the

anti-felon identification tag. The AFID system is explained later in this chapter.

CUT-AWAY OF THE X26E

CARTRIDGE

AFIDs

NITROGEN

PROBES

CAPSULE

Figure 9-3. Cut-Away View of the X26E Cartridge

X26E CARTRIDGE CHANGES

9-28. This section describes the characteristics of various X26E cartridge changes.

21 feet (6.4 meters), striped door, live cartridge, regular probe, before August 2004.

21 feet (6.4 meters), silver door, live cartridge, regular probe, after August 2004.

XP 21 feet (6.4 meters), yellow cartridge, live cartridge, XP probe, longer, heavier, before October

2004.

Hybrid XP 25 feet (7.6 meters), green door, live cartridge, XP probe, heavier, after October 2004.

LS 21 feet (6.4 meters), blue cartridge, striped doors, live simulation, short probe, non-conductive

wire, stun portion works.

Blue cartridge, blue door, live simulation, short probe, non-conductive wire, stun portion works.

XP35 Special Duty Cartridge

9-29. The 35-foot cartridge is a “special duty” cartridge, known as XP35. It requires extra training and practice

firing to use this cartridge. Unlike the other TASER cartridges, this cartridge does not offer reversible loading

on the weapon. The probes are set at a different angle than all other TASER cartridges. There is a top probe and

a bottom probe. The top dart bore points up one (1) degree in relation to the device. Bottom dart bore is

positioned four (4) degrees down from top dart bore. This was done for purpose of decreasing drop and spread

amount in long distance shots. If the cartridge is not loaded properly, the point of aim/point of impact of the

probes will be greatly affected. At distances less than 25 feet, the top probe travels above the laser.

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5 November 2009

Employ Electro-Muscular Disruption Device

9-30. This chamber is used for the XP35 cartridge in conjunction with a long-range cassette case that is not

reversible. It has raised orange arrows printed on the side of the cartridge that is inserted toward the top of the

device.

Probe Types

9-31.

This section describes the various probe types that are currently available for the X26E TASER.

LS probe:

• Weight: 1.6 grams.

• Length: 0.20 inches (0.50 centimeters).

• Velocity at launch: 166 feet-per-second.

• Velocity at 13 feet: 98 feet-per-second.

Regular probe:

• Weight: 1.6 grams.

• Length: 0.35 inches (0.89 centimeters).

• Velocity at launch: 166 feet-per-second.

• Velocity at 13 feet: 98 feet-per-second.

Hybrid XP probe is made of brass and aluminum, which is much denser than the aluminum of the

other probes:

• Weight 4.1 grams.

• Length: 0.52 inches (1.32 centimeters).

• Velocity at launch: 100 feet-per-second.

• Velocity at 13 feet: 76 feet-per-second.

The decay in velocity is primarily due to the wires uncoiling and creating drag on the projectiles.

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9-7

Chapter 9

9-32. Figure 9-4 shows the different probe types:

PROBE TYPES

Mass

Needle

Speed

Energy

PROBES

(g)

Length

Kg(m/s)²

166 fps

2.0

.20”

1.6g

0.50 cm

98 fps

0.7

166 fps

2.0

0.35”

1.6g

0.89 cm

98 fps

0.7

Regular

179 fps

3.89

0.52”

2.6g

1.32 cm

96 fps

1.12

Hybrid XP

Top figures @ muzzle

Bottom figures @ 13 feet

Figure 9-4. X26E Probe Types

PROPULSION SYSTEM

9-33. Characteristics of the propulsion system for 15- and 21-feet cartridges:

1,800 pounds per square inch (PSI) nonflammable nitrogen capsule.

Two (2) probes fired at 160+ feet-per-second.

Maximum range is 15 feet or 21 feet.

9-34. Characteristics of the Propulsion System for 25-feet Cartridge:

2,200 PSI nonflammable nitrogen capsule.

Two (2) probes fired at 179+ feet-per-second.

Maximum range is 25 feet.

The pressure of the compressed nitrogen was increased to 2,200 PSI in the Hybrid XP cartridge

only. This increases probe speed leaving the cartridge at over 179 feet-per-second and enables the

probes to remain accurate out to maximum range.

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Employ Electro-Muscular Disruption Device

X26E Wires

9-35. The wires are thin with insulated coating that can break easily if stepped on or pulled. Contact with the

wires or the probe(s) during discharge can result in electrical shock. It is, therefore, critical that the X26E

operator advise others in supporting roles to avoid wires during restraint for wire integrity. The effect of contact

with a wire or probe while taking a subject into custody is relatively minor and will not cause EMD to the

operator or those in support. Usually, operators will instinctively pull their hand away. It is recommended that

operators control the subject in a different area of the body, away from the probes and the wires.

ANTI-FELON IDENTIFICATION TAGS

9-36. Anti-Felon Identification (AFID). Every time a cartridge is fired, it disperses 20-30 identification tags

called anti-felon identification. These tags are printed with the serial number of the cartridge and can be used to

determine who fired the cartridge. Operators should be aware that this system is an additional method of

accountability to trace operators who are not following policy and are using the X26E inappropriately.

LOADING AND UNLOADING PROCEDURES

WARNING: As soon as the X26E is loaded with a cartridge, it is a

“live” weapon. Treat it as a loaded firearm. Do not allow or tolerate

operators to be complacent with regards to safety just because it is

not a conventional firearm. Do not point at people unless intending to

fire. During practice, ensure the cartridges used are expended.

SAFETY

9-37. Standard weapons handling safety procedures apply. Always place safety switch in the down (SAFE)

position; keep fingers clear from blast doors; do not place hand in front of the weapon while loading or

unloading; keep the X26E pointed in a safe direction at all times; keep fingers off the trigger unless firing.

9-38. Never attempt to open a cartridge prior to firing. Tampering with a live air cartridge could cause it to fire

or malfunction.

LOADING PROCEDURES

9-39. The cartridges are very easy to load and unload. To load, simply take a cartridge and snap it into the front

of the unit. The air cartridge has been specifically designed so there is no “up” or “down” position enabling you

to quickly reload it in a stressful situation, without worrying about putting it in upside down.

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9-9

Chapter 9

Improper Handling Technique

9-40. Figure 9-5 shows images of what happens when an X26E operator places his/her hand in front of the

cartridge and the trigger is pulled.

Improper Technique

Figure 9-5. Results of Improper Handling Technique

UNLOADING PROCEDURES

9-41. To unload the cartridge, first make sure the safety is down in the SAFE, locked position. If you touch the

cartridge while the unit is firing, you will be shocked by the stun electrodes on the front (the spark can jump

from the contacts to your hand or fingers if they are too close). Once the safety is down, simultaneously squeeze

both round release buttons on both sides of the cartridge and pull it out. You can now reload with another

cartridge. The probes, the compressed air, and the wires are all contained in the cartridge; change only the air

cartridge to be ready to fire again.

Caution: With or without expended cartridges, the X26E will fire its electrical energy if the safety is

off and the trigger is pulled. The X26E will cycle, spark, and expose you to unintended EMD and/or

stun effect if you do not handle it properly. Keep hands, fingers, and any other parts of your body

away from the contacts/cartridge when the safety is off or when the X26E is discharging.

PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE, CHECKS, AND SERVICES

9-42. PMCS procedures must be followed to ensure safety and proper function of the X26E TASER.

9-43. If an X26E has been dropped or otherwise damaged, or if an X26E is exposed to significant moisture, do

not move the safety switch to the up (ARMED) position until after conducting the following check. Failure to

perform this check may result in an unintentional discharge when the X26E safety switch is placed in the up

(ARMED) position.

9-10

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5 November 2009

Employ Electro-Muscular Disruption Device

9-44. Some X26Es exposed to extreme moisture have discharged with the safety switch still in the down

(SAFE) position due to short circuiting of the electronic components.

9-45. Dropped or wet X26E PMCS procedures include the following:

Safety switch down (SAFE).

Remove the cartridge.

Dry the device thoroughly.

Safety switch up (ARMED).

If device discharges without pulling the trigger, remove DPM and return the X26E to supply.

Functions check—spark test for three (3) full five (5)-second cycles.

• If the device does not function properly, return to supply.

• If spark test/functions check is normal, return to service.

9-46. Inform operators to keep the X26E from getting excessively wet. The X26E is an electrical system.

Hence, it is complex and can experience different failure modes under extreme conditions. For example, an

EMD device that was exposed to an intense “salt fog” test spontaneously fired a cartridge. The salt fog

condensed on the trigger switch, which eventually shorted the switch and fired the weapon. At least one such

failure was also reported from the field. While the manufacturer has taken corrective actions to mitigate this

risk, it cannot be completely eliminated.

9-47. X26E operators have experienced spontaneous discharges with and without cartridges loaded. A common

denominator to those spontaneous discharges has been the presence of moisture (rain) or a static electricity

source (spinning aircraft rotors). The X26E must be carried in a holster for ready access and protection from the

elements, while being capable of completely containing a cartridge discharge.

9-48.

If an X26E has been dropped, damaged, or exposed to significant moisture, take the following steps:

Remove the cartridge immediately.

If exposed to moisture, dry the weapon thoroughly (at least 24 hours) before proceeding. After 24

hours, ensure that all components are completely dry.

Remove DPM from the weapon.

Wipe off all exposed surfaces.

If there is any visible moisture inside the DPM well of the X26E, contact TASER International for

a Return Materials Authorization and send your X26E in for inspection. If no moisture is visible,

re-insert the DPM and complete the remaining steps.

Wait one minute before proceeding to the next step.

Place the safety switch in the up (ARMED) position.

If the X26E discharges without pulling the trigger, place the safety switch in the down (SAFE)

position, remove the DPM, and contact TASER International for a Return Materials

Authorization. DO NOT reinstall the DPM or air cartridge or attempt to use the device.

If the X26E does not discharge without pulling the trigger, conduct a spark test for three (3) full

five (5)-second cycles to ensure a rapid pulse rate and that the discharge stops after five seconds.

If the X26E does not operate properly, place the safety switch in the down (SAFE) position,

remove the DPM, and turn it in to supply.

If the X26E does function properly, place the safety switch in the down (SAFE) position and

return to normal use.

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9-11

Chapter 9

9-49. In addition to the above test, a thorough inspection of a X26E after being dropped is required. Check the

entire X26E for cracks, broken CID, cracked laser/flashlight lens, etc. If any damage is found, contact TASER

International for a return authorization. DO NOT use an X26E that shows obvious signs of damage.

9-50. Avoid dropping the X26E. It is a sensitive, electronic device and should be provided the same care and

consideration as a laptop computer or cell phone.

Check DPM power level regularly.

Always store the X26E with DPM inserted.

Check expiration of air cartridges.

Secure in protective holster when not in use.

Do not store/carry in pockets without a holster.

9-51. Occasionally wipe out the cartridge firing bay with a dry cloth. Multiple cartridge firings create carbon

buildup (particularly after training courses).

DPM REPLACEMENT

9-52. Replace DPM when battery life is less than 20 percent. Use them for training until one (1) percent

remains and then dispose of them at zero (0) percent life. Continued use at zero (0) percent could cause damage

to the X26E. To replace the DPM:

Ensure safety switch is down.

Remove cartridge, if loaded.

Depress DPM release.

Remove and replace DPM.

9-53. When the DPM gets below zero (0) percent, the lithium energy cells are going dead. At this point, the

power level will drop below the minimum level at which the microprocessor will run. This is called a brown-

out. It is similar to unplugging your desk top computer from the wall without shutting it down properly.

9-54. When a DPM is replaced with a new DPM that contains a newer update of software than the current

version in the X26E, an upgrade programming will occur.

9-55. A “P” will be displayed in the CID during the upgrade programming. This will take about 45 seconds.

After upgrade programming has been completed, the unit will start the boot up sequence.

9-56. Removal of the DPM during the “P” state (programming) will corrupt the software. If this occurs, an “E”

or “H” will be displayed. The X26E must then be returned to supply to be turned in for reprogramming.

PERFORM X26E FUNCTIONS CHECK

9-57. Do not point the X26E at others during the functions check. Keep the X26E pointed in a safe direction.

Do not shine the X26E's laser at the eyes of others.

9-58. Perform X26E functions check prior to each mission to ensure that the device is fully operational. The

functions check conditions components for regular use. Functions check (sparking) should not last longer than

one (1) second.

9-12

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5 November 2009

Employ Electro-Muscular Disruption Device

WARNING: The following exercises will be performed without a

cartridge. The X26E will “FIRE” its electrical energy with or without a

cartridge if the safety is off and the trigger is pulled. The X26E will

cycle, spark, and expose you to unintended EMD and/or stun effect if

you do not handle it properly. Keep hands, fingers, and any other

parts of your body away from the contacts when the safety is off or

when the X26E is discharging.

Functions Check Demonstration

9-59. Once the instructor completes the X26E TASER lesson, students observe a demonstration of PMCS and

functions check procedures.

9-60. Perform X26E functions check using these procedures:

Ensure the safety switch is in the down (SAFE) position.

Remove the cartridge.

Point the X26E in a safe direction and place the safety in the up (ARMED).

Check the remaining battery life percentage on the CID. Replace the DPM if the percentage is less

than 20 percent.

Pull the trigger and perform a spark test for one (1) second.

Look for visible spark between the electrodes and listen for a rapid spark rate. A full five (5)-

second cycle is not required.

Place the safety switch in the down (SAFE) position.

Replace the expended cartridge, if present.

If the functions check is not satisfactory, insert a new DPM and repeat the functions check. If the

functions check is still not satisfactory, return the X26E to supply.

X26E FIRING PROCEDURES

9-61. Observe standard sidearm safety guidelines. Aim the X26E like a standard firearm at center of mass,

ensuring that the weapon is held upright for a vertical target. The laser designates the point of probe impact

within three inches at 13 feet. Be aware that the X26E fires its probes in line with an 8 degree spread. The

spread between probes increases the further you get from your target with the probes separating one foot (.3m)

for every 7 feet (2.1m) they travel. A minimum of 4 inches of probe spread is required for desired EMD effect.

9-62. The electric circuit is completed when both barbs hit the target. A 5-second cycle of electrical pulses

begins and is sent through the wires into the target. The cycle can be stopped by moving the safety lever down

or can be restarted by pulling the trigger again.

ENGAGE TARGETS WITH THE X26E

9-63. Aim at center of mass of the target. If the weapon is canted or held at an angle to the target area; the

effectiveness of the cartridge to propel the probes properly will be decreased, which increases the probability of

a miss.

9-64. Keep in mind that very close range results in high accuracy but less probe spread and a much greater

potential for operator injury. Longer range provides increased operator safety and increased probe spread but

increases the likelihood of a missed probe due to the subject torso size.

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9-13

Chapter 9

9-65. An operator could misjudge maximum range and be slightly out of range. Moreover, the subject requires

slack in the wires to fall down; therefore, if the subject is shot while running at maximum range, the operator

must keep pace with the subject, as the running momentum of the subject will break the X26E wires. A range of

seven (7)-15 feet provides the best overall compromise between accuracy and operator safety.

9-66. Longer distances (up to 25 and 35 feet) provide a wider probe spread (more effective) and a potential

increase in operator safety but increase the risk of one or both probes missing the subject.

9-67. Probes are effective from point blank to 21 or 25 feet (depending on the type of cartridge used).

Optimum range is seven (7) to 15 feet from target for probe spread, operator safety, and accuracy. The greater

the probe spread, the greater the potential for increased effectiveness. If possible, a minimum of a four (4)-inch

probe spread is desired.

9-68. The probes travel a path along a vertical plane aligned with the sights. One probe travels toward the point

of aim; the other travels below the point of aim. Rotating the X26E off “plum” with the target can place the

bottom probe off the target. Hold the X26E vertical in relation to the target.

9-69. If possible, fire the X26E at the subject's back for the following reasons:

Normally, less interference from clothing, and clothing fits tighter.

Surprise factor.

Stronger muscles, increased effect.

Reduces face, throat, or groin injuries.

Misfire Procedures

9-70. If the cartridge does not fire, it may fire after a delay. Even though the cartridge did not fire during the

first pulse, there are 15-20 pulses-per-second, and any of these pulses may discharge the cartridge.

9-71. Make sure that the weapon is aimed at the intended target until the weapon is put in SAFE mode. If you

aim the weapon off target while the X26E is still cycling, it could discharge the cartridge and hit an unintended

target. If air cartridge is a “dud,” (misfire) keep the X26E aimed on target and place it on SAFE. Discard the

“dud” cartridge immediately. Reload the X26E with a new cartridge and re-engage target. Do not attempt to

reuse a misfired cartridge. Immediately notify TASER International, provide the serial number, and return it.

EMD VERSUS STUN

9-72. The EMD weapons send out short-duration, high-voltage electrical waves that overpower the normal

electrical signals within the nerve fibers, causing the body to “lock up.” Stun weapons jam the central nervous

system with electrical noise that affects the sensory nervous system, creating pain compliance. The X26E is

both an EMD and stun weapon.

Drive Stun Application

9-73. Aggressively drive the X26E center mass of large muscle groups. Avoid the face, throat, and groin.

Concentrate on the following target areas while pulling the trigger:

Shoulder—Chest.

Forearm.

Thigh.

Calf.

9-74. The X26E will always produce a charge when activated, even if an unfired cartridge is present. This

allows the X26E to function in the stun mode immediately as a backup weapon without having to remove the

expended cartridge. To use drive stun without firing probes, simply remove the live cartridge.

9-14

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5 November 2009

Employ Electro-Muscular Disruption Device

9-75. The drive stun mode only affects the sensory nervous system making it a pain compliance weapon that

will not cause EMD. It is important to note that pain compliance does not equate to electro-muscular

incapacitation. Some key points to remember when employing the X26E in drive stun mode:

If the drive stun is not effective, evaluate location of drive stun and change target area.

A drive stun with a live cartridge is possible.

There is no over penetration from the cartridge being fired at close proximity to the subject’s

body.

Cartridge might not deploy when in direct contact with subject but will still have drive stun effect.

PROBE REMOVAL

9-76. The preferred method to remove the probe from tissue is to stabilize the flesh with one hand and then to

firmly and quickly pull the probe free. Make sure that the stabilizing hand is at least several inches away from

the probe impact site. Some agencies have reported that operators have accidentally “raked” the barb across

their own hand while removing a probe, breaking their own skin with a barb that is contaminated with the blood

of the subject. It is critically important to stress the need to exercise extreme care with any object that has been

exposed to body fluids. Once used, probes should be treated as bio-hazard.

9-77. Special medical procedures may be required for sensitive areas such as the eyes, groin, breast, etc.

9-78. When removing probes, check the probe body and ensure that the probe is intact and that the straightened

barb is still attached to the probe body. There have been few reported cases in which the probe was removed

from the subject but the straightened barb pulled free of the body of the probe and remained in the skin of the

subject. Needle nose pliers or medical hemostats may be required to remove barbs from a subject. There have

also been few reports of the barbed tip breaking off and remaining under the skin of the subject. In this instance,

removal by medical staff is recommended.

DOWNLOAD USAGE DATA

9-79. The internal time clock of X26E may gain or lose several seconds or minutes a month. How much time

is gained or lost is based in large part on the operating levels of several other components in the X26E. If the

X26E goes several months or years without a download, the internal clock could be off by over an hour. This

would result in inaccurate download information. By conducting a periodic download, the internal clock is

reset to the download computer’s time. Therefore, it is critical that the download computer is set to the correct

time and time zone. The periodic download is a recommendation only. Refer to TB 9-1025-211-10.

9-80. The X26E Universal Serial Bus (USB) Data port: time, date, duration, temperature, battery status of

each firing (over 1,500), connection protected inside DPM slot, encrypted data files, date range downloads,

USB plug and play. The Commander must decide before training begins, who will download, when they will

download, and where the records will be kept.

9-81. To download the X26E use the data port-download cable and follow the step by step instructions in the

Data Port Operator Manual (V.15.6). Changes and updates to the manual can be viewed at www.TASER.com.

5 November 2009

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9-15

Chapter 10

Employ Vehicle Barriers and Arresting Devices

OVERVIEW

10-1. Moving vehicles carrying large weights of explosives pose a tremendous threat. In volatile high-threat

environments nonlethal vehicle barriers and vehicle arresting devices can stop threat vehicles before they can

reach a checkpoint or access control facility.

10-2. This chapter provides general guidance for the application of nonlethal vehicle barriers and vehicle

arresting devices that are currently being used by U.S. Army personnel world-wide. These nonlethal items

include the Portable Vehicle Arresting Barrier (PVAB), the Vehicle Lightweight Arresting Device (VLAD),

and other vehicle arresting devices such as Caltrops and Magnum Spike Systems. These and other useful

nonlethal devices are all components of the Checkpoint Operations Mission Module. Other components of the

Checkpoint Operations Mission Module are described in Appendix E.

PORTABLE VEHICLE ARRESTING BARRIER SPECIFICATIONS

10-3. The PVAB can be placed on any flat surface and used in any environment (see TM 5-4240-342-12&P). It

is designed for vehicle denial and can successfully stop vehicles weighing up to 7,500 lbs. at speeds up to 45

mph within 200 feet. The standby mode of PVAB allows normal traffic to pass through regardless of volume

without damaging the PVAB. The PVAB is used as a bi-directional system capable of one-lane (15 feet

minimum) or two-lane (24 feet maximum) coverage and is remotely activated up to 300 ft. away. The PVAB

NSN is 4240-01-469-6122.

10-4. The PVAB is most useful at access control points, deliberate checkpoints, and at the perimeter of

controlled access areas. It can be anchored to alternate objects like guardrails or supports, bridge abutments,

trees, or a parked vehicle such as a high mobility multipurpose wheeled vehicle. The PVAB can be placed in

operation in less than one hour by two trained personnel. PVAB training is included in the Identify Arresting

Vehicle Devices Lesson Plan available with the MMTSP.

10-5. The PVAB system consist of various components that include the following:

Bump module assembly.

Brake box.

Anchor sets (A and B).

Erector assembly.

Control system.

Net assembly.

PVAB SITE SELECTION

10-6. Ensure the area selected is large enough to accommodate an exclusion zone since captured vehicles may

veer or components may fly off. In order to prevent possible inadvertent activation, do not place the control

box where water may build up and flood the components.

10-7. Prior to installing, the roadway site should be free of potholes, large cracks and have dirt or gravel

shoulders that are fairly level. The roadway should be fairly straight for 220 ft. in either direction of the PVAB

system (or at least have no major obstructions for that distance) and 15-24 feet wide.

5 November 2009

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10-1

Chapter 10

10-8. The site selected must also be able to accommodate a hazard zone. The hazard zone should be 440 ft. by

84 ft. to prevent personnel injury when captured vehicles veer or if components of the system should break and

fly. Figure 10-1 illustrates site requirements for proper installation and operation of the PVAB.

SITE SELECTION

• Check roadway site prior to installation.

• Roadway should be fairly straight.

• Hazard zone accommodation.

• Adequate hazard zone dimensions.

Figure 10-1. Site Requirements for PVAB

BUMP MODULE ASSEMBLY

10-9. Starting with the left bump end module (dog-bone end), place seven (7) bump modules and right bump

end module across roadway, with top door hinges towards the expected primary direction of capture.

10-10. Face oncoming traffic. Starting with the left bump end module (dog-bone end) and working to the

right, assemble modules by laying the slotted end over the dog-bone end of one bump module and firmly

stepping on the two (2) modules to join them together. Ensure modules are flush when assembled. Continue

this step to assemble all bump modules needed for road width, ending with the right bump end module (slotted

end). Figure 10-2 illustrates this procedure.

10-2

TC 3-19.5

5 November 2009

Employ Vehicle Barriers and Arresting Devices

BUMP MODULE ASSEMBLY

Single or double lane:

3 Ft

• If roadway is a single lane (15 ft), use 4-6

Module

modules or double lane (24 ft), use

seven (7) modules.

Lid

• Remove the required bump modules needed

Hinges

to cross roadway (built in handle on three (3)

ft. modules only).

End

• Start placing modules across roadway

Modules

(lid hinges facing expected primary direction of

Dogbone

Slot

capture).

Side

• Start with the “dogbone” side end module,

laying a three (3) ft. module’s “slotted” side

over the “end” module’s “dogbone” side.

Firmly step on the joint connecting the two (2)

together.

• Continue assembly across roadway using the

three (3) ft. modules. Finish assembly using

the “slotted” side end module.

Figure 10-2. Bump Module Assembly

BRAKE BOX INSTALLATION

10-11. With the brake line slider positioned towards the road, place a brake box on each side of the road. The

boxes should line up with each bump end module.

10-12. To connect a brake box to bump end module, lift upside of brake box next to bump-end module and

ensure that holes on bottom of brake box align with alignment pins on stabilizer plate of bump-end module.

Repeat for second brake box.

10-13. Ensure brake box is on each side of roadway. Position brake box so brake webbing (attached to “D”

ring) faces end bump modules. Attach brake boxes to end modules by aligning holes under brake box onto the

pins on stabilizer plate of end module. Figure 10-3 illustrates the brake box installation procedures.

5 November 2009

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10-3

Chapter 10

BRAKE BOX INSTALLATION

WARNING

Brake boxes are heavy and require a two person lift to prevent

personnel injury.

• Place a brake box on each side of

Holes under

Brake Box

roadway.

• Position brake box so brake webbing

(attached to “D” ring) faces end bump

Modules.

Stabilizer

Plate w/ Pins

• Attach brake boxes to end modules by

aligning holes under brake box onto the

pins on stabilizer plate of end module.

Figure 10-3 Brake Box Installation

ANCHOR INSTALLATION

10-14. Anchoring techniques vary according to soil type. The procedures described here are for normal soil.

Use this method when the soil conditions allow the anchor plate to be buried 24 inches and soil can be easily re-

compacted. Normal soil generally has enough moisture and clay content to allow the soil to be compacted or

tamped. This soil would ordinarily be strong enough to drive a truck over (during dry conditions) without

breaking through the surface and getting stuck. This soil is generally dark when moist. Refer to TM 5-4240-

342-12&P for anchor instructions in other soil types. Installation under normal conditions is typically two hours

using a two-person team.

10-15. Any anchoring method used may present a tripping hazard due to exposed wires and cables. Use

extreme care to keep any exposed anchor cables covered with soil. Coil all wires and cables and keep them out

of the foot traffic areas. If this is not possible, mark or flag the cables with a prominent material (police barrier

plastic tape). If a long section of the 300 ft. pendant control cable must be used, conceal the cable as much as

possible. When digging the holes, avoid getting dirt on the brake boxes, since excessive amounts of dirt or other

materials may affect the performance of the unit. The following equipment (not included in the NLCS may be

needed:

3-lb. Sledge hammer (short handle) and 8 to 12 pound Sledge hammer (long handle). (NSN 5120-

00-367-0250, 3 lb.) (NSN 5120-00-900-6096, 8 lb.).

Arctic Tent Pins (for frozen soil conditions). (NSN 8340-00-823-7451).

Steel Fence Post/Pickets for disturbed or extremely sandy desert.

(NSN 5660-00-270-1587, 5 ft.

long) (NSN 5660-00-270-1510, 6 ft. long) (NSN 5660-00-268-5411, 8 ft. long).

Barrel, 55-gal plastic (preferred) or metal open end drums.

(NSN 8110-01-343-1697, plastic)

(NSN 8110-01-432-1207, steel).

Picket pounders (locally fabricated).

Additional items that you may need at initial set up are a cutting torch when using a metal 55-

gallon drum, mattock, shovel/entrenching tool, and a Loc-tite.

10-4

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5 November 2009

Employ Vehicle Barriers and Arresting Devices

10-16. For normal soil, the four 16-inch anchor-plate assemblies supplied with the M1 PVAB system should be

installed following this procedure.

10-17. Attach loop of anchor cable to brake-box-eyebolt using provided screw pin shackle. Ensure screw pin is

fully engaged but no more than one (1) finger tight. To determine the anchor location, grab anchor plate and

stretch anchor cable away from brake box at a 30-degree angle from the roadway. Lay anchor plate on the

ground. The location of the crimped ring on the anchor cable marks the center of the hole.3

10-18. Find the crimped ring two (2) ft. from the anchor plate. Mark this location and move anchor assembly

out of the way in order to dig the hole for the anchor. When digging the holes, avoid getting dirt on the brake

boxes, since excessive amounts of dirt or other materials may affect the performance of the unit.

10-19. Dig a hole at least 24 inches deep and approximately 24 inches in diameter. If the dirt is soft and easy

to dig, the anchor should be buried a few inches deeper. Stack the dirt up fairly close to the hole, as it will be

reused when burying the anchors.

10-20. The anchor cable has a crimped ring at 24 inches for proper depth. The hole is deep enough when the

crimped ring of the anchor cable is even with or slightly below the surface level of the ground when the anchor

cable is held vertically.

10-21. Loosen screw pin in screw pin shackle and temporarily remove anchor cable from brake-box eyebolt.

Then finger-tighten the screw pin. Place anchor plate flat in bottom of the hole and tap down.

10-22. Cover the anchor plate with approximately 1/3 of the dirt previously removed. Tap the dirt down while

holding anchoring cable vertically. Fill the hole 2/3 full and tap down. Reconnect anchor cable to brake-box

eyebolt using provided screw pin shackle. If the cable is not reconnected now, there is a risk that the cable will

not reach the brake box.

10-23. Fill in the rest of the hole with dirt and tap down. The cable should be partly covered with dirt. When

water is available, wet down backfill to settle the dirt. If a vehicle is available, run vehicle over the hole to tap

down further.

10-24. Repeat these steps for second anchor on the hinge side of the bump assembly and for the two (2)

anchors on the other side of the bump assembly. Figure 10-4 illustrates the anchor installation procedures.

ANCHOR INSTALLATION

(NORMAL SOIL)

Stretch anchor away from box at a 30° (approx) angle from roadway.

BRAKE

BOX

EYEBOLT

SCREW PIN

ROADWAY

SHACKLE

CRIMPED RING

30º

NOT TO

SCALE

ANCHOR PLATE

• Find, then mark on soil, the midway

point between crimped ring (circled) on

anchor cable and anchor plate eye, (X)

this is the location to start hole.

Figure 10-4. Anchor Installation

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10-5

Military reference books and manuals (2009-2023, Volume 7) - page 35