Military reference books and manuals (2009-2023, Volume 7)

Nonlethal Capabilities Set and Employment Considerations

12-GAUGE BUTTSTOCK CUFF

5-34. The 12-gauge buttstock cuff (see Figure 5-31) firmly attaches to the

shotgun by sliding over the stock. Elastic straps aid in preventing the

buttstock cuff from sliding or rolling. It holds up to seven 12-gauge cartridges,

which give the soldier quick access to additional rounds.

Figure 5-31. 12-Gauge Buttstock Cuff

DIVERSIONARY AND/OR RUBBER BALL GRENADE POUCHES

5-35. The diversionary and/or rubber ball grenade pouch (see Figure 5-32) is

an ammunition-carrying pouch made of durable canvas material. It is

partitioned in a manner to provide the soldier with a means of holding up to

six rubber ball grenades or six flash-bang grenades in separate compartments.

Figure 5-32. Diversionary and/or Rubber Ball Grenade Pouch

CALTROPS

5-36. The caltrop (see Figure 5-33, page 5-18) is a field-expedient area denial

system. Securing approximately 50 caltrops to 550-type military cord allows a

soldier to quickly toss and recover the system. Caltrops are used to deny

vehicle and pedestrian movement in designated areas. The four prongs are

approximately 2 inches tall and will puncture tires or boots. A soldier can

easily employ the caltrop by scattering it in a designated area hidden by

camouflage.

18 April 2005

FM 3-19.15

5-17

Nonlethal Capabilities Set and Employment Considerations

Figure 5-33. Caltrop

PORTABLE VEHICLE ARREST BARRIER

5-37. A portable vehicle arrest barrier (PVAB) (see Figure 5-34) is a

lightweight, portable, manually-emplaced and recoverable-barrier

entrapment device that is used (on command) to create a barrier that will stop

vehicles being driven by known or suspected hostile forces with minimal

damage to the vehicle and its occupants. Two individuals can easily emplace it

in approximately 4 to 8 hours. It has the capability of stopping a light truck

(up to 7,500 pounds) at speeds of up to 45 miles per hour with a stopping

distance of less than 200 feet. It is not to be used as a stand-alone system. The

PVAB may be used at dismount points, checkpoints, and roadblocks to

prevent unauthorized access by wheeled vehicles into or out of areas.

Figure 5-34. PVAB

TRAINING DEVICES

5-38. Training devices that commanders can use to effectively prepare their

soldiers are included in the NLCS. Training devices allow soldiers to learn

and build confidence in the development of personal defensive skills. These

are critical pieces of equipment because they allow soldiers to train at almost

full speed, which provides reinforcement of realistic motor skills. Training in

this manner has proven to be more effective than just striking out at the air.

5-18

FM 3-19.15

18 April 2005

Nonlethal Capabilities Set and Employment Considerations

IMPACT TRAINING SUIT

5-39. Impact training suits (see Figure 5-35) are made of closed-cell shock-

absorbent foam that allows soldiers to hone their riot baton skills through

realistic hand-to-hand training. Impact training suits absorb strikes inflicted

by the current expandable and wooden riot batons. They provide protection for

the head, face, hands, and legs without significant degradation of the wearer’s

mobility.

Figure 5-35. Impact Training Suits

TRAINING STRIKE BAGS

5-40. Training strike bags (see Figure 5-36) give the soldier a durable, yet

absorbing surface to strike or kick for training. It also helps develops

proficiency in open-hand control and riot baton techniques.

Figure 5-36. Training Strike Bag

18 April 2005

FM 3-19.15

5-19

Nonlethal Capabilities Set and Employment Considerations

PRACTICE GRENADE BODY (GG05)

5-41. The GG05 is blue in color and is easily identified as a practice grenade

(see Figure 5-37). It is designed to replicate the live GG04 rubber ball grenade.

It is made of durable rubber and can be hand-thrown or muzzle-launched from

the 12-gauge shotgun. It can be reloaded.

Figure 5-37. GG05

PRACTICE GRENADE FUSE

5-42. The practice grenade fuse (see Figure 5-38) is identified by its blue

spoon and brown stripe. It easily screws into the body of the GG05. Once used,

unscrew the practice grenade fuse from the body and reload it with a new

fuse.

Safety pin

Pull ring

Fuse thread

Safety lever

Figure 5-38. Practice Grenade Fuse

CORE CAPABILITIES

5-43. Core capabilities are those fundamental competencies that enable the

commander to achieve the desired operational outcome. In the case of NLW,

this includes providing a flexible means of response in order to protect friendly

forces and/or influence the actions of potential adversaries and

noncombatants. With the availability of the NLCS (see Figure 5-39) these

goals can be achieved without resorting to lethal force and in a manner that

will minimize collateral damage. The core capabilities associated with NL

effects fall into the following two major categories:

5-20

FM 3-19.15

18 April 2005

Nonlethal Capabilities Set and Employment Considerations

NOTE: There are nine platoon equivalents within a light infantry battalion.

PLT Organization

Personnel and Weapons

Nonlethal Weapons & Equipment

3 riot face shields

3 sets of shin guards

3 sets of full-body restraints

3 individual voice amplification systems

3 individual RCA dispensers with carriers

1 portable bullhorn

7 personnel

1 ground-mounted bullhorn

(5 M16/M4 and 2 M60/

1 high-intensity searchlight

M240)

1 set of caltrops

3 ballistic riot face shields

PLT

3 sets of ballistic shin guards

3 ballistic riot body shields

1 riot baton training suit

1 riot baton strike pad

3 riot face shields

3 sets of shin guards

3 riot body shields

3 expandable riot batons with carriers

3 personnel

9 sets of cinch-strap restraints

(3 M16/M4)

3 individual voice amplification systems

SQD

3 individual RCA dispensers with carriers

3 individual high-intensity search lights

with carriers (see Figure 5-26)

24 riot face shields

24 sets of shin guards

TM TM

100 sets of disposable flex-cuffs

24 individual voice amplification systems

24 personnel

24 individual RCA dispensers with carriers

(12 M16/M4 and 6 M16/

6 expandable riot batons with carriers

M4 with M203 6 SAW)

11 grenade pouches

12 forty-millimeter grenade pouches

6 twelve-gauge ammunition pouches

6 twelve-gauge bitstock ammunition

carriers

Figure 5-39. NLCS Distribution

Counterpersonnel. NL counterpersonnel capabilities enable the

application of military force with a reduced risk of fatalities or serious

casualties among noncombatants or, in some instances, among enemy

forces. There are several specific NL counterpersonnel capabilities to

be explored. These include the means to influence the behavior and

activities of a potentially hostile crowd, and the capability to bring a

mob engaged in a riot under control. While there are many similarities

in these two scenarios, each involves unique challenges, which may

require radically different solutions. For more information, see

FM 3-22.40.

Countermaterial. NL countermateriel capabilities enhance

operations by rendering equipment and facilities unusable without

complete destruction. An NL countermateriel capabilities enable the

18 April 2005

FM 3-19.15

5-21

Nonlethal Capabilities Set and Employment Considerations

application of military force to defuse potentially volatile situations

under circumstances in which more destructive conventional military

means might prove counterproductive. For example, pre-emptive

strikes against troublesome and aggressive nations may be politically

unacceptable when only conventional weapons with the high risk of

casualties are involved. With NL countermateriel capabilities, the

enemy’s ability to threaten its neighbors could be curtailed with less

political risk by attacking only their weapons of war and their

supporting infrastructure. For more information, see FM 3-22.40.

ADDITIONAL CAPABILITIES

5-44. NLW are only NL when fired within their parameters.

DANGER

If NLW are fired outside their parameters, they may cause

serious injury or death.

5-45. If a situation turns from NL to lethal, an NL gunner only needs to

change his point of aim and distance to inflict serious bodily harm and/or

death to the threat. The closer the soldier is to the target, the greater the

kinetic energy and the more severe the effects are to the threat.

EMPLOYMENT CONSIDERATIONS

5-46. NL munitions and equipment are not completely NL; they are NL by

intent. The term NL does not guarantee zero mortality or nonpermanent

damage. NLW can add flexibility to combat operations and enhance force

protection by providing an environment in which friendly troops can engage

threatening targets with a reduced risk of noncombatant casualties and

collateral damage.

5-47. If the tactical situation dictates a NL response, a soldier who levels a

weapon loaded with NL munitions must be trained in distance to the target

and appropriate points of aim. Based on the soldier’s understanding and

training on the characteristics and capabilities of the round, they can easily

discern and engage targets to the desired effect. If the tactical situation

dictates a lethal response, soldiers can easily adjust the point of aim to a more

vulnerable target location on the body and move in closer to the target. NL

munitions can be used as a lethal response if the situation dictates and the

intent of the soldier is to inflict death.

NONLETHAL WEAPONS CAPABILITIES IN FORMATIONS

5-48. The mix of NLW within the formation is based on METT-TC. For

example, the first rank of the formation will have riot shields, riot batons, and

their personal weapon (slung across their back [left to right] with the butt up

and muzzle down or holstered). The second row will have a mix of shotguns

and M203s. Shotguns and M203s may be used as area denial or point target

5-22

FM 3-19.15

18 April 2005

Chapter 6

Civil Disturbance Formations

Control force formations, when properly employed and executed against a

crowd, are some of the most practical methods of crowd control. The riot

baton has been the weapon of choice for the control force. With the

development of NLW, the commander now has more options at his

disposal. Before NLW, the only other choices were chemical irritants,

MWDs, and lethal force. Now commanders can create a standoff distance

with NLW that reduces the risk of close fighting with the mob. During any

crowd control operation, the commander must protect the control force

with lethal overwatch. This overwatch may be in the form of marksmen

and observer teams (sniper with observer) and a response force with lethal

capabilities.

OVERVIEW

6-1. With advances in NLW, it is possible to create an effective standoff

distance of 15 to 100 meters between the crowd and the control force

formation. It is now possible to advance and disperse the crowd without

coming into direct contact with it. Some NLW may also be used to assist in the

identification and apprehension of instigators.

6-2. Control force formations are used to disperse, contain, and/or block a

crowd. These formations are more effective in urban areas than in open areas,

such as parks or fields. When control force operations are employed in urban

areas, it is easier to split a crowd into smaller segments, isolate instigators, or

funnel the crowd into the desired location by using buildings and other man-

made structures. Commanders must be mindful of the fact that well-

organized crowds may attempt to move to the flanks of a formation and/or get

behind the formation to gain a tactical advantage.

6-3. Commanders must be aware of the limitations of control force

formations. They are not the answer to all civil disturbance situations. Do not

expose the formation to sniper fire and/or unnecessary violence simply for a

show of force. Control force formations should be used when it is decided that

a crowd poses a threat and must be dispersed or moved to a specified area.

Before dividing a large crowd, the commander must consider that this might

not solve the problem. It may worsen the problem by creating smaller

elements that may engage the control force in small-mob tactics, such as

sniping, looting, burning, and attempting to envelop the control force.

Commanders must anticipate that breakaway crowds may engage in small-

mob tactics. These tactics can be defeated by area control measures, such as

building searches, saturation patrolling, and other tactics. After dispersing

the crowd, the control force must not assume that there will be an immediate

18 April 2005

FM 3-19.15

6-1

Civil Disturbance Formations

return to peaceful activities. The use of formations is only part of the total

dispersal effort.

6-4. Commanders must assess and secure the areas of operations (AOs). This

may be accomplished with the use of helicopter overflights and by visually

securing rooftops, high elevations, and advantage points. Designated

marksmen teams may be used to secure the rooftops and provide lethal

overwatch for the control formation. The control force commander must be

aware that designated marksmen teams are positioned on rooftops.

6-5. Crowd control formations and their support teams have more capabilities

than just crowd dispersal. They also have the capability to apprehend and

detain certain members of the crowd that the commander feels may instigate

the crowd to further violence. Commanders must analyze the threat,

determine the mission of the control force, and decide which control force

formations will accomplish the mission according to METT-TC.

6-6. During CONUS operations, there are usually no enemy forces. However,

commanders must analyze and prepare for any potential opposition. The

formations discussed in this chapter are guidelines and may be adapted to fit

any mission or situation. Whatever the modification, soldiers must stay in

position and on line. Only through training and rehearsals will soldiers

become proficient in basic formation movements and be able to adjust to

changing situations. Soldiers must also be prepared to employ NLW.

Figure 6-1 is used as a key to identify soldiers within crowd control

formations.

Team leader

Platoon leader

Radio operator

PSG

Baseman

Squad leader

A team member

B team member

Vehicle

C team member

Figure 6-1. Symbols for a Formation Element

ACTIONS BEFORE MOVEMENT

6-7. Before moving the control force to the civil disturbance area and into a

potentially hostile urban environment, the commander and his staff must

review the preincident plans and expand them (as needed) based on current

information. Because of the employment of forces against ambiguous threats,

6-2

FM 3-19.15

18 April 2005

Civil Disturbance Formations

IPB becomes critical. Information is the key to developing an appropriate

response to civil disturbances.

6-8. Civil disturbance training must be part of the annual unit training plan.

If a soldier is deployed to an area where civil disturbances are a recurring

event, sustainment training must occur more frequently. Before moving the

control force to the rally point, an intense rehearsal must be conducted by the

leadership and the control force. A top-down review of the rules of engagement

(ROE/rules for the use of force (RUF) must be accomplished. The ROE/RUF

must be part of the unit training plan and each soldier must be trained to

standard (see Chapter 8). The use of NLW (type specific) must be granted to

the on-site commander from the approval authority.

6-9. Information is the key to developing plans for appropriate responses to a

civil disturbance, and IPB is crucial to the success of the mission. During the

planning phase (see Chapter 2), the information provided by the IPB will aid

the staff in selecting various routes and rally points. The selection of ingress

and egress routes must include a variety of ways in and out of the area. Direct

and indirect routes and those with cover and concealment are necessary. The

rally point must be cleared and secured by an advanced party capable of

controlling the area.

RALLY POINT ACTIONS

6-10. Once at the rally point, the commander makes contact with the local

police, civil authorities, or military officer. He then assesses the situation,

decides the next COA, and issues orders, as appropriate. The platoon sergeant

(PSG) forms the platoon into a column formation and places team leaders

directly in front of their teams (see Figure 6-2, page 6-4). Team and squad

leaders make last minute checks of their soldiers and await orders.

6-11. The commander places his lethal overwatch (designated marksmen

[DM] teams) in areas that overlook the control force and the mob. They may

be to the flanks and slightly to the front of the formation. It is their

responsibility to protect the formation from lethal fire by constantly scanning

the crowd.

6-12. When the commander receives word that DM teams are in place, he

forms the control force into a crowd control formation and moves them quickly

from the rally point to where the crowd is assembled. Depending on the

situation, movement should be in a column formation or one of the three basic

control force formations. Reserve forces are left at the rally point until ordered

forward as additional lethal overwatch or to reinforce the formation.

CONTROL FORCE FORMATIONS

6-13. Control force formations, when properly employed and executed against

a crowd of limited size, are one of the most practical methods of crowd control.

Experience has indicated that the most frequently used control force

18 April 2005

FM 3-19.15

6-3

Civil Disturbance Formations

Figure 6-2. Column Formation

formations are the line, echelon, and wedge. The two lesser-used formations

are the diamond and circle. Descriptions of all the formations are as follows:

Line formation. The line is the basic formation and it is used more

often because of its offensive and defensive applications. As an

offensive formation, the line is used to push or drive crowds straight

back, across an open area, or up a city street. As a defensive

formation, the line is used to hold the crowd or to deny access to areas.

Echelon formation. The echelon is an offensive formation used to

turn or divert groups in open or built-up areas and to move crowds

away from buildings, fences, and walls.

Wedge formation. The wedge is an offensive formation that is used

to penetrate and split crowds into smaller groups.

Diamond formation. The diamond, when used as an offensive

formation, is used to enter a crowd and is the formation of choice for

extraction teams. As a defensive formation, the diamond is used when

all-around security is required in open areas. The decision to use this

formation is based on the conformation of the crowd.

Circular formation. The circular formation is used for the same

purpose as the diamond formation. The decision to use this formation

is based on the conformation of the crowd.

6-14. There are many suitable variations of control force formations that may

be employed, but appropriate commands and signals must be created to

execute the formations. Because of their somewhat complicated nature and

6-4

FM 3-19.15

18 April 2005

Civil Disturbance Formations

the coordination required for these formations, new variations must be

trained, practiced, and rehearsed before they are used in a civil disturbance.

VEHICLES AND FORMATIONS

6-15. Vehicles may be employed with troops in control force formations,

especially when a large riotous crowd is on hand. Although vehicles add

strength to formations, certain precautions must be taken. Covering the

windshield with sturdy, close mesh fencing and the standard safety glass will

offer some level of protection to the occupants. Shields and/or mobile barriers

may be built by mounting a wooden or metal frame strung with barbed wire

across the front of a vehicle. Members of the formation should walk as near to

the front corners of each vehicle as possible to keep rioters from attacking the

sides and rear of the vehicles.

6-16. Up-armored HMMWVs, ASVs, or armored vehicles may be employed

with the control force formation when determined by METT-TC. They present

a strong psychological effect and offer protection for the occupants. Wheeled

armored vehicles are best because they do not deface the pavement. Whenever

vehicles are used in a crowd control formation, the commander must ensure

that he is still able to see and control the formation. This may require him to

occupy a position in a similar vehicle behind the formation or command

subordinate leaders to move away from the front line and into line-of-sight

(LOS) control. This will require additional hand-and-arm signals to allow the

commander and subordinate leaders to communicate. Commanders can

effectively use vehicles as primary communication tools by using horns and

lights as signals to organize movement or actions. However vehicles are used,

it takes a good measure of training and practice to be effective.

ELEMENTS OF A CONTROL FORCE FORMATION

6-17. Four elements make up the basic crowd control formation. They are as

follows:

Base element. The base element is made up of two ranks. The first

rank is shield holders, while the second rank contains the NLW. This

is the front line of the formation.

Support element. The support element forms up in a column

formation behind the base element and has a variety of uses. It may

be used to replace base element members as needed, provide lateral or

direct support, or perform extraction team operations. The support

element helps the base element by performing the following three

essential tasks:

General support. The general-support element is formed from

an uncommitted squad in the platoon (generally the 2d squad).

When a company is tasked as the control force element, one of the

platoons becomes the general-support element. The element is in a

column formation centered on and behind the main formation.

From this formation, the general-support element can move to

lateral or direct support, as needed.

Lateral support. The lateral-support element is used to protect

the flanks of the formation. This is done by moving a set number

of teams forward from the general-support element or by using the

18 April 2005

FM 3-19.15

6-5

Civil Disturbance Formations

end teams in the formation; however, this will make your

formation smaller. Once in position, these teams become part of

the formation, with their riot shields facing the flanks of the

formation.

Direct support. When direct support is ordered, the

general-support element moves forward as they form their own

formation. While moving forward, the squad and team leaders

from the control force formation step back and allow the riot shield

holders from the support element to step behind riot shield

holders of the original formation. This allows the support riot

shield holders to form up between and behind the riot shield

holders of the original formation. Now there are two lines of riot

shield holders between the crowd and NLW firers. This formation

is the strongest of the formations and requires more planning and

practice to master.

Command element. The command element contains several

different members. A general configuration for the command element

is the platoon leader, the PSG, a radio operator, a video recorder

operator (if required), and an interpreter (if required). This element

does not have a fixed location within the formation and moves about

as needed.

Lethal overwatch element. The lethal overwatch element is a team

formed from reserve security forces.

6-18. The reserve support element is not part of the control force formation

until it is brought forward from the rally point to join the formation. It

remains until released by the formation commander. Lethal overwatch teams

are formed from the reserve force. Once lethal overwatch teams are deployed

and in position, they are under the control of the formation commander.

Communication between the lethal overwatch team and the formation

commander is a priority because he approves target selection and

engagement.

WEAPON POSITIONS

6-19. At the commander’s discretion, members of the control force formation

may carry their weapons in any of the positions prescribed in FM 3-21.5.

However, the primary method of carrying weapons in the control force

formation is at the safe-port position (see Figure 6-3). It allows the soldier to

control both ends of the weapon while moving in and out of the formation and

advancing on the crowd.

6-20. High-port position (see Figure 6-3) is a position of complete readiness. It

is used whenever troops are in contact with a crowd that is showing resistance

or not withdrawing. This is a tiring position and is hard to maintain for

extended periods. Commanders must rest their troops at every opportunity by

using less tiring positions.

6-6

FM 3-19.15

18 April 2005

Civil Disturbance Formations

Safe-port arms

High-port arms

Figure 6-3. Weapons Positions

COMMANDS

6-21. Commands are given to the control force formation orally or with

hand-and-arm signals. Oral commands for the on-guard position are given in

one count. All other commands are given in two counts, a preparatory

command followed by a command of execution. However, oral commands

cannot be relied on completely, so commanders must plan to use hand-and-

arm signals too. When vehicles are part of the formation, radios become an

alternate method for relaying commands. To improve communication,

commanders may use hand-and-arm signals (see Figure 6-4, page 6-8) with

oral commands. The basic commands used in control force formations are

outlined in Table 6-1, page 6-9. These commands can be added to or combined

to form more complex commands, therefore forming more complex formations.

MOVEMENTS

6-22. Control force formations move in the same manner as regular

formations. This allows the commander to more precisely maneuver the

formation by commanding the number of steps it should move and in what

direction, such as “Five Steps, Forward March.” The normal rate of march for

entering and leaving a control force formation is double-timing. The half-step

march is used when the formation is in direct contact with the crowd. This

slows the formation down and allows for better command and control. The

squad and team leaders echo preparatory commands and provide cadence

while in control force formations.

INTERVAL AND DISTANCE

6-23. Interval is the lateral space between elements. Distance is the space

between elements in a column. The usual interval and distance between

soldiers in control force formations is 30 inches. The interval and distance can

be adjusted based on METT-TC. If the crowd has to be physically pushed back,

a close interval is preferred. This allows the riot shields to be overlapped,

creating a stronger wall. During peaceful demonstrations, the interval could

18 April 2005

FM 3-19.15

6-7

Civil Disturbance Formations

increase to double arm width, allowing the formation to cover more area and

still control the crowd. The interval and distance could change several times

during the course of operations before the crowd is dispersed.

Line

Raise both arms from the sides until

they are horizontal. The arms and

Echelon (Right or Left)

hands should be extended with the

palms down.

Extend one arm 45° above the

horizontal and the other 45° below

the horizontal. The arms and

hands should be extended. The

upper arm shows the direction of

the echelon when the commander

faces the troops.

Wedge

Extend both arms downward and to the

sides at a 45 ° angle. The arms and hands

should be extended with the palms down

and in.

Circular

Give the diamond signal. Then

give a circular motion with the right

hand.

Diamond

Extend both arms above the head.

Bend the elbows slightly, and

touch the fingertips together.

Figure 6-4. Hand-and-Arm Signals

6-8

FM 3-19.15

18 April 2005

Civil Disturbance Formations

Table 6-1. Basic Commands

Commands

Command

Given by

Purpose

for

Platoon On Line

Platoon leader and/or commander

To form a line formation.

Platoon Wedge

Platoon leader and/or commander

To form a wedge formation.

Platoon Echelon

Platoon leader and/or commander

To form an echelon formation.

Platoon Diamond

Platoon leader and/or commander

To form a diamond formation.

Platoon Circle

Platoon leader and/or commander

To form a circular formation.

Formations

Move

Platoon leader and/or commander

As a command of execution.

NOTE: The platoon leader and/

or commander also identifies

the location for the formation

by pointing his arm to the

desired location for the

formation.

General Support

Platoon leader and/or commander

To place a specified unit in the

rear of the base element.

Lateral Support

Platoon leader and/or commander

To place support elements on the

left or right flank of the base

element.

Direct Support

Platoon leader and/or commander

To move support elements

Support

forward to strengthen the base

element.

Open

Extraction team leader

To open a space in the formation.

Extraction team leader

To inform the extraction team to

start moving back to the main

formation.

Weapon System

Platoon leader and/or commander

To ready NL gunners to fire

Gunners, Number

weapons; for example, M203

of Rounds, Type

gunners, three rounds, area

of Round, and

target, prepare to fire.

Prepare to Fire

Fire

Shield Down

NL gunners

To tell riot shield holders to get

down on one knee and lower the

riot shield to the ground.

Shield Up

NL gunners

To tell riot shield holders to stand

and raise the riot shield.

Port Arms

Platoon leader and/or commander

To use when not in contact with

the crowd.

High Port

Platoon leader and/or commander

To tell NL gunners what position

to hold their weapons in while the

Weapons

formation is in physical contact

with the crowd. This allows for

rapid targeting and firing of NL

munitions.

18 April 2005

FM 3-19.15

6-9

Civil Disturbance Formations

EXTRACTION TEAM OPERATIONS

6-24. The extraction team is a squad (see Figure 6-5) that is generally formed

from the support element, but could also be formed from reserve security

forces. Once the team is formed, it is OPCON to the formation commander

until the team’s mission is complete and it returns to the rear of the

formation. This team provides the riot control formation with the means to

employ NL and lethal cover forward of the formation. It also provides the

formation with the ability to remove and detain rioters downed by munitions.

Figure 6-5. Extraction Team Formation

The extraction team—

Extracts vehicles or personnel that are in immediate danger from the

crowd.

Detains and escorts downed rioters to the rear of the formation.

Restrains and searches subjects.

Covers confined or congested areas where a full riot control formation

cannot be inserted.

6-25. The extraction team is usually a squad. While the recommended

distance for deploying the extraction team from the control force formation is

no farther than 10 meters, this may change based on METT-TC. The control

formation protects the extraction team and provides immediate support, if

necessary.

6-26. The extraction team may deploy from anywhere within the formation.

When given orders to deploy, the squad leader of the extraction team gives the

formation commands, identifies at least two personnel in the squad to conduct

the search and apprehension of the subject, and leads the squad to the base

line of the formation. He then extends his arm between the two riot shield

holders and commands, “Open,” while tapping the riot shield holders on the

side of the shoulder. The two riot shield holders take one step backward and

one step to the right or left. This clears a path for the extraction team. The

extraction team leader then states the number of personnel leaving the

formation, such as “Ten security personnel leaving.” As the last extraction

team member exits the formation he states, “Last Man.” The two riot shield

holders then return to their original position in the formation. The adjacent

base element squad and/or team leaders pass the number of personnel in the

team through the formation.

6-27. As the extraction team approaches an instigator or incapacitated

demonstrator, the riot shield holders envelop the target and face in the

6-10

FM 3-19.15

18 April 2005

Civil Disturbance Formations

direction of the nearest threat. NL gunners on the left and right cover their

respective areas. The search and apprehension team immediately controls

and restrains the target. To avoid confusion, one team member concentrates

on controlling the subject while another team member applies a restraining

system. When the search and apprehension team has the subject under

control, the extraction squad leader sounds off with, “Up.” Upon hearing the

“Up” command, it is repeated by all extraction team members. Team members

then grab a shoulder of the team member in front of them to backtrack into

the formation. As the extraction team approaches the formation, the nearest

base element leader will extend his arm and command, “Open,” while tapping

the riot shield holders on the side of the shoulder. The riot shield holders move

one step backward and to the right or left to open the formation. As he enters

the formation, the extraction team leader sounds off with the number of

personnel entering the formation, such as “Ten security personnel and one

demonstrator.” The adjacent base element leader counts the number of

personnel as they enter the formation. When the last man enters the

formation, he states, “Last Man.” The riot shield holders then return to their

original places in the formation. The adjacent squad and team leaders in the

base element pass information through formation that the extraction team

has returned.

LETHAL OVERWATCH TEAMS

6-28. During a NL engagement, the use of a DM team provides confidence

and safety to those facing the mob. If a lethal threat is presented, the DM

team in an overwatch position (armed with a standard infantry rifle that is

mounted with a high-powered scope) can scan the crowd, identify agitators

and riot leaders for apprehension, or fire lethal fire if so ordered or warranted.

It is also ideally suited for flank and countersniper operations.

6-29. The DM team sets the security overwatch and provides real-time

intelligence and reporting that is vital to mission success. It provides coverage

during the entire approach to the crowd, and its ability to select positions and

provide cover fire (if and when warranted) is critical to the safety of the

control force. Successful execution requires training, practice, and rehearsal

with the control force formation.

6-30. The DM team is organized from a standard three- or four-man team.

Each individual on the team is equipped with a standard-issue weapon. One

individual has an infantry rifle with a scope, another has a set of binoculars,

and two other individuals provide security for the team. Each team is

equipped with a radio for communication with the HQ element of the control

force formation.

6-31. The teams must have a visual advantage over the crowd to provide

lethal protection to the formation. This is best accomplished by placing them

on nearby rooftops, in the upper floors of buildings, and on hilltops. They must

have the optical equipment to identify mob leaders, instigators, and/or

individuals with weapons. Team integrity must be maintained. In

organizations with three-man teams, one individual becomes the marksman,

another the observer, and another the security. When teams have a 4th

18 April 2005

FM 3-19.15

6-11

Civil Disturbance Formations

member, that individual becomes the video camera operator. This will help

identify individuals for later apprehension and provides a record of events.

6-32. Two teams should be deployed to cover the flanks of the formation. Each

team should be deployed to a position that is in front of the formation and in

an overwatch position. As the formation moves forward, the teams leapfrog

forward from the formation.

6-33. The reserve forces, located at the rally point, can provide another lethal

force of some size that can be brought forward, as needed. Each soldier in the

control force formation should have a sidearm (9-millimeter pistol) or an M16

or M4 rifle. The rifle is slung diagonally across his back with the rifle butt

over his left shoulder and the muzzle below his right hip. Lethal munitions

are in a separate ammunition pouch that is isolated from NL munitions. This

is to prevent the mixing of NL and lethal ammunition.

6-34. Once the lethal overwatch teams are deployed, they are under the

OPCON of the formation commander. The lethal overwatch element must

have direct and secure communications with the formation commander. The

number of teams deployed is based on METT-TC. Teams will leapfrog to keep

ahead of the advancing control force formation with one team in the

overwatch position at all times.

RESERVE FORCES

6-35. A large reserve of soldiers should be maintained during civil

disturbance operations. Knowing that a large reserve force is available

provides confidence and safety within the control force and helps prevent

them from overreacting to provocative acts with disorderly and criminal

elements in the crowd. When determining the number of reserve forces

required, it should be resolved in favor of a large number. Lethal overwatch

teams, forces to augment the control force, and apprehension teams come from

the reserve forces.

6-36. Apprehension teams are a must when it is likely that a large number of

people will be apprehended. These teams provide an organized response to

what could be a chaotic situation. The teams can be organized at the team or

squad level, depending on the number of apprehensions expected. These

teams usually operate behind the base element. During peaceful

demonstrations, these teams can be sent forward to remove demonstrators

who refuse to disperse.

6-37. Each team consists of an apprehension, movement, and security

element (added if the control force cannot provide security); a recorder; and a

video or still photographer. The apprehension element is an officer or NCO

and a civilian police officer (CONUS or OCONUS) or US marshal. It decides

who will be apprehended, informs the subject of the reasons, supervises the

handling of the subject, and ensures that the apprehension is properly

conducted and documented. The apprehension team is responsible for the

overall apprehension process, limiting the number of individuals appearing in

court to document the apprehension. The movement element helps the

apprehension element handle the subject. They move, restrain, and search the

individuals being apprehended under the supervision of the apprehension

6-12

FM 3-19.15

18 April 2005

Civil Disturbance Formations

element. The security element prevents the crowd from interfering with the

mission. The recorder documents the apprehension on DD Form 2708. When

possible, the video and/or still photographer recorder photographs each

subject with the apprehension element. This provides the apprehension

element with the necessary documentation for use in court. One individual

may need to conduct many of the duties of an apprehension team based on

METT-TC.

6-38. The video and/or still photographer record the situation before, during,

and after the apprehensions. These images may also be used as pictorial

documentation for use in court. It is possible that the presence of video and

still cameras actively recording the situation can cause crowd members to be

less prone to unruly or criminal acts.

6-39. The behavior of the selected individual to be apprehended is observed to

decide if the subject is violent, cooperative, or passive. Unless there is good

reason to believe otherwise, the subject must be considered dangerous. The

mood of the crowd is observed to estimate what it might do. Is it only curious

onlookers or does it support the individual targeted for apprehension? Will it

interfere?

6-40. When apprehending an individual, the actions must be kept as simple

as the situation allows. The element of surprise can give the apprehension

team an advantage over the apprehended individual. It is best not to use

surprise if the individual might panic and injure someone. Select an area for

the apprehension that is to the advantage of the team and not the individual.

Avoid apprehensions in crowded areas as these areas provide many avenues

of escape and contain supporters of the apprehended individual.

6-41. All verbal commands given to the apprehended individual must

convincing authority with short, clear, and distinct commands. Voice,

attitude, and deportment must convey an expectation that the apprehended

individual will comply.

6-42. The individual should be searched immediately; however,

circumstances (violence or sympathizers for the individual being

apprehended) may dictate temporarily postponing the search until the

individual can be moved to a safer area. Flex-Cufs or hand irons may be

applied.

SQUAD FORMATIONS

6-43. Civil disturbance training is a collective task. Using team and squad

concepts, team leaders instruct their teams and squad leaders instruct their

squads. Safety is key when using force on force training for the control force

formation. Soldiers must understand that serious injuries may occur if they do

not follow guidelines set by the commander.

6-44. The smallest formation is a squad formation, which is used in back of

the main formation to cover side streets. Squad members must know their

positions regardless of which control force formation they are in, squad to

company.

18 April 2005

FM 3-19.15

6-13

Civil Disturbance Formations

6-45. Training must enforce soldiers’ understanding of the need to stay

informed for individual protection. Individual soldiers are much more

vulnerable to attack when they break ranks and chase after crowd members.

When an individual soldier breaks ranks he not only puts himself in danger,

but the entire formation.

6-46. When moving a squad into a crowd control formation from a column

formation, the squad leader takes one or more steps to the right of the squad

and faces it. He gives the command and hand-and-arm signal for the

formation he wants. Then he indicates where he wants the formation located

by pointing in that general direction. The A team leader commands, “Follow

Me.” He places the baseman at the position indicated by the squad leader. The

squad forms on the baseman position.

LINE FORMATION

6-47. The command for forming a squad in a line formation is “Squad Line

Formation, Move.” On the command of execution, the A team leader leads the

baseman to the place indicated by the squad leader. The squad members align

themselves in sequence with the baseman at normal intervals (see

Figure 6-6). Based on the situation, the squad leader may designate a specific

interval. He does this when he gives the preparatory command. If no interval

is specified, the squad automatically forms using the normal interval.

Figure 6-6. Squad Line Formation

ECHELON FORMATION

6-48. The command for having a squad form in an echelon formation is

“Squad Echelon Right (or Left), Move” (see Figure 6-7). On the command of

execution, the A team leader places the baseman at the location indicated by

the squad leader. The squad members align themselves in sequence with the

baseman, one pace to the side and one pace to the rear.

WEDGE FORMATION

6-49. The command for moving a squad formation into a wedge formation is

“Squad Wedge, Move.” On the command of execution, the A team leader

moves the baseman to the place indicated by the squad leader. The A team

lines up to the left of the baseman, one pace to the left and one pace to the rear

of each preceding man. B team members align themselves with the baseman,

one pace to the right and one pace to the rear of each preceding man. C team

members align themselves in the same way to the left of the baseman (see

Figure 6-8).

6-14

FM 3-19.15

18 April 2005

Civil Disturbance Formations

Figure 6-7. Squad Echelons Left and Right Formations

Figure 6-8. Squad Wedge Formation

ASSEMBLY

6-50. When assembling a squad from the line formation, the squad leader

takes a position a sufficient distance to the rear of the squad and commands,

“Squad Assemble.” At the same time, he raises his right hand in the air and

makes a circular motion. Squad members, who hear the command,

automatically come to the port arms position. The A team leader and the

baseman do an about-face movement.

6-51. The other squad members face toward the baseman. On the command of

execution “Move,” the squad leader points to the place where he wants the

squad to assemble. The A team leader double-times to the designated spot,

and the other members of the squad follow him. Team leaders fall into the file

in their designated positions as they move to the AA. To assemble from a

squad echelon formation, the steps are the same as a line formation.

6-52. To assemble from a squad wedge formation, the squad leader takes the

same steps as for the line and echelon formations. B team members do a half

left face, and the A team and C team members do a half right face. The C team

pauses at the baseman position and allows the B team to clear the formation

before moving to the AA.

DIAMOND AND CIRCLE FORMATIONS

6-53. The diamond and circle formations are used during extraction team

operations. They are small formations used to penetrate the crowd or cover

small areas. The decision on which formation to use is based on METT-TC and

the ability of the squad to perform.

18 April 2005

FM 3-19.15

6-15

Civil Disturbance Formations

6-54. Commands for forming a squad in a diamond or circle formation is

“Squad Diamond (or Circle), Move.” On the command of execution, the A team

leader moves the baseman to the place indicated by the squad leader. The A

team lines up to the left of the baseman, covering the 8 to 12 o’clock positions.

B team members align themselves to the right of the baseman, covering the 12

to 4 o’clock positions. C team members align themselves covering the 4 to 8

o’clock positions (see Figure 6-9).

Figure 6-9. Squad Diamond or Circle Formation

6-55. To assemble from a squad diamond or circle formation, the squad leader

takes the same steps as he would for a line formation. The A team leads the

squad to the AA followed by the B team and then the C team. Teams fall into a

column formation as they file back to the AA.

THREE-SQUAD PLATOON FORMATIONS

6-56. The platoon HQ consists of the following individuals: the platoon leader,

the PSG, and a messenger or radio operator. When directed by the platoon

leader, other individuals such as the selected marksman, interpreter, RCA

disperser operators, and firefighters may augment the platoon HQ. In forming

all control force formations from the column, the platoon leader moves to the

right of the platoon and faces them when giving his commands. He gives the

hand-and-arm signal and the preparatory command. On the command of

execution “Move,” he points to the approximate location where he wants the

platoon to form. The platoon leader pauses between the preparatory command

and the command of execution to allow each squad leader to issue a

preparatory command to his squad.

Platoon Line Formation

6-57. The command for forming a platoon line is “Platoon on Line, Move.”

Immediately following the platoon leader's preparatory command, the squad

leaders of the 1st and 3d squads give the command, “Follow Me.” The leader of

the 2d squad gives the command, “Stand Fast.” On the platoon leader's

command of execution, the 1st and 3d squads move forward to the point

designated by the platoon leader. The 1st team member of the 1st squad is the

baseman for the platoon formation. The 1st squad forms a squad line to the

left of the baseman while the 3d squad forms a squad line to the right of the

baseman and dresses with the 1st squad. After the 1st and 3d squads have

cleared the platoon, the 2d squad leader gives the command, “Follow Me.” The

2d squad splits and the A and B teams form a line to the right of the 3d squad.

6-16

FM 3-19.15

18 April 2005

Civil Disturbance Formations

The C team (with the squad leader) forms a line to the left of the 1st squad

(see Figure 6-10).

Figure 6-10. Platoon Line Formation

Assembling From a Platoon Line Formation

6-58. When assembling the platoon from the platoon line formation, the

platoon leader and his HQ personnel take a position to the rear of the platoon.

He then gives the command, “Platoon Assemble,” while raising his right arm

and making a circular motion above his head. Platoon members automatically

assume the port arms position. The 1st squad leader and the baseman do an

about face. The 3d squad leader moves to the head of his squad. All other

members do an about-face movement toward the baseman. On the platoon

leader's command of execution, the platoon leader points to where he wants

the platoon to assemble. The 1st squad leader gives the command, “Follow

Me,” and moves his squad toward the AA. The squad moves to make a single

file line to the baseman position followed by the C team of the 2d squad. As

the 1st squad clears the baseman position, the 2d squad leader comes to a halt

at the baseman position. The 3d squad leader gives the command, “Follow

Me,” and leads his squad to the AA followed by the A and B teams of the 2d

squad. The A team leader of the 2d squad comes to a halt at the baseman

position. Once the 3d squad has cleared the baseman position, the 2d squad

leader gives the command, “Follow Me,” and leads his squad to the AA. The 2d

squad reassembles into their original column formation as they move to the

AA. As the 1st squad comes to a halt (facing the crowd) in the AA, the 3d

squad dresses with the 1st squad and leaves space for the 2d squad to return

to its place in the formation. Once the platoon is formed into a column

formation, HQ personnel take their position in the formation. The PSG then

gives the command, “Countercolumn March,” and moves the platoon to the

rally point.

Platoon Line Formation With General Support

6-59. Whenever the command for establishing a crowd control formation

contains the phrase “In Support” (without modification), it means that the

support element is to remain in general support.

6-60. The command for forming a platoon line with the 2d squad in general

support is “Platoon Line, 2d Squads in Support, Move.” The 1st and 3d squads

of the platoon line with general support execute the line, while the 2d squad

18 April 2005

FM 3-19.15

6-17

Civil Disturbance Formations

remains in the column (see Figure 6-11). To assemble a platoon with a squad

in general support, the procedure is the same as the platoon line, except that

the 1st and 3d squads dress with the 2d squad.

Figure 6-11. Platoon Line Formation With General Support

Platoon Line Formation With Lateral Support

6-61. The command for forming a platoon line with one squad in lateral

support is “Platoon Line, 2d Squad in Lateral Support, Move.” The 1st and 3d

squads execute the line as before, and the 2d squad stands fast. After the line

has been formed, the 2d squad leader gives the command, “Follow Me.” The A

and B teams move to the right flank while the squad leader and the C team

move to the left flank of the formation. The 2d squad forms columns behind

the last men on the line formation. If no direction is given, the 2d squad splits

to cover both flanks. A squad may be used to cover one flank by giving the

command, “2d Squad Right (or Left) Lateral Support” (see Figure 6-12).

6-62. The 2d squad may be moved from general to lateral support at any time

by the platoon leader. The platoon leader commands, “2d Squad, Lateral

Support, Move.” To have the 2d squad join the line from either support

position, the platoon leader commands, “2d Squad, Extend the Line, Move.”

The 2d squad leader commands, “Follow Me.” On the command of execution,

the squads set up individual lines, closing and dressing on the existing line. To

assemble the platoon from a platoon line with lateral support, follow the same

steps as for the platoon line.

6-18

FM 3-19.15

18 April 2005

Civil Disturbance Formations

Figure 6-12. Platoon Line Formation With Lateral Support (Right)

Platoon Line Formation With Direct Support

6-63. The command for forming a platoon line with one squad in direct

support is “Platoon Line, 2d Squad in Direct Support, Move.” The 1st and 3d

squads execute a line as before. The 2d squad executes a squad line directly to

the rear and centered on the 1st line. The men in the supporting line cover the

intervals between the men in the 1st line. To do this, the squad and team

leaders of the 1st and 3d squads must take two steps to the rear to allow space

for the 2d squad to move into place. After seeing the squad and team leaders

move back from the line, the 2d squad leader commands, “Follow Me,” and

leads his squad into position (see Figure 6-13).

Figure 6-13. Platoon Line Formation With Direct Support

6-64. To assemble a platoon with direct support, the procedure is the same as

the platoon line, except that the 2d squad moves to the AA first. To assemble

the support squads from any position to general support, the platoon leader

commands, “2d Squad in Support, Move.” The 2d squad then returns to a

column behind the line formed by the other two squads.

18 April 2005

FM 3-19.15

6-19

Civil Disturbance Formations

Platoon Echelon Right and Left Formations

6-65. The command for forming a platoon echelon right is “Platoon Echelon

Right, Move.” After the platoon leader's preparatory command, the squad

leader of the 1st squad commands, “Follow Me.” The squad leaders of the 2d

and 3d squads command, “Stand Fast.” On the command of execution, the 1st

squad moves out and executes an echelon right at the location designated by

the platoon leader. As the 1st squad clears the column, the 3d and 2d squads

extend the echelon. The 2d squad performs support to this formation in the

same ways it supports a line formation.

6-66. The command for forming a platoon echelon left is “Platoon Echelon

Left, Move.” The platoon echelon right is formed in the same manner as the

echelon left (see Figure 6-14). Figures 6-15; 6-16, page 6-22; and 6-17,

page 6-23 show support formations in a left echelon.

Figure 6-14. Platoon Echelon Left Formation

6-67. To assemble the platoon, the commander takes his position to the rear

of the formation with the platoon HQ. On the preparatory command, “Platoon

Assemble,” the 1st squad leader does an about-face movement while all other

6-20

FM 3-19.15

18 April 2005

Civil Disturbance Formations

Figure 6-15. Platoon Echelon Left Formation With 2d Squad in

General Support

members assume the port arms position and face the baseman. On the

command, “Move,” the 1st squad moves first, followed by the 3d and 2d

squads. Each squad dresses with the 1st squad as it reaches the AA. The

assembly of the echelon right formation is the same as the echelon left.

Platoon Wedge Formation

6-68. The command for forming the platoon wedge formation is “Platoon

Wedge, Move.” After the platoon leader's preparatory command, the squad

leaders of the 1st and 3d squads command, “Follow Me.” At the same time, the

2d squad leader commands, “Stand Fast.” On the platoon leader's command of

execution, the 1st and 4th squads move directly to the front. The 1st squad

executes an echelon left on the baseman while the 3d squad executes an

echelon right. When the last man of the 1st and 4th squads clear the 2d squad,

the 2d squad leader commands, “Follow Me,” and moves out to the left and

right. The 2d squad splits and the A and B teams go to the right and the C

18 April 2005

FM 3-19.15

6-21

Civil Disturbance Formations

Figure 6-16. Platoon Echelon Left Formation With 2d Squad in

Lateral Support

team goes to the left to extend the formation (see Figure 6-18). Assembly of

the wedge formation is the same as the platoon line.

Platoon Wedge Formation With General Support

6-69. The command for forming a platoon wedge formation with support is

“Platoon Wedge, 2d Squad in Support, Move.” The 1st and 3d squads execute

the wedge while the 2d squad remains in a column formation (see Figure 6-19,

page 6-24).

Platoon Wedge Formation With Lateral Support

6-70. The command for forming a platoon wedge formation with lateral

support is “Platoon Wedge, 2d Squad in Lateral Support, Move.” The 1st and

3d squads execute the wedge while the 2d squad stands fast. After the 1st and

3d squads have cleared the column, the 2d squad leader commands, “Follow

Me.” If no direction is given, the 2d squad splits to cover both flanks. A squad

6-22

FM 3-19.15

18 April 2005

Civil Disturbance Formations

Figure 6-19. Platoon Wedge Formation With 2d Squad in General Support

commands, “2d Squad, Extend the Wedge, Move.” To extend the wedge, the 2d

squad splits and the teams move to the left and right, respectively.

Platoon Wedge Formation With Direct Support

6-72. The command for forming a platoon wedge formation with the 2d squad

in direct support is “Platoon Wedge, 2d Squad in Direct Support, Move.” The

1st and 3d squads execute a wedge. The 2d squad waits for the squad and/or

team leaders to move to the rear, as in the line formation, before executing a

wedge directly behind and centered on the main formation. The individuals in

the supporting wedge cover the intervals between individuals in the leading

wedge (see Figure 6-22, page 6-26).

Platoon Diamond and Circle Formations

6-73. These formations are used in open areas or where the crowd may be

able to envelop the formation. The diamond and circle formations are

primarily defensive in nature and difficult to maneuver. The decision about

which formation to use is based on the ability of the platoon to perform them.

6-24

FM 3-19.15

18 April 2005

Civil Disturbance Formations

Figure 6-22. Platoon Wedge Formation With 2d Squad in Direct Support

The command for having a platoon form in a diamond or circle formation is

“Platoon Diamond (or Circle), Move.” On the command of execution, the 1st

squad leader moves the baseman to the place indicated by the squad leader.

The baseman becomes the 12 o’clock position while the 1st squad lines up to

the left of the baseman covering the 8 to 12 o’clock positions. The 3d squad

aligns itself to the right of the baseman, covering the 12 to 4 o’clock positions

and the 2d squad aligns itself, covering the 4 to 8 o’clock positions (see Figures

6-23 and 6-24).

6-74. To assemble from a platoon diamond or circle formation, the HQ

element takes the same steps as that of a line formation. The 1st squad leads

the platoon back to the AA followed by the 2d and 3d squads. Squads fall into

a column formation as they file back to the AA.

RELIEF ELEMENTS IN PLACE

6-75. During crowd control operations, the platoon leader may rotate his

squads to give them a rest. He is not limited to using only those squads

specified in the preceding examples as the lead elements of the formations. He

can replace the base elements by commanding direct support to the 1st squad

and then directing the 1st squad into general support. The support element

(the 2d squad) then passes through the 1st squad. Once the 2d squad is

formed directly behind the 1st squad, the 1st squad leader commands, “Right

Face.” The members of the 1st squad do a right-face movement and the 2d

squad steps quickly though the 1st squad and forms the base formation. The

1st squad leader then commands, “Follow Me,” and leads his squad to the

general support position. This procedure is often necessary when protective

masks are used and chemical irritants employed. The 1st squad then replaces

the 3d squad in the same manner. Platoons participating in company

operations are relieved in the same manner.

6-26

FM 3-19.15

18 April 2005

Civil Disturbance Formations

preparatory command and the command of execution to allow each squad

leader to issue a preparatory command to his squad.

Platoon Line Formation

6-77. The command for forming a platoon line formation is “Platoon Line,

Move.” Immediately following the platoon leader's preparatory command, the

squad leaders of the 1st and 4th squads command, “Follow Me.” The squad

leaders of the 2d and 3d squads command, “Stand Fast.” On the platoon

leader's command of execution, the 1st and 4th squads move forward to the

point designated by the platoon leader. The 1st A team member of the 1st

squad is the baseman for the platoon formation. The 1st squad forms a squad

line to the left of the baseman and the 4th squad forms a squad line to the

right of the baseman with all lines dressed to the right. After the 1st and 4th

squads have cleared the platoon, the 2d and 3d squad leaders command,

“Follow Me.” The 2d squad forms a squad line to the left of the 1st squad. The

3d squad forms a squad line to the right of the 4th squad. All squads dress

with the 4th squad (see Figure 6-25).

Platoon Line Formation Assembly

6-78. When assembling from the platoon line formation, the platoon leader

and his HQ personnel take a position to the rear of the platoon. He then gives

the command, “Platoon Assemble,” while raising his right arm and making a

circular motion above his head. Platoon members automatically assume the

port arms position. The 1st squad leader and the baseman do an about-face

movement. All other platoon members do an about-face movement toward the

baseman. On the platoon leader's command of execution, he points to where

he wants the platoon to assemble. He commands, “Follow Me,” and moves his

squad toward the AA. The 1st squad files to the baseman position, followed by

the 2d squad. As the 2d squad clears the baseman position, the 4th squad

leader then commands, “Follow Me,” and leads his squad to the AA, followed

by the 3d squad. As the 1st squad comes to a halt facing the crowd in the AA,

the 2d squad assumes its position to the right of the 1st squad. As the 4th

squad assembles, it dresses on the 1st squad, leaving space for the 3d squad to

return to its place in the formation. Once the platoon is formed into a column

formation, HQ personnel take their position in the formation. The PSG then

commands, “Countercolumn, March,” and moves the platoon to the rally point.

Platoon Line Formation With General Support

6-79. Whenever the command for establishing a crowd control formation

contains the phrase “In Support Without Modification,” it means that the

support element is to remain in general support. The command for forming a

platoon line with two squads in general support is “Platoon Line, 2d and 3d

Squads in Support, Move.” The 1st and 4th squads execute the line, while the

2d and 3d squads remain in the column (see Figure 6-26, page 6-30). To

assemble a platoon with two squads in general support, the procedure is the

same as that of the platoon line, except that the 1st and 4th squads dress on

with the 2d and 3d squads.

6-28

FM 3-19.15

18 April 2005

Civil Disturbance Formations

Figure 6-26. Platoon Line Formation With d and 3d Squads in General

Support

Platoon Line Formation With Lateral Support

6-80. The command for forming a platoon line formation with two squads in

lateral support is “Platoon Line, 2d and 3d Squads in Lateral Support, Move.”

The 4th and 1st squads execute the line as before, and the 2d and 3d squads

stand fast. After the line has been formed, the squad leaders of the 2d and 3d

squads command, “Follow Me.” The 2d squad forms a column behind the last

man of the 1st squad. The 3d squad forms a column behind the last man of the

4th squad (see Figure 6-27).

6-81. Squads may be moved from general support to lateral support at any

time by the platoon leader. He commands, “2d and 3d Squads, Lateral

Support, Move.” To have the 2d and 3d squads join the line from either

support position, the platoon leader commands, “2d and 3d Squads, Extend

the Line, Move.” The 2d and 3d squad leaders command, “Follow Me.” On the

command of execution, the squads set up individual lines, closing and

dressing with the existing line. To assemble the platoon from a platoon line

with lateral support, the procedure is the same as that of the platoon line,

except lateral support squads face forward until they move to the AA.

6-30

FM 3-19.15

18 April 2005

Civil Disturbance Formations

Figure 6-27. Platoon Line Formation With 2d and 3d Squads in Lateral Support

Platoon Line Formation With Direct Support

6-82. The command for forming a platoon line with two squads in direct

support is “Platoon Line, 2d and 3d Squads in Direct Support, Move.” The 1st

and 4th squads execute a line as before. The 2d and 3d squads execute a 2d

line directly to the rear and centered on the 1st line. The members in the

direct support line cover the intervals between members in the baseline. To do

this, the squad and team leaders of the 1st and 4th squads must take two

steps to the rear to allow space for the 2d and 3d squads to move into place.

After seeing the squad and team leaders move back from the line, 2d and 3d

squad leaders command, “Follow Me,” and lead their squads into position (see

Figure 6-28).

Figure 6-28. Platoon Line Formation With 2d and 3d Squads in Direct Support

6-83. To assemble the support squads from any position to general support,

the platoon leader commands, “2d and 3d Squads in Support, Move.” The 2d

and 3d squads then return to a column behind the line formed by the 1st and

4th squads. To assemble the entire platoon, the procedure is the same as that

of a platoon line, except that the 2d squad moves to the AA first, followed by

the 3d, 1st, and 4th squads.

18 April 2005

FM 3-19.15

6-31

Civil Disturbance Formations

Platoon Line Formation With One Support Squad

6-84. The command for forming a platoon line formation with one squad in

support is “Platoon Line, 3d Squad in Support, Move.” The 1st squad moves

out and executes a squad line. The 2d and 4th squads form a line on the side of

the left and rights sides of the 1st squad. The 3d squad remains in column

formation. The support squad may be used in lateral support on one or both

sides of the formation or in direct support of any segment of the formation. To

assemble the platoon, the procedure is the same as that of a platoon line,

except that all squads dress with the 3d squad.

Platoon Echelon Right and Left Formations

6-85. The command for forming a platoon echelon right formation is “Platoon

Echelon Right, Move.” After the platoon leader's preparatory command, the

squad leader of the 1st squad commands, “Follow Me.” The squad leaders of

the 2d, 3d, and 4th squads command, “Stand Fast.” On the command of

execution, the 1st squad moves out and executes an echelon right at the

location designated by the platoon leader. As each squad clears the column,

the next successive squad moves out and extends the echelon that has been

formed. To assemble the platoon, the procedure is the same as that of a

platoon line, except that all squads file back in order.

6-86. The command for forming a platoon echelon left formation is “Platoon

Echelon Left, Move.” The platoon echelon left is formed in the same manner as

the echelon right, but in reverse order (see Figure 6-29). To assemble the

platoon, the procedure is the same as that of an echelon right. See

Figures 6-30, page 6-34; 6-31, page 6-35; and 6-32, page 6-36, for examples of

echelon formations with support.

Platoon Wedge Formation

6-87. The command for forming the platoon wedge formation is “Platoon

Wedge, Move.” After the platoon leader’s preparatory command, the 1st and

4th squad leaders command, “Follow Me.” At the same time, the 2d and 3d

squad leaders command, “Stand Fast.” On the platoon leader’s command of

execution, the 1st and 4th squads move directly to the front. When the last

members of the 1st and 4th squads clear the 2d and 3d squads, the 2d and 3d

squad leaders command, “Follow Me,” and move out to the left and right. The

1st squad executes an echelon left on the baseman and the 4th squad executes

an echelon right. The 2d squad forms an echelon left on the last man of the 1st

squad. The 3d squad forms an echelon right on the last man of the 4th squad.

This completes the wedge formation (see Figure 6-33, page 6-36). To assemble

the platoon, the procedure is the same as that of a platoon line.

Platoon Wedge Formation With General Support

6-88. The command for forming a platoon wedge formation with two squads in

support is “Platoon Wedge, 2d and 3d Squads in Support, Move.” The 1st and

4th squads execute the wedge while the 2d and 3d squads remain in column

formation (see Figure 6-34, page 6-37).

6-32

FM 3-19.15

18 April 2005

Civil Disturbance Formations

Figure 6-29. Platoon Echelon Left Formation With Four Squads

Platoon Wedge Formation With Lateral Support

6-89. The command for forming a platoon wedge formation with lateral

support is “Platoon Wedge, 2d and 3d Squads in Lateral Support, Move.” The

1st and 4th squads execute the wedge while the 2d and 3d squads stand fast.

After the 1st and 4th squads have cleared the column, the 2d and 3d squad

leaders command, “Follow Me,” and move out to the left and right. The 2d

squad forms a column formation behind the last man of the 1st squad. The 3d

squad forms a column formation behind the last man of the 4th squad (see

Figure 6-35, page 6-38).

6-90. To move the 2d and 3d squads from general to lateral support, the

platoon leader commands, “2d and 3d Squads, Lateral Support, Move.” To

have the 2d and 3d squads join the wedge from general or lateral support, the

18 April 2005

FM 3-19.15

6-33

Civil Disturbance Formations

Figure 6-30. Platoon Echelon Left Formation With 2d and

3d Squads in General Support

platoon leader commands, “2d and 3d Squads, Extend the Wedge, Move.” The

2d and 3d squad leaders command, “Follow Me,” and move out to the left and

right to extend the wedge on the 1st and 4th squads.

Platoon Wedge Formation With Direct Support

6-91. The command for forming a platoon wedge with two squads in direct

support is “Platoon Wedge, 2d and 3d Squads in Direct Support, Move.” The

1st and 4th squads execute a wedge. The 2d and 3d squads execute a wedge

and close in on the leading wedge. The members in the supporting wedge

cover the intervals between members in the leading wedge. To do this, the

squad and team leaders of the 1st and 4th squads must take two steps to the

rear to allow space for the 2d and 3d squads to move into place. After seeing

the squad and team leaders move back from the line, the 2d and 3d squad

leaders command, “Follow Me,” and lead their squads into position (See

Figure 6-36, page 6-38). To move the 2d and 3d squads back to general

support, the platoon leader commands, “2d and 3d Squads Support, Move.”

Then the 2d and 3d squads move to their general support positions. To

6-34

FM 3-19.15

18 April 2005

Civil Disturbance Formations

Figure 6-31. Platoon Echelon Left Formation With

2d Squad in Lateral Support

assemble a platoon from a platoon wedge with direct support, the procedure is

the same as that of a platoon wedge, except that the 2d squad assembles first,

followed by the 3d, 1st, and 4th squads.

Platoon Wedge Formation With One Support Squad

6-92. The command for forming a platoon wedge formation with one squad in

support is “Platoon Wedge, 3d Squad in Support, Move.” The 1st squad moves

out and executes a squad wedge. The 2d and 4th squads form echelons left and

right on the 1st squad. The 3d squad remains in the column formation.

Platoon Diamond and Circle Formations

6-93. The platoon diamond and circle formations are used in open areas or

where the crowd may be able to envelop the formation. They are primarily

defensive in nature and hard to maneuver. The decision concerning which

formation to use is based on the ability of the platoon to perform them. The

command for having a platoon form in a diamond or circle formation is

“Platoon Diamond (or Circle), Move.” On the command of execution, the 1st

squad leader moves the baseman to the location indicated by the squad leader.

The baseman becomes the 12 o’clock position. The 1st squad lines up to the

18 April 2005

FM 3-19.15

6-35

Civil Disturbance Formations

Figure 6-34. Platoon Wedge Formation With 2d and 3d Squads in General

Support

left of the baseman covering the 9 to 12 o’clock positions. The 4th squad aligns

themselves to the right of the baseman covering the 12 to 3 o’clock positions.

The 3d squad aligns itself covering the 3 to 6 o’clock positions. The 2d squad

aligns itself covering the 6 to 9 o’clock positions.

6-94. To assemble a platoon from a platoon diamond or circle formation, the

HQ element uses the same procedures as that of a line formation. The 1st

squad leads the platoon back to the AA followed by the 2d, 3d, and 4th squads.

The squads fall into a column formation as they file back to the AA.

COMPANY FORMATIONS

6-95. When a company commander orders his company into control force

formations from a column, he moves to the left near the head of the column so

he can be seen by the platoon leaders. He then faces the company. As he gives

his preparatory command, he points to where he wants the formation. If he

does not indicate a location, the company forms immediately in front of the

lead platoon.

18 April 2005

FM 3-19.15

6-37

Civil Disturbance Formations

Company Line in Depth Formation

6-97. The command for forming a company line in depth formation (see

Figure 6-37) is “Company Line in Depth, Move.” After the company

commander’s preparatory command, each platoon leader gives the command,

“Platoon Line.” The squad leaders follow with their commands to their squads

to form the platoon line. On the command of execution, each platoon

establishes a platoon line immediately to its front.

Figure 6-37. Company Line in Depth Formation

6-98. If the commander wants a more formidable formation, he commands,

“2d Platoon, Direct Support, Move.” The squad and team leaders from the 1st

platoon take two steps backward. The 2d platoon moves forward and covers

the intervals between the members of the lead platoon. The platoon leader of

the 3d platoon then moves his platoon forward to occupy the position formerly

held by the 2d platoon.

6-99. If the 3d platoon is called on to support the company line, it moves

forward and takes up a position directly behind the 2d platoon in the same

manner. Platoon leaders and PSGs help each other in controlling the

company.

Company Line in Mass Formation

6-100. The command for forming a company line in mass formation is

“Company Line in Mass, Move” (see Figure 6-38, page 6-40). The company line

in mass is the same as a company line with both platoons in direct support.

Instead of forming it in stages, the company commander indicates his desire

for this formation in his initial command. The platoons each form a line, and

the 2d and 3d platoons close on the 1st platoon without further command.

18 April 2005

FM 3-19.15

6-39

Civil Disturbance Formations

Figure 6-38. Company Line in Mass Formation

Company Line Formation With Support

6-101. In company formations, the 1st platoon usually forms the lead element

and the 2d and 3d platoons provide support (see Figures 6-39; 6-40; and 6-41).

The support platoons can be employed in the same manner as the support

squads in platoon formations. One platoon can be relieved from the lead

element by another platoon while in formation by having a support platoon

pass through the lead platoon.

Figure 6-39. Company Line in Mass Formation With One Platoon in Depth

Company Echelons and Wedge Formations

6-102. Company echelons (see Figures 6-42, page 6-42; 6-43, page 6-43; 6-44,

page 6-43; and 6-45, page 6-44) and company wedge formations (see Figures

6-46, page 6-45; 6-47, page 6-46; 6-48, page 6-46; and 6-49, page 6-47) are

formed in the same manner and with the same variations as the company line

formation. A company assembles from a crowd control formation in the same

manner as a platoon or a squad does. However, due to the size of company

6-40

FM 3-19.15

18 April 2005

Civil Disturbance Formations

Figure 6-40. Company Line in Mass Formation With One Platoon in Lateral Support

Figure 6-41. Company Line, One Platoon in Lateral Support and

One Platoon in General Support

formations, the commander must consider the area that the company is

operating in when he assembles the company. If he follows the guidelines of

platoon assembly, he will have no difficulty. When assembling the company,

the commander takes a position to the rear of the formation and commands,

“Company Assemble.” The platoon leaders take charge of their respective

platoons. Usually, the 3d platoon assembles first, just behind the formation.

After the 3d platoon is assembled, the 2d platoon assembles in front of the 3d

platoon and the 1st platoon assembles in front of the 2d. All platoons assemble

facing the commander. The 2d and 3d platoons then dress with the 1st

18 April 2005

FM 3-19.15

6-41

Civil Disturbance Formations

platoon. As each platoon is assembled, they are ordered to port arms by the

platoon leader to await further orders from the commander. If four platoons

are used, the 4th platoon assembles first.

Figure 6-42. Company Echelon Right Formation With One Platoon in Lateral

Support and One Platoon in General Support

Company and Platoon Formations With Vehicles

6-103. The commands for vehicles and foot troops are the same as those for

foot troops alone. Because of the additional noise and distances involved, the

company commander gives the hand-and-arm signal for the line. The

command and the signal apply to the lead platoon only. The other platoons

remain in general support until further directed (see Figures 6-50, page 6-48;

6-51, page 6-49; 6-52, page 50; 6-53, page 6-50; 6-54, page 6-51; 6-55,

page 6-52; and 6-56, page 6-53).

6-104. The motor section moves out with vehicle number two moving to the

right. Vehicle number two passes the lead vehicle and establishes the position

for the center of the line. At the same time, the 3d and 4th vehicles swing out

to the left and right. They form to the left and right and slightly to the rear of

vehicle number two. The 1st and 4th squads of the lead platoon then move

forward and form lines to the left and right, on the front end of vehicle number

two. As soon as the troops are in position, the 3d and 4th vehicles close in on

the squads and tighten the formation. The 2d and 3d squads of the lead

platoon then form a line to the left and right of the 3d and 4th vehicles to

complete the company line. The command vehicle (vehicle number one) takes

6-42

FM 3-19.15

18 April 2005

Civil Disturbance Formations

Figure 6-45. Company Echelon Right in Mass Formation With

One Platoon in General Support

up a position behind the line where the commander can direct and control the

unit. The 2d and 3d platoons move forward and are used in general, lateral, or

direct support. In some instances, foot troops move into position first and

vehicles join the formation, as needed.

6-105. To form a company echelon or a company wedge with vehicles, the

company follows the same procedures used for company formations without

vehicles. Vehicles are moved into the appropriate positions using procedures

similar to those used for a company line.

6-106. To assemble troops and vehicles, the command vehicle moves to a

position behind the formation. The commander faces the formation and gives

the vehicle section the signal for assembly. Immediately, the vehicles return

to their proper positions in column formation behind the command vehicle

while the troops stand fast. The second in command then assembles the troops

in the usual manner.

6-44

FM 3-19.15

18 April 2005

Chapter 7

Civil Disturbance Operations in Confinement Facilities

Civil disturbance doctrine is usually written for quelling disturbances that

occur in large open areas where the size of the responding force or the type

of formation employed is not hampered by a lack of space. However, in the

military confinement environment, inmate disturbances often occur in

small, closed areas, such as an inmate’s housing unit, a gymnasium, a

dining facility, or a chapel where maneuver space and equipment limit the

size of the element that may be employed. The layout of each facility is

different and presents its own unique problems when employing forces.

This chapter covers the use of small military police teams, forced cell move

teams (FCMTs), and the formations used to move an unruly inmate from

one cell to another. Small generic riot control formations are discussed to

provide the commander with a basic employment option that he can tailor

to his facility to enable him to regain control of the affected area. The use

of NL munitions and RCAs are incorporated into this discussion.

CROWD DYNAMICS WITHIN THE CONFINEMENT FACILITY

7-1. In confinement facility disturbances, inmates employ a number of tactics

to resist control or to achieve their goals. Tactics may be unplanned or

planned and nonviolent or violent. When a disturbance carries many

purposes, it is likely that their tactics are well planned.

NONVIOLENT TACTICS

7-2. Nonviolent tactics range from name-calling to building barricades.

Inmates may attempt to distract control force members by shouting at or

ridiculing them or by using abusive language, obscene remarks, taunts, and

jeers. The inmates’ goals are to anger and demoralize the control force. They

also want authorities to take actions that may later be exploited as acts of

brutality.

VIOLENT TACTICS

7-3. Violent crowd tactics used by inmates are often extremely destructive

and can include physical attacks on cadre, other inmates, and property. Use of

violent tactics is limited only by the attitudes and ingenuity of the inmates,

the training of their leaders, and the materials available to them. Inmates

often commit violence with crude homemade weapons. If unplanned violence

occurs, inmates will use mops, brooms, chairs, beds, or whatever else is on

hand as weapons of violence. During planned violent disturbances, inmates

can easily conceal makeshift weapons or tools to use against the control force.

Inmates often erect barricades to impede troop movement and/or to prevent

18 April 2005

FM 3-19.15

7-1

Civil Disturbance Operations in Confinement Facilities

the control force from entering certain areas or buildings. Inmates can be

expected to vent their emotions on individuals (cadre or inmates), the control

force, their equipment, and/or the institution’s property. Inmates direct

dangerous objects like carts, barrels, liquids, and burning shoe polish at the

control force.

GRIEVANCE PROTEST

7-4. A grievance protest may be organized as a riot. However, under normal

circumstances, a riot of this type is not of an extremely violent nature. It may

turn violent when leaders attempt to exploit any successes or weaknesses

found in the control force.

UNORGANIZED RIOTS

7-5. Unorganized riots are characterized as being spontaneous in nature.

However, they could be exploited and diverted by leaders at any subsequent

stage of the riot, turning it into a different type. They may begin as an isolated

assault against authority figures, or acts of civil disobedience. Under

determined leadership, an unorganized riot could change to an organized riot.

MULTIPLE RIOTS

7-6. Multiple riots may happen when a disturbance occurs in one area of the

confinement facility, causing others to riot in their areas. To control this

situation with only one riot control force available, the force commander

should first subdue the most violent riot. At the same time, he should employ

some of his control forces to contain the other riots until the main control force

is able to move to those locations to subdue them.

CADRE BEHAVIOR

7-7. The cadre is susceptible to crowd behavior. They become emotionally

stimulated during tense confrontation with unruly and violent inmates.

Commanders must be aware of the mood and attitude of the crowd and its

effect on the control force cadre. To counteract the effects of crowd behavior on

the cadre, the commanders must institute rigorous training and firm and

effective leadership. This training must include a complete awareness and

understanding of the use of force and the commander’s intent. These are all

necessary to offset the effect of crowd contagion upon the control force. Even

with the best training and leadership, control force members must exercise

individual and collective restraint.

PLANNING

7-8. Preplanning is the preparation and training conducted before a crisis

occurs. The purpose of preplanning is to have plans and standing operating

procedures (SOPs) in place so the cadre may react to an emergency and

successfully contain and neutralize the situation. The preplanning process

includes plan development, intelligence gathering, and training.

NOTE: Intelligence gathering is essential for the successful

containment, neutralization, and/or prevention of a riot.

7-2

FM 3-19.15

18 April 2005

Civil Disturbance Operations in Confinement Facilities

7-9. Once the control force team has been alerted to a disturbance within the

confinement facility, leaders further develop preplans to fit the situation

much the same way that DOD develops war plans.

7-10. During the planning process, leaders must be aware of the potential

risks involved in quelling disturbances within a confinement facility. Careful

planning minimizes collateral damage and risks to control force members and

hostages.

7-11. The use of NLW and NL munitions must also be considered when

developing plans. There must be strict accountability and control of RCAs,

their employment, and other appropriate NL means (such as high-pressure

water hoses). When using RCAs, plans must be flexible enough to

accommodate changes in the situation and weather because it impacts the

effectiveness of some agents. Planners must also consider the—

Location of the disturbance.

Estimated number of rioters.

Accessibility of weapons, tools, or cleaning supplies.

Inmate’s military training.

Hostage situation.

7-12. Based on an analysis of these factors, the commander makes an

estimate of the situation. The estimate must be as thorough as time permits.

Using the estimate, the commander considers COAs, selects RCAs, and

determines the need for engineer support. In choosing a COA, consider the—

Number of hostages.

Number of inmates holding the hostages.

Leader.

Attitude and demeanor of the rioters.

Location of the riot.

Inside areas of the confinement facility, such as the dining facility,

work site, or housing wing.

Outside areas of the confinement facility, such as in exercise or

work areas.

Accessibility of weapons or material to make weapons.

Accessibility of chemicals, such as cleaning supplies, cooking oils, and

shoe polish.

USE OF CHEMICAL IRRITANTS

7-13. The use of chemical irritants can be a valuable NL tool for control force

leadership to consider during the planning phase. These chemical irritants

can drive a threat from an established, enclosed position or deny the rioters

access to a certain area without long-lasting effects to those involved. The

proper use of chemical irritants may prevent the control force from having to

enter a dangerous area; however, improper use can cause injury, death, or

property damage.

18 April 2005

FM 3-19.15

7-3

Civil Disturbance Operations in Confinement Facilities

USE-OF-FORCE GUIDELINES

7-14. The installation commander authorizes the use of chemical irritants

after the control force leader determines the type and dosage. The SOP

outlines the procedures for securing authorization and provides guidance to

help the control force leader make his decisions. The confinement facility

commandant should inform the installation commander of the situation, since

the installation commander is ultimately responsible. Team members must be

aware of how chemical irritants affect personnel and plan accordingly.

Inmates not involved must be removed from the area and the chemical cloud’s

path. The fire department and emergency medical services (EMS) should be

on standby during operations involving chemicals.

PEPPER IRRITANT

7-15. The pepper irritant receives its name from varieties of the capsicum

plant that is it made from. The active ingredient, Oleoresin Capsicum (OC), is

extracted from the plant and micropulverized to make the irritant. It is

neither a chemical nor a gas, but an all-natural organic substance. It is

effective against individuals who are emotionally disturbed or under the

influence of drugs or alcohol. It is effective against domestic and wild animals.

OC is often used to divert the threat from making or continuing an assault.

OC does not cause permanent damage. Its effects last 30 to 40 minutes after

individuals are placed in fresh air.

7-16. OC can have various effects on people. Some effects are—

Swelling of mucous membranes and the upper respiratory system;

however, it does not shut down the system.

Burning (intense) and discoloration (bright red) of exposed skin.

Dilating the capillaries.

Swelling of the eyelids.

Burning and involuntary closing of the eyes.

Coughing uncontrollably.

Gagging.

Gasping for air.

Losing strength and coordination (temporarily).

OC has some disadvantages. They are that—

The canister depressurizes over time if not checked regularly.

Inmates may gain access to OC and use it against SRT members.

The canister must be shaken on a regular basis.

DISSEMINATION OF CHEMICAL IRRITANTS

7-17. There are six methods for disseminating chemical irritants.

Pyrotechnic Method

7-18. In the pyrotechnic method of dissemination, the chemical irritant is

placed in a canister with an inert material that is ignited when the device is

activated. The agent is then carried into the air on the smoke particles of the

inert material.

7-4

FM 3-19.15

18 April 2005

Civil Disturbance Operations in Confinement Facilities

7-19. There are some disadvantages when using a pyrotechnic device indoors.

These disadvantages are that the device—

May cause a fire.

Has a very slow saturation time (40 to 45 seconds to burn completely).

Can be thrown back by the threat, even while burning.

Bursting Method

7-20. In the bursting method of dissemination, the irritant and an inert

powder are placed in a saw-toothed canister. After a small detonation, the

canister splits and expels the irritant in a cloud.

7-21. The bursting method has its advantages and disadvantages. Some

advantages are that—

There is no risk of fire.

There is no risk of the canister being thrown back.

The contents disseminate quickly.

The canister is effective, easy to carry, and easy to control.

Some disadvantages are that—

There is a slight possibility of fragmentation when detonated.

The fuse head may separate from the canister.

Only 50 to 90 percent of the irritant may be disseminated.

The direction of the cloud formation depends on where the device is

detonated.

Aerosol Method

7-22. In the aerosol method of dissemination, the irritant is suspended in an

inert liquid that is located in the rear portion of the device. When the

projectile penetrates the structure, the rear portion splits open and the

irritant is disseminated in a mist. The aerosol method is most appropriate for

tactical operations when chemical irritants are used before entry.

7-23. The aerosol method has its advantages and disadvantages. Some

advantages are that it—

Is easily carried.

Is an excellent deployment system (uses 40-millimeter, 37-millimeter,

or 12-gauge ammunition).

Disperses the contents quickly.

Is easily controlled and accurate (fin-stabilized).

NOTE: Practice firing is always necessary.

Some disadvantages are the possibility of—

Injury to individuals if it is fired from close range.

Damage to the structure if it strikes a weak portion.

18 April 2005

FM 3-19.15

7-5

Civil Disturbance Operations in Confinement Facilities

Projectiles Method

7-24. Chemical-containing projectiles can be very effective when used

correctly. A soldier must know which projectile to use in each unique

situation.

7-25. Thirty-Seven-Millimeter Projectile. A 37-millimeter projectile can

incapacitate anyone in an enclosed area of 4,500 cubic feet. It can penetrate

the following:

A sheet of ¾-inch-thick plywood at 25 yards.

An automobile windshield at 33 yards.

A hollow-core door at 58 yards.

7-26. Forty-Millimeter Projectile. A 40-millimeter projectile is more

effective at greater ranges than a 37-millimeter projectile because of its rifled

bore. It can incapacitate anyone in an enclosed area of 4,500 cubic feet. It can

penetrate the following:

A 1-inch-thick plywood at 10 yards.

An automobile windshield at 55 yards.

A hollow-core door at 109 yards.

7-27. Twelve-Gauge Projectile. A 12-gauge projectile can be loaded into a

shotgun with no modifications to the weapon. It can be fired as a single round,

or it can be magazine-fed. The 12-gauge projectile can incapacitate anyone in

an enclosed area of 1,000 cubic feet. The angle at which the projectile strikes

the barrier can affect its penetration capability. It can penetrate the following:

A sheet of ¾-inch plywood at 33 yards.

An automobile windshield at 33 yards.

A hollow-core door at 100 yards.

Fogging Method

7-28. The irritant is suspended in a fogging solution and dispersed with a

fogging machine. It is not recommended for tactical operations.

7-29. The fogging method has its advantages and disadvantages. Some

advantages are that it—

Produces enough chemical irritant to cover an enclosed area of

100,000 cubic feet in 26 seconds.

Disseminates quickly.

Provides high-volume capabilities.

Is effective for riot control or other crowd dispersal situations.

Some disadvantages are that it is—

Noisy.

Cumbersome.

7-6

FM 3-19.15

18 April 2005

Civil Disturbance Operations in Confinement Facilities

Multipurpose Grenade Method

7-30. A multipurpose grenade can be hand-thrown or launched from a

shotgun with an adapter. It has an extended shelf life of 6 years and an

adjustable fuse delay of 2 to 5 seconds. The irritant is located in the cylinder

portion of the device and is forced out the bottom of the grenade upon

detonation.

WARNING

A multipurpose grenade deployed incorrectly could result

in injury. Safety rules should be observed at all times.

RECORD OF EVENTS

7-31. Reporting procedures for serious incidents should be included in the

plans. A record of events must be initiated to provide a basis for the

preparation and submission of a formal report to higher HQ. As a minimum,

include the—

Time the incident was reported and by whom.

Time the incident was reported to the facility commander.

Time the control force was assembled.

Time the control force entered the facility.

Weather conditions as they relate to the use of RCAs.

Number of cadre and inmates injured or killed, including how they

were injured or killed and the medical attention given to them.

Time the operation was completed.

Time the riot control force restored order.

TRAINING

7-32. Guard units and associated teams must train on a regular basis in the

five basic riot control formations. There must be a continuous training

program established, to include—

Interpersonal communication.

Self-defense.

Use of force.

Use of a riot baton.

Fatal areas of the body to avoid when using the riot baton.

First aid.

Emergency plans.

Intelligence and counterintelligence techniques.

The use of RCAs and the various methods of dispersing them.

The use of NLW.

The use and effects of high-pressure water.

Riot control formations.

18 April 2005

FM 3-19.15

7-7

Civil Disturbance Operations in Confinement Facilities

EQUIPMENT

7-33. The recommended basic riot gear used by the confinement riot control

force is as follows:

Riot baton.

Riot shield.

Helmet with face shield.

Groin protector.

Flak vest.

Leather gloves.

Shin protection.

RIOT BATON

7-34. The riot baton is an invaluable weapon in crowd control situations. A

riot baton in the hands of a well-trained control force member is the most

appropriate weapon, except with extremely violent crowds. The riot baton is

not meant to replace NL munitions, but is instead used in situations in which

NL munitions are not needed. Losing a riot baton to the crowd does not

present a serious threat.

7-35. Use of the riot baton is based on the commander’s appraisal of the

situation and his choice of force option. Control forces committed with the riot

baton must have teams equipped with RCAs, NLW, and lethal coverage. If the

confrontation increases in intensity, the commander has these force options

available and may rapidly engage the control force.

7-36. A riot baton is a versatile offensive weapon that varies in length from 26

to 42 inches with the optimum length being 36 inches. It is made of hickory

and does not shatter or break easily. Both ends of the riot baton are rounded

to prevent unnecessary injury. It is approximately 1¼ inches in diameter.

Each riot baton has a hole drilled at the grip end with a leather thong

threaded through the hole. The thong helps secure the riot baton to the user’s

hand.

RIOT SHIELD

7-37. The riot shield (see Figure 7-1) is an excellent piece of defensive

equipment. It is used by control force personnel in the front and on the flanks

of the formation.

7-38. The riot shield has its advantages and disadvantages. Some advantages

are that—

OC pepper spray or high-pressure water can be used to back the

control force.

It provides protection from thrown objects.

It absorbs some of the impact of rioters hurling themselves at the

control force.

The disadvantages of the riot shield are that it—

Severely limits the use of the riot baton.

May crack if hit with a heavy object.

7-8

FM 3-19.15

18 April 2005

Civil Disturbance Operations in Confinement Facilities

Figure 7-1. Riot Shields

RIOT CONTROL FORMATIONS

7-39. The five basic formations for civil disturbance operations are the line,

wedge, echelon, diamond, and circle. In the correctional environment the basic

formations for disturbances are the line, wedge, or echelon with apprehension

teams in support. Generally, the diamond and circle formations are not used

in the correctional environment. The minimum size force that the commander

should consider is an augmented platoon, with a two-to-one advantage over

the rioters.

7-40. Correctional facility cadre must be proficient in all riot control

formations. These are usually trained at the squad level and above, but

performed by a platoon or company-sized unit. Squad line, echelon left,

echelon right, and wedge formations form the basis for platoon and company

formations. Each squad must be adept in the basic formations before

practicing in platoon-sized or larger formations. For more detailed

information on formations, see STPs 19-95B1-SM and 19-95B24-SM-TG. In

the correctional environment, the support platoon plays a key role by

supporting the control formation with apprehension and equipment teams.

See Chapter 6 for an in-depth discussion on civil disturbance formations.

APPREHENSION TEAMS

7-41. Apprehension teams give the control force the ability to extract inmates.

Inmates identified as leaders or agitators and inmates that are injured or no

longer want to resist can be extracted from the crowd. Apprehension teams

can also be used to enter confined areas where the formation cannot operate.

7-42. The apprehension team will consist of eight members and one leader.

Each team will have four shield holders, two nonlethal gunners and two

apprehension/search members. The squad leader controls the movement of

the team and assists the team in exiting the control formation. He maintains

communications with the formation and coordinates the team’s operations

18 April 2005

FM 3-19.15

7-9

Civil Disturbance Operations in Confinement Facilities

with the formation. The squad leader also ensures that the team uses the

minimum amount of force necessary to extract inmates.

7-43. The apprehension team may deploy through the middle of the formation

or from around either of the flanks.

7-44. The apprehension team should be deployed within a distance of

approximately 10 meters so that the formation can still provide immediate

support. If the apprehension team is deployed farther than 10 meters, the

formation must advance to close the gap.

7-45. The team will exit the formation in two columns; shield holders in the

first and second ranks, nonlethal gunners in the third rank, apprehension/

search members in the fourth rank and the leader last. Team members grip

the shoulder or equipment of the member in front of them. The shield holders

will envelop the inmate that is to be extracted and form a protective barrier.

Once the shield holders have enveloped the inmate, the nonlethal gunners

will cover their sides with their weapons while the apprehension/search

members control and restrain the inmate. When the team has the inmate

under control, the squad leader will give the order for the team to withdraw.

The team withdraws in reverse order (apprehension/search members with the

inmate, followed by nonlethal gunners and shield holders). Team members

then move backwards, face the crowd and grip the shoulder or equipment of

the member in front of them.

TEAM EQUIPMENT

7-46. The apprehension team uses the following equipment:

Flex-Cufs.

Restraint cutters.

Pepper spray.

Helmets with face shields.

Groin protectors.

Flak vests.

Elbow pads.

Leather gloves.

Shin protectors.

Knee pads.

A video camera.

TEAM COMPOSITION

7-47. The apprehension team is composed of five team members. This team

consists of four members and a squad leader. Team member one is the team

leader.

Squad Leader

7-48. The squad leader assists the team in exiting the control formation and

ensures that the team uses the minimum force necessary to subdue inmates.

He is also responsible for signaling the PSG if more help is needed.

7-10

FM 3-19.15

18 April 2005

Civil Disturbance Operations in Confinement Facilities

Team Member One (Team Leader)

7-49. Team member one’s responsibility is to make initial contact with the

inmate and use pepper spray and apply Flex-Cufs, as needed. He also carries

a set of restraint cutters. Once the apprehension team has returned to the

relative safety of the control formation, team member one searches the

inmate.

7-50. Team member one receives the command to move forward and secure

the inmate from the squad leader. This command is usually given by a signal

and verbal command. Team member one then notifies the main force

commander where his team exits the control force. Once the team is in

position to exit the main formation, team member one signals the member of

the formation in front of him. This is usually a prearranged signal, such as a

tap on the right shoulder. The control force opens and the team exits the

formation and makes contact with the assigned inmate. Team members then

subdue and control the inmate. If pepper spray is needed, team member five

shouts, “Pepper.” This gives the other team members time to react to the

command and spray the inmate. Team member one then applies Flex-Cufs to

the inmate’s wrists and ankles. Depending on the mission, the inmate may be

left for follow-on security forces or carried behind the control force to be

secured by security forces.

7-51. Should the mission require that the inmate be moved, team member one

shouts, “Prepare to Move,” this allows each member to grab an arm and

position the inmate toward the control force formation. When the team is

ready to move, team member two shouts, “Ready,” alerting team member one

that the team is ready for the last command. Team member one then

commands, “Move.” The team enters the control formation with the inmate.

The inmate is searched by team member one and turned over to the security

team.

Team Member Two

7-52. Team member two stands directly behind team member five with his

hands on team member five’s waist. He protects the left side of team member

five by moving to team member five’s left and helps to secure the inmate after

team member one makes initial contact. He repeats team member five’s

commands and controls the inmate’s head after the inmate is on the ground.

Team Member Three

7-53. Team member three stands behind team member two with his hands on

team member two’s waist. He protects the right side of team member five by

moving to team member five’s right and helps to secure the inmate after

initial contact.

Team Member Four

7-54. Team member four stands behind team member three with his hands on

team member three’s waist. His task is to help subdue the inmate in any way

possible. He usually concentrates on the inmate’s body below the knees. He

acts as the eyes and ears for the team during control of the inmate.

18 April 2005

FM 3-19.15

7-11

Civil Disturbance Operations in Confinement Facilities

Team Member Five

7-55. Team member five gives commands to control the inmate.

FORCED CELL MOVE TEAMS

7-56. The intent of a forced cell move is to move an unruly and/or

uncooperative inmate from one cell to another. This is a difficult task and

must not be taken lightly. A forced cell move must be thoroughly planned,

rehearsed, and resourced to ensure the safety of the team members and the

inmate.

7-57. A number of reasons may compel the commander to consider a forced

cell move. The inmate may refuse to eat, take medication, accept medical

attention, get a haircut, keep himself clean, work, or move or rotate cells when

ordered to. These are some of the reasons that the commander may order a

forced cell move.

TEAM COMPOSITION AND EQUIPMENT

7-58. The FCMT is composed of six corrections cadre and two support cadre

from military police and medical sections specially trained in forced cell

movement. Primarily, the team consists of the following personnel:

One officer in charge (OIC) (E7 or above).

Five corrections cadre.

One military police investigator.

One medic.

7-59. The FCMT uses the following standard equipment:

Helmets with face shields.

Groin protectors.

Flak vests.

Elbow pads.

Leather gloves.

Shin protectors.

Knee pads.

A pinning shield.

Restraints (hand or leg irons or Flex-Cufs).

A video camera.

ACTIONS PRIOR TO TEAM EMPLOYMENT

7-60. The OIC gives an operations order (OPORD) to team member five (the

team leader) of the FCMT. As a minimum, the OPORD should answer the

following questions about the incident leading up to the move:

Did the inmate fail to comply with orders?

Did the inmate assault cadre or other inmates?

Is the objective of the move to force a shower or haircut?

Is OC pepper spray authorized for use?

Has the inmate been moved before?

7-12

FM 3-19.15

18 April 2005

Civil Disturbance Operations in Confinement Facilities

What is the condition of the area where the inmate is currently

located?

Has the inmate tested positive for human immunodeficiency virus

(HIV)?

Does the inmate have a weapon or the materials needed to make one?

Is the area barricaded?

Has he smeared himself with body fluids or other slippery substances?

Can you approach the inmate without risk to him and/or others?

7-61. The team is assembled for inspection by the OIC, and the team

members are required to brief the OIC on their individual duties and

responsibilities. A line formation is the customary formation for this

inspection. It should take place out of site of the inmates.

7-62. Each soldier takes one step forward and briefs the OIC as shown in the

following example: “I am (rank and name), team member one. My mission is to

pin the inmate using the minimum amount of force necessary. I carry the

pinning shield.” He then faces so the camera can record the number printed

on the back of his flak jacket and holds up the pinning shield [see Figure 7-2]).

Figure 7-2. Recording Team Members’ Duty Position

INDIVIDUAL TEAM MEMBER RESPONSIBILITIES

7-63. Each individual team member has his own responsibilities during a

forced cell move. Each team member must do his designated job while working

as a team.

Team Member One

7-64. Team member one is the eyes and ears of the team. His responsibility is

to carry the pinning shield up to the cell door and describe the scene with as

much detail as possible (especially including anything that may cause harm to

the team). The pinning shield is used to protect the team from body fluids

thrown at the them by the inmate.

7-65. Team member one describes the scene in the cell to his teammates by

turning his head to the right and speaking in a loud voice so that all team

members can hear him. A slap on the right shoulder by team member two

18 April 2005

FM 3-19.15

7-13

Civil Disturbance Operations in Confinement Facilities

alerts him that all team members have heard him. If he receives a slap on the

left shoulder from team member two, he repeats the situation report

(SITREP) in a loud, clear voice. The decision to enter the inmate’s area with or

without the pinning shield is team member one’s decision, unless the inmate

is known to have a weapon. Should he decide to enter without the pinning

shield, team member one then enters with both hands held approximately

chest high. When team member one is unable to determine if the inmate has a

weapon, the pinning shield is used. Charging through the open cell door, team

member one drives the inmate to the bunk or ground with the shield. Once

pinned, team member one secures the inmate’s head and ensures that it is not

twisted or turned in relation to its natural form. He may have to use the

various pressure points on the inmate’s head to help subdue him.

Team Member Two

7-66. Team member two steps forward and briefs the OIC as follows: “I am

(rank and name), team member two. My mission is to secure the inmate’s right

arm using the minimum amount of force necessary. I carry one set of hand

irons.” He then holds the hand irons up for video camera taping (see

Figure 7-3) and says, “I also carry one canister of OC pepper spray to be used at

the direction of the team OIC.” He then holds up the canister for video camera

taping and faces so the camera can record the number on the back of his flak

jacket (see Figure 7-2, page 7-13.)

Figure 7-3. Recording Team Members’ Equipment

7-67. Team member two lines up directly behind team member one. He keeps

contact with team member one until he can secure the inmate’s strong arm.

Team member two taps team member one on his right or left shoulder after

being tapped by team member three. Once inside the cell, team member two

secures the prisoners strong hand with wrist restraints and announces,

“Hands secure,” to team member five.

Team Member Three

7-68. Team member three steps forward and briefs the OIC as follows: “I am

(rank and name), team member three. My mission is to secure the inmate’s left

arm using the minimum amount of force necessary.” He then faces so the

camera can record the number on the back of his flak jacket (see Figure 7-4).

7-14

FM 3-19.15

18 April 2005

Civil Disturbance Operations in Confinement Facilities

Team member three lines up directly behind team member two. Team

member three keeps contact with team member two until he can grasp a

portion of the inmate’s body. He then concentrates on securing the inmate’s

weak hand and assisting team member two in applying hand restraints. Team

member three taps team member two on his right or left shoulder after being

tapped by team member four.

Figure 7-4. Recording Number on Flak Jacket

Team Member Four

7-69. Team member four steps forward and briefs the OIC as follows: “I am

(rank and name), team member four. My mission is to secure the inmate’s right

leg using the minimum amount of force necessary. I carry one set of leg irons.”

He holds the leg irons up for the camera to record (see Figure 7-2, page 7-13).

He then faces so the camera can record the number on the back of his flak

jacket (see Figure 7-2). Team member four lines up directly behind team

member three. He taps team member three on his right or left shoulder after

being tapped by team member five. Team member four keeps contact with

team member three until he can secure a portion of the inmate’s body. Team

member four concentrates on securing the right leg of the inmate. It is his

responsibility to apply the leg irons. Once the legs are secure, he announces,

“Legs secure,” to team member five.

Team Member Five (Team Leader)

7-70. Team member five steps forward and briefs the OIC as follows: “I am

(rank and name), team member five. My mission is to secure the inmate’s left

leg using the minimum amount of force necessary. I carry a restraint key (hold

up for the camera to view). I am also the team leader for this mission and it is

my responsibility to ensure that the team uses the minimum amount of force

necessary to subdue the inmate.” He then faces so the camera can record the

number on the back of his flak jacket (see Figure 7-4).

7-71. Team member five taps team member four on the right shoulder when

he has heard the SITREP from team member one. If he does not hear the

report or needs to hear it again, he taps team member four on the left

shoulder. Team member five keeps in contact with team member four until he

can secure a portion of the inmate’s body. He secures the left leg and assists

18 April 2005

FM 3-19.15

7-15

Civil Disturbance Operations in Confinement Facilities

team member four in applying the leg irons. Once he has heard that the hands

and legs are secure, team member five signals for the team to conduct an

equipment check. The team members check the equipment in place.

NOTE: At no time is the inmate to be released by anyone.

Medic

7-72. The medic briefs the OIC in the following manner: “I am (rank and

name), the medic. My mission is to treat all injuries that may occur during the

move.” He follows the instructions given to him by the OIC/NCOIC. His

mission is to observe the inmate for signs of injury before the forced cell move

and assess the inmate’s condition during and after the move.

Military Police Investigator

7-73. The military police investigator (MPI) is responsible for videotaping the

entire forced cell move. This includes the OIC/NCOIC briefing the OPORD,

each team member briefing his responsibilities to the OIC, and any medical

treatment rendered to the inmate.

ACTIONS DURING THE FORCED CELL MOVE

7-74. There are many actions performed during a forced cell move. Each

member of the FCMT must complete his task successfully to accomplish the

forced cell move.

Officer in Charge or Noncommissioned Officer in Charge

7-75. The OIC, an E7 or above, is responsible for ensuring that the team uses

the minimum amount of force necessary to subdue the inmate. He is also

responsible for ensuring that all necessary precautions have been taken to

ensure the safety of the team and the inmate. The OIC gives the inmate the

initial orders to comply and informs him of the consequences of

noncompliance. He does this by placing himself at the front of the inmate’s cell

(see Figure 7-5). The orders are not given until it can be enforced by the

FCMT. The following prepared statement is read to the inmate by the OIC: “I

am (rank and name), OIC of this FCMT. At this time I am ordering you to lie

face down on your bunk (or other designated location) with your head to the

rear of the cell. Cross your hands behind your back and cross your feet as the

team enters the cell and uses the minimum amount of force necessary to place

you in restraints and move you to (give location). Failure on your part to

comply with these instructions or to resist the FCMT will result in the use of

force (OC pepper spray if applicable). Do you understand these instructions? If

so, lie down on the bunk.”

7-76. After reading the instructions to the inmate, the OIC faces the camera

and states whether the inmate complied. He then waits 60 seconds and

motions for the team to position itself in front of the inmate’s cell (see

Figure 7-6). The OIC directs the opening of the cell when the team is

positioned at the entrance to the cell and prepared to enter. He positions

himself so he can observe team entry to and departure from the cell. If OC

7-16

FM 3-19.15

18 April 2005

Civil Disturbance Operations in Confinement Facilities

spray is authorized, the OIC tells the team when to spray the inmate with OC

spray. This task is done in silence. Communication between team members

should be done through hand-and-arm signals, unless noted otherwise.

Figure 7-5. OIC Reading Compliance Statement to Inmate

Figure 7-6. OIC and FCMT

Team Member One

7-77. Once the team is positioned in front of the inmate’s cell, team member

one starts his report. At a minimum, he must answer the following questions

and report them to the team:

Does the inmate have a weapon, if so, what kind?

Does the inmate appear dry?

Is the inmate clothed or wearing extra clothing?

Has the inmate smeared anything on his body?

Can you see the inmate’s hands?

Is the cell barricaded or visibly booby-trapped?

18 April 2005

FM 3-19.15

7-17

Military reference books and manuals (2009-2023, Volume 7) - page 8