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specimen is s t retched under the continuously increasing load, its length , and its cross section decreases . FIGURE 2. The P-5 machine for tensile testing kg/mm2 GO 30 40 "0 "' 0 30 ,.., s p 20 10 0 mm Deformation (extension) FIGURE 3. Deformation diagram of U1 OA steel (in the annealed state) If we plot a load - defo rmation graph (Figure 3 ), we obtain a diagram 60 with four characteristic points E, P , Y, S . A s traight section, up to the Between point E and point Y this p roportionality is dis turbed, and the curve inclines to the right. B eyond point Y the tes t-specim en length increases with almost no increas e in the load, the m etal, as it were, flowing. The load reaches a maximum at point S, which corresponds to the ultimate tens ile s trength, after which a neck app ears on the test specimen, and finally fracture occurs . The fracture takes place on a smalle r cross se ction and under a s malle r load than the maximum . The m echanical p roperties of the metal are defined by the points E , P, Y, S. T h e e l a s t i c l i m i t (point E) is the maximum s tress which produces no resid ual defo rm ation or some p redete rmined, very small, value of re sidual deformation (Figure 3 ) . It is designated by a E· T h e p r o p o r t i o n a l l i m i t (point P ) is the s tress at which the elonga tion ceases to be p roportional to the s tres s . It is designated by a p. 45 |