Экономика (с ответами). Всероссийская олимпиада школьников в Москве (2021-2009 год) - часть 95

 ʖʥʦʛʡʵ  ʙ

ʟ ʨʩʦ ɽʖʚʖʭʞ

ɾʝ ʥʦʛʚʱʚʩʯʛʙʤ ʦʖʧʧʩʜʚʛʣʞʵ ʧʡʛʚʩʛʨ ʭʨʤ ʛʧʡʞ ʘ ʠʡʖʧʧʛ ʦʤʘʣʤ  ʭʛʧʨʣʱʫ ʮʠʤʡʲʣʞʠʤʘ ʨʤ

ʞʫ ʠʤʡʞʭʛʧʨʘʤ ʗʩʚʛʨ ʧʨʖʗʞʡʲʣʤ ‰ ʣʞʠʨʤ ʣʛ ʝʖʫʤʭʛʨ ʥʛʦʛʠʡʴʭʖʨʲʧʵ ɻʧʡʞ ʜʛ ʭʛʧʨʣʱʫ ʗʤʡʲʮʛ 
ʨʤ ʩʜʛ ʘ ʧʡʛʚʩʴʯʛʢ ʢʛʧʵʬʛ ʘʧʛ ʧʨʖʣʩʨ ʭʛʧʨʣʱʢʞ  ʖ ʚʖʡʲʮʛ ʣʞʭʛʙʤ ʣʛ ʗʩʚʛʨ ʢʛʣʵʨʲʧʵ ʨʖʠ ʠʖʠ 
ʨʤʜʛ ʗʤʡʲʮʛ  ɻʧʡʞ ʭʛʧʨʣʱʫ ʢʛʣʲʮʛ  ʨʤ ʘʤ ʘʨʤʦʤʢ ʢʛʧʵʬʛ ʘʧʛ ʗʩʚʩʨ ʧʥʞʧʱʘʖʨʲ  ʖ ʚʖʡʲʮʛ
ʣʞʭʛʙʤ ʣʛ ʗʩʚʛʨ ʢʛʣʵʨʲʧʵ ʨʖʠ ʠʖʠ  ʨʤʜʛ ʢʛʣʲʮʛ 

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ɸ ʥʦʛʚʱʚʩʯʛʢ ʥʩʣʠʨʛ ʢʱ ʘʱʵʧʣʞʡʞ ʭʨʤ ʛʧʨʲ ʨʦʞ ʨʞʥʖ ʦʖʘʣʤʘʛʧʣʱʫ ʠʡʖʧʧʤʘ

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ċċ ʨʤ ʣʞʭʛʙʤ ʣʛ ʥʦʤʞʝʤʟʚʛʨ ʥʛʦʛʠʡʴʭʛ

ʣʞʵ ɸʤʘʤʭʠʞ ʣʛʚʤʧʨʖʨʤʭʣʤ ʭʨʤʗʱ ʦʖʝʘʛʦʣʩʨʲ ʧʤʤʨʘʛʨʧʨʘʩʴʯʞʛ ʣʛʦʖʘʛʣʧʨʘʖ

ɻʧʡʞ ʠʡʖʧʧ ʣʖʫʤʚʞʡʧʵ ʘ ʦʖʘʣʤʘʛʧʞʞ

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ʦʛʠʡʴʭʛʣʞʛ ʣʖ ʣʛʭʛʧʨʣʩʴ ʣʤʦʢʩ ʧʚʛʡʖʛʨ

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ʠʞ ʧʨʖʣʩʨ ʧʥʞʧʱʘʖʡʲʯʞʠʖʢʞ ʘʧʛ ʧʥʞʧʱʘʖʡʲʯʞʠʞ ʤʧʨʖʣʩʨʧʵ ʧʥʞʧʱʘʖʡʲʯʞʠʖʢʞ ʞ ʠʡʖʧʧ ʣʖʘʧʛʙʚʖ
ʤʠʖʜʛʨʧʵ ʘ ʦʖʘʣʤʘʛʧʞʞ

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ʣʞʛ ʣʖ ʭʛʧʨʣʩʴ ʣʤʦʢʩ ʧʚʛʡʖʛʨ

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ʘʧʛ ʭʛʧʨʣʱʛ ʤʧʨʖʣʩʨʧʵ ʭʛʧʨʣʱʢʞ ʞ ʠʡʖʧʧ ʣʖʘʧʛʙʚʖ ʤʠʖʜʛʨʧʵ ʘ ʦʖʘʣʤʘʛʧʞʞ

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ċċ ʨʤ ʛʧʨʲ ʘʧʛ ʮʠʤʡʲʣʞʠʞ ʭʛʧʨ

ʣʱʛ ɸ ʳʨʤʢ ʧʡʩʭʖʛ ʠʖʜʚʱʟ ʮʠʤʡʲʣʞʠ ʠʖʜʚʱʟ ʚʛʣʲ ʥʤʡʩʭʖʛʨ ʢʖʠʧʞʢʖʡʲʣʤ ʘʤʝʢʤʜʣʱʟ ʘʱʞʙʦʱʮ
ʨʖʠ ʭʨʤ ʡʴʗʖʵ ʚʦʩʙʖʵ ʠʤʣʪʞʙʩʦʖʬʞʵ ʫʩʜʛ ʥʤ ʠʦʖʟʣʛʟ ʢʛʦʛ ʚʡʵ ʠʤʙʤʨʤ

ʀʖʠ ʧʨʞʢʩʡʞʦʤʘʖʨʲ ʧʥʞʧʱʘʖʡʲʯʞʠʖ ʧʨʖʣʤʘʞʨʲʧʵ ʭʛʧʨʣʱʢ  ʀʖʠ ʧʡʛʚʩʛʨ ʞʝ ʦʖʧʭʛʨʤʘ ʥʩʣʠʨʖ

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ʣʩʜʣʤ ʚʛʡʖʨʲ ʨʖʠ ʤʣ ʧʞʚʛʡ ʧ ʭʛʧʨʣʱʢ ʮʠʤʡʲʣʞʠʤʢ ʣʛ ʢʛʣʛʛ  ʚʣʛʟ ʞʝ  ʅʦʞ ʳʨʤʢ ʝʡʤʩʥʤʨʦʛʗ
ʡʵʨʲ ʳʨʞʢ ʣʛ ʧʨʤʞʨ ʛʧʡʞ ʭʛʧʨʣʱʟ ʮʠʤʡʲʣʞʠ ʗʩʚʛʨ ʧʡʞʮʠʤʢ ʭʖʧʨʤ  ʗʤʡʲʮʛ  ʚʣʛʟ ʘ ʢʛʧʵʬ ʧʞʚʛʨʲ
ʧ ʣʛʭʛʧʨʣʱʢʞ ʤʣ jʝʖʦʖʝʞʨʧʵx ʧʥʞʧʱʘʖʣʞʛʢ ʤʨ ʣʞʫ

ɻʧʡʞ ʘ ʠʡʖʧʧʛ ʣʛʨ ʭʛʧʨʣʱʫ ʮʠʤʡʲʣʞʠʤʘ  

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ʣʞʠʤʙʚʖ ʣʛ ʗʩʚʛʨ ʧʞʚʛʨʲ ʧ ʭʛʧʨʣʱʢ ʨʖʠ ʭʨʤ ʣʛ ʞʝʢʛʣʞʨ ʧʘʤʟ ʨʞʥ ʈʖʠʜʛ ʣʛ ʥʤʡʩʭʞʨʧʵ ʚʤʧʨʞʭʲ
ʫʤʦʤʮʛʙʤ ʦʖʘʣʤʘʛʧʞʵ ʛʧʡʞ

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ʥʦʤʧʞʚʞʨ ʧʤ ʧʥʞʧʱʘʖʡʲʯʞʠʖʢʞ ʞ ʩʜʛ ʘ ʧʡʛʚʩʴʯʛʢ ʢʛʧʵʬʛ ʣʖʧʨʩʥʞʨ ʧʖʢʤʛ ʥʡʤʫʤʛ ʦʖʘʣʤʘʛʧʞʛ

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ʗʱ jʤʗʦʖʨʞʨʲx ʫʤʨʵ ʗʱ ʤʚʣʤʙʤ ʧʥʞʧʱʘʖʡʲʯʞʠʖ ʣʩʜʣʤ ʭʨʤʗʱ ʠʖʠ ʢʞʣʞʢʩʢ  ʚʣʛʟ ʧ ʣʞʢ ʧʞʚʛʡ
ʠʨʤʨʤ ʞʝ ʚʘʩʫ ʭʛʧʨʣʱʫ ʮʠʤʡʲʣʞʠʤʘ ɽʣʖʭʞʨ ʳʨʞ  ʚʣʛʟ ʭʛʧʨʣʱʛ ʣʛ ʗʩʚʩʨ ʧʞʚʛʨʲ ʚʦʩʙ ʧ ʚʦʩʙʤʢ
ʅʤʡʩʭʖʛʨʧʵ ʭʨʤ ʚʦʩʙ ʧ ʚʦʩʙʤʢ ʤʣʞ ʗʩʚʩʨ ʧʞʚʛʨʲ ʣʛ ʗʤʡʛʛ  ʚʣʛʟ ʨʖʠ ʭʨʤ ʤʗʖ ʤʣʞ ʥʦʛʘʦʖʨʵʨʧʵ ʘ
ʧʥʞʧʱʘʖʡʲʯʞʠʤʘ ʞ ʢʱ ʘʛʦʣʛʢʧʵ ʠ ʧʞʨʩʖʬʞʞ

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ʣʞʠʤʘ ʭʛʦʛʝ ʢʛʧʵʬ ʥʤʡʩʭʞʨʲ ʭʛʨʱʦʛ ʃʩʜʣʤ ʧʚʛʡʖʨʲ ʦʖʧʧʖʚʠʩ ʨʖʠ ʭʨʤʗʱ ʠʖʜʚʱʟ ʞʝ ʨʦʛʫ ʭʛʧʨ
ʣʱʫ ʮʠʤʡʲʣʞʠʤʘ ʥʦʤʘʛʡ ʧ ʤʚʣʞʢ ʞ ʨʛʢ ʜʛ ʣʛʭʛʧʨʣʱʢ ʥʤ  ʚʣʛʟ ʥʦʞ ʳʨʤʢ ʤʧʨʖʡʲʣʱʛ ʚʘʤʛ ʗʩʚʩʨ
ʧʞʚʛʨʲ ʚʦʩʙ ʧ ʚʦʩʙʤʢ ʈʤʙʚʖ ʥʤʧʡʛ  ʚʣʛʟ ʣʛʭʛʧʨʣʱʟ ʧʨʖʣʛʨ ʭʛʧʨʣʱʢ ʍʨʤʗʱ ʭʛʧʨʣʱʛ ʨʤʜʛ ʣʛ
ʧʢʛʣʞʡʞ ʨʞʥ ʣʩʜʣʤ ʭʨʤʗʱ ʘ ʤʧʨʖʘʮʞʛʧʵ  ʚʣʛʟ ʥʤ  ʚʣʵ ʘʢʛʧʨʛ ʧʞʚʛʡʞ ʘʧʛ ʘʤʝʢʤʜʣʱʛ ʥʖʦʱ

 ʖʥʦʛʡʵ  ʙ

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ʠʖʠ ʦʖʝ ʚʤʧʨʖʨʤʭʣʤ ʭʨʤʗʱ ʣʛ ʧʢʛʣʞʨʲ ʨʞʥ

ɺʖʡʲʮʛ ʠʖʜʚʱʟ ʢʛʧʵʬ ʚʛʟʧʨʘʩʛʢ ʧʡʛʚʩʴʯʞʢ ʤʗʦʖʝʤʢ ɺʛʟʧʨʘʩʵ ʖʣʖʡʤʙʞʭʣʤ ʥʦʞʘʛʚʛʣʣʤʟ

ʘʱʮʛ ʧʫʛʢʛ ʨʦʞ ʮʠʤʡʲʣʞʠʖ ʥʦʛʘʦʖʨʵʨ ʤʚʣʤʙʤ ʧʥʞʧʱʘʖʴʯʛʙʤ ʘ ʭʛʧʨʣʤʙʤ ʥʦʞ ʳʨʤʢ ʧʖʢʞ ʤʧʨʖ
ʣʩʨʧʵ ʭʛʧʨʣʱʢʞ ʀʖʜʚʤʙʤ ʞʝ ʤʧʨʖʘʮʞʫʧʵ ʭʛʧʨʣʱʫ ʮʠʤʡʲʣʞʠʤʘ ʗʩʚʛʢ ʧʖʜʖʨʲ ʧ ʤʚʣʞʢ ʞ ʨʛʢ ʜʛ
ʤʚʣʤʠʡʖʧʧʣʞʠʤʢ ɻʧʡʞ ʤʣ ʗʩʚʛʨ ʧʞʚʛʨʲ ʬʛʡʱʟ ʢʛʧʵʬ ʧ ʭʛʧʨʣʱʢ ʨʤ ʤʣʞ ʤʗʖ ʤʧʨʖʣʩʨʧʵ ʭʛʧʨʣʱʢʞ
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ʤʗʤʞʫ ʧʡʩʭʖʵʫ ʤʗʯʛʛ ʭʞʧʡʤ ʭʛʧʨʣʱʫ ʮʠʤʡʲʣʞʠʤʘ ʥʤ ʞʨʤʙʖʢ ʢʛʧʵʬʖ ʩʘʛʡʞʭʞʨʧʵ ʣʖ  ʅʦʤʚʤʡʜʞʨʲ
ʥʦʛʘʦʖʯʖʨʲ ʧʥʞʧʱʘʖʡʲʯʞʠʤʘ ʘ ʭʛʧʨʣʱʫ ʤʚʣʤʙʤ ʝʖ ʚʦʩʙʞʢ ʥʤʠʖ ʘʧʛ ʘ ʠʡʖʧʧʛ ʣʛ ʧʨʖʣʩʨ ʭʛʧʨʣʱʢʞ

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ʘʱʞʙʦʱʮ ʭʛʧʨʣʤʙʤ ʞ ʧʥʞʧʱʘʖʴʯʛʙʤ ʮʠʤʡʲʣʞʠʖ

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ɺʤʠʖʝʖʣʤ ʭʨʤ ʛʧʡʞ ʭʛʧʨʣʱʫ ʮʠʤʡʲʣʞʠʤʘ ʣʛ ʗʤʡʛʛ  ʨʤ ʣʞʭʛʙʤ ʣʛ ʥʤʡʩʭʞʨʧʵ ‰

 ʗʖʡ

ʡʖ

•

ɻʧʡʞ ʧ  ʮʠʤʡʲʣʞʠʖʢʞ ʚʤʠʖʝʖʨʛʡʲʧʨʘʤ ʣʛ ʩʚʖʡʤʧʲ ʨʤ

 ʗʖʡʡ

 ʘ ʧʩʢʢʛ ʢʤʜʣʤ ʗʱʡʤ ʥʤʡʩʭʞʨʲ

ʝʖ ʦʖʝʗʤʦ ʧʡʩʭʖʛʘ

9

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9

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•

ʅʤʠʖʝʖʣʤ ʭʨʤ ʞʝ

9

=

Č ʢʤʜʣʤ ʧʚʛʡʖʨʲ  ʭʛʧʨʣʱʫ ʮʠʤʡʲʣʞʠʤʘ ‰

 ʗʖʡʡʖ

•

ʅʤʠʖʝʖʣʤ ʭʨʤ ʥʦʞ  ʞ ʗʤʡʛʛ ʭʛʧʨʣʱʫ ʮʠʤʡʲʣʞʠʤʘ ʢʤʜʣʤ ʩʘʛʡʞʭʞʘʖʨʲ ʭʞʧʡʤ ʭʛʧʨʣʱʫ ʮʠʤʡʲ
ʣʞʠʤʘ ʠʖʜʚʱʟ ʢʛʧʵʬ ʠʖʠ ʢʞʣʞʢʩʢ ʣʖ  ‰

 ʗʖʡʡʖ

 ʖʥʦʛʡʵ  ʙ

ʟ ʨʩʦ ɽʖʚʖʭʞ

ɽʖʚʖʭʖ 

 ʂʛʜʚʩʣʖʦʤʚʣʖʵ ʨʤʦʙʤʘʡʵ ʞ ʦʱʣʤʠ ʨʦʩʚʖ

ɸ ʧʨʦʖʣʛ

9:

ʥʦʤʞʝʘʤʚʵʨʧʵ ʚʘʖ ʨʤʘʖʦʖ ‰ ɾʠʧ ʞ ɾʙʦʛʠ ʘ ʞʫ ʥʦʤʞʝʘʤʚʧʨʘʛ ʞʧʥʤʡʲʝʩʴʨʧʵ ʚʘʖ

ʪʖʠʨʤʦʖ ‰ ʨʦʩʚ ʞ ʠʖʥʞʨʖʡ ʄʗʯʞʟ ʝʖʥʖʧ ʨʦʩʚʖ ʘ ʧʨʦʖʣʛ  ʘʛʡʞʭʞʣʖ ʦʖʗʤʭʛʟ ʧʞʡʱ ʧʤʧʨʖʘʡʵʛʨ 
ʛʚʞʣʞʬ ʖ ʠʖʥʞʨʖʡʖ ‰  ʛʚʞʣʞʬ ɺʡʵ ʥʦʤʞʝʘʤʚʧʨʘʖ

9

ʛʚʞʣʞʬ ɾʠʧʖ ʣʩʜʣʱ

9

ʛʚʞʣʞʬ ʨʦʩʚʖ ʞ

9

ċ

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Ċċĉ ʛʚʞʣʞʬ ʠʖʥʞʨʖʡʖ ɺʡʵ ʥʦʤʞʝʘʤʚʧʨʘʖ

:

ʛʚʞʣʞʬ ɾʙʦʛʠʖ ʣʩʜʣʱ ċ

:

ʛʚʞʣʞʬ ʨʦʩʚʖ ʞ

:

ʛʚʞʣʞʬ

ʠʖʥʞʨʖʡʖ ʈʤʘʖʦʱ ɾʠʧ ʞ ɾʙʦʛʠ ʥʤʨʦʛʗʡʵʴʨʧʵ ʨʤʡʲʠʤ ʘ ʠʤʢʥʡʛʠʨʖʫ ʧʤʧʨʤʵʯʞʫ ʞʝ ʤʚʣʤʟ ʛʚʞʣʞʬʱ
ɾʠʧʖ ʞ ʚʘʩʫ ʛʚʞʣʞʬ ɾʙʦʛʠʖ ʓʠʤʣʤʢʞʠʖ ʧʨʦʖʣʱ ʦʖʗʤʨʖʛʨ ʨʖʠ ʭʨʤʗʱ ʢʖʠʧʞʢʞʝʞʦʤʘʖʨʲ ʠʤʡʞʭʛʧʨʘʤ
ʥʤʨʦʛʗʡʵʛʢʱʫ ʠʤʢʥʡʛʠʨʤʘ

ʖ   ʗʖʡʡʤʘ

ʅʤʧʨʦʤʟʨʛ ʠʦʞʘʩʴ ʥʦʤʞʝʘʤʚʧʨʘʛʣʣʱʫ ʘʤʝʢʤʜʣʤʧʨʛʟ ʧʨʦʖʣʱ ʩʠʖʝʖʘ ʠʤʤʦʚʞʣʖ

ʨʱ ʘʧʛʫ ʠʡʴʭʛʘʱʫ ʨʤʭʛʠ ʄʥʦʛʚʛʡʞʨʛ ʧʠʤʡʲʠʤ ʠʤʢʥʡʛʠʨʤʘ ʗʩʚʛʨ ʥʤʨʦʛʗʡʵʨʲʧʵ ʘ ʧʨʦʖʣʛ ʘ ʩʧʡʤ
ʘʞʵʫ ʝʖʠʦʱʨʤʟ ʳʠʤʣʤʢʞʠʞ ʄʥʦʛʚʛʡʞʨʛ ʩʦʤʘʛʣʲ ʗʛʝʦʖʗʤʨʞʬʱ ʘ ʧʨʦʖʣʛ  ʚʤʡʴ ʦʖʗʤʭʛʟ ʧʞʡʱ ʠʤ
ʨʤʦʖʵ ʣʛ ʞʧʥʤʡʲʝʩʛʨʧʵ ʘ ʥʦʤʞʝʘʤʚʧʨʘʛ

ʗ   ʗʖʡʡʤʘ

ɺʤʥʩʧʨʞʢ ʧʨʦʖʣʖ ʤʨʠʦʱʘʖʛʨʧʵ ʢʞʦʤʘʤʢʩ ʦʱʣʠʩ ʣʖ ʠʤʨʤʦʤʢ ʛʚʞʣʞʬʩ ɾʠʧʖ

ʢʤʜʣʤ ʤʗʢʛʣʵʨʲ  ʘ ʡʴʗʩʴ ʧʨʤʦʤʣʩ ʣʖ ʚʘʛ ʛʚʞʣʞʬʱ ɾʙʦʛʠʖ ʄʥʦʛʚʛʡʞʨʛ ʠʖʠʖʵ ʠʤʢʗʞʣʖʬʞʵ ʨʤʘʖ
ʦʤʘ ʗʩʚʛʨ ʥʦʤʞʝʘʤʚʞʨʲʧʵ ʘ ʧʨʦʖʣʛ ʞ ʧʠʤʡʲʠʤ ʠʤʢʥʡʛʠʨʤʘ ʗʩʚʛʨ ʥʤʨʦʛʗʡʵʨʲʧʵ ʄʥʦʛʚʛʡʞʨʛ ʩʦʤ
ʘʛʣʲ ʗʛʝʦʖʗʤʨʞʬʱ ʘ ʧʨʦʖʣʛ

ʘ   ʗʖʡʡʖ

ʀʖʠ ʞʝʘʛʧʨʣʤ ʗʛʝʦʖʗʤʨʞʬʖ ʘʡʛʭʛʨ ʝʖ ʧʤʗʤʟ ʚʤʡʙʤʧʦʤʭʣʱʛ ʥʤʨʛʦʞ ʗʡʖʙʤʧʤʧʨʤʵ

ʣʞʵ ʧʘʵʝʖʣʣʱʛ ʧ ʩʨʦʖʨʤʟ ʠʘʖʡʞʪʞʠʖʬʞʞ ʦʖʗʤʨʣʞʠʤʘ ʤʨʭʖʵʣʞʛʢ ʞ ʥʤʚʤʗʣʱʢʞ ʳʪʪʛʠʨʖʢʞ ʄʥʦʛ
ʚʛʡʞʢ ʘʛʡʞʭʞʣʩ ʤʗʯʛʧʨʘʛʣʣʤʙʤ ʗʡʖʙʤʧʤʧʨʤʵʣʞʵ ʠʖʠ ʦʖʝʣʤʧʨʲ ʢʛʜʚʩ ʠʤʡʞʭʛʧʨʘʤʢ ʥʤʨʦʛʗʡʵʛ
ʢʱʫ ʠʤʢʥʡʛʠʨʤʘ ʞ ʘʛʡʞʭʞʣʤʟ

D

⋅

6

 ʙʚʛ

6

‰

ʠʤʡʞʭʛʧʨʘʤ

ʗʛʝʦʖʗʤʨʣʱʫ ʛʚʞʣʞʬ ʨʦʩʚʖ ʖ

D

‰ ʥʤʨʛʦʞ

ʤʨ ʗʛʝʦʖʗʤʨʞʬʱ ʘ ʦʖʧʭʛʨʛ ʣʖ ʤʚʣʩ ʗʛʝʦʖʗʤʨʣʩʴ ʛʚʞʣʞʬʩ ʨʦʩʚʖ ʅʦʞ ʠʖʠʤʢ ʢʞʣʞʢʖʡʲʣʤʢ ʝʣʖʭʛ
ʣʞʞ

D

ʘʛʡʞʭʞʣʖ ʤʗʯʛʧʨʘʛʣʣʤʙʤ ʗʡʖʙʤʧʤʧʨʤʵʣʞʵ ʘ ʧʨʦʖʣʛ ʣʛ ʩʘʛʡʞʭʞʨʧʵ ʥʦʞ ʤʨʠʦʱʨʞʞ ʢʛʜʚʩʣʖ

ʦʤʚʣʤʟ ʨʤʦʙʤʘʡʞ  ʄʗʤʝʣʖʭʲʨʛ ʳʨʤ ʝʣʖʭʛʣʞʛ ʝʖ

D

NJO

ʙ   ʗʖʡʡʤʘ

ɺʤʥʩʧʨʞʢ

D

=

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NJO

 ɸʢʛʧʨʤ ʨʤʙʤ ʭʨʤʗʱ ʦʖʧʧʢʖʨʦʞʘʖʨʲ ʚʘʛ ʠʦʖʟʣʤʧʨʞ ‰ ʤʨ

ʠʦʱʘʖʨʲ ʧʘʤʗʤʚʣʩʴ ʨʤʦʙʤʘʡʴ ʞʡʞ ʝʖʥʦʛʯʖʨʲ ʛʛ ‰ ʙʤʧʩʚʖʦʧʨʘʤ ʢʤʜʛʨ ʥʦʞʣʵʨʲ ʥʦʤʢʛʜʩʨʤʭʣʤʛ
ʦʛʮʛʣʞʛ ʘʘʛʧʨʞ ʨʖʦʞʪ ʣʖ ʞʢʥʤʦʨ ɾʙʦʛʠʖ ʅʤʧʡʛ ʘʘʛʚʛʣʞʵ ʨʖʦʞʪʖ ʚʤʡʵ

U

∈

(

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;

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ʘʘʛʝʛʣʣʱʫ ʛʚʞ

ʣʞʬ ɾʙʦʛʠʖ ʗʩʚʛʨ ʞʝʱʢʖʨʲʧʵ ʞʝʰʵʨʱʛ ʛʚʞʣʞʬʱ ɾʙʦʛʠʖ ʙʤʧʩʚʖʦʧʨʘʤ ʝʖʨʛʢ ʭʖʧʨʞʭʣʤ ʤʗʢʛʣʞʘʖʛʨ
ʣʖ ɾʠʧ ʣʖ ʢʞʦʤʘʤʢ ʦʱʣʠʛ ʞ ʤʨʚʖʛʨ ʥʤʡʩʭʛʣʣʱʛ ʠʤʢʥʡʛʠʨʱ ʥʤʨʦʛʗʞʨʛʡʵʢ ʅʦʞ ʳʨʤʢ ʳʠʤʣʤʢʞʭʛ
ʧʠʞʛ ʖʙʛʣʨʱ ʥʦʞ ʥʦʞʣʵʨʞʞ ʦʛʮʛʣʞʟ ʣʛ ʩʭʞʨʱʘʖʴʨ ʳʨʤʨ ʨʦʖʣʧʪʛʦʨ ʦʖʘʣʤʘʛʧʞʛ ʘ ʳʠʤʣʤʢʞʠʛ ʩʧʨʖ
ʣʖʘʡʞʘʖʛʨʧʵ ʨʖʠ ʜʛ ʠʖʠ ʘ ʥʩʣʠʨʛ

ʗ

 ʠʖʠ ʛʧʡʞ ʗʱ ʥʦʤʥʤʦʬʞʵ ʤʗʢʛʣʖ ɾʠʧʖ ʣʖ ɾʙʦʛʠ ʗʱʡʖ Ċ

∶

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ʄʥʦʛʚʛʡʞʨʛ ʝʣʖʭʛʣʞʛ

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ʆʛʮʛʣʞʛ

ʖ

ʄʗʤʝʣʖʭʞʢ ʠʤʡʞʭʛʧʨʘʖ ʥʦʤʞʝʘʛʚʛʣʣʱʫ ʨʤʘʖʦʤʘ ʝʖ

9

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 ʈʤʙʚʖ ʘ ʧʞʡʩ ʤʙʦʖʣʞʭʛʣʞʵ ʣʖ ʦʖ

ʗʤʭʩʴ ʧʞʡʩ ʞʢʛʛʨ ʢʛʧʨʤ ʣʛʦʖʘʛʣʧʨʘʤ

9

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ʡʖ ʞʢʛʛʨ ʢʛʧʨʤ ʣʛʦʖʘʛʣʧʨʘʤ

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 ʖʥʦʛʡʵ  ʙ

ʟ ʨʩʦ ɽʖʚʖʭʞ

ʭʛʨʘʛʦʨʞ jɸʛʦʫʣʵʵx Sʦʖʣʞʬʖ ʳʨʤʙʤ ʢʣʤʜʛʧʨʘʖ ʞ ʚʖʧʨ ʞʧʠʤʢʩʴ ʀʅɸ ɻʛ ʠʡʴʭʛʘʱʛ ʨʤʭʠʞ

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ʳʠʤʣʤʢʞʠʞ

ɺʡʵ ʦʛʮʛʣʞʵ ʚʖʡʲʣʛʟʮʞʫ ʥʩʣʠʨʤʘ ʣʖʢ ʥʦʞʙʤʚʞʨʧʵ ʖʣʖʡʞʨʞʭʛʧʠʖʵ ʝʖʥʞʧʲ ʀʅɸ

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 ʨʤ ʛʧʨʲ ʥʤʨʦʛʗʡʵʨʲʧʵ ʗʩ

ʚʩʨ  ʠʤʢʥʡʛʠʨʤʘ ɸ ʳʨʤʟ ʨʤʭʠʛ ʤʙʦʖʣʞʭʛʣʞʛ ʥʤ ʨʦʩʚʩ ʘʱʥʤʡʣʛʣʤ ʠʖʠ ʦʖʘʛʣʧʨʘʤ ɾʣʱʢʞ ʧʡʤʘʖ
ʢʞ ʘʧʛ ʛʚʞʣʞʬʱ ʨʦʩʚʖ ʝʖʚʛʟʧʨʘʤʘʖʣʱ ʘ ʥʦʤʞʝʘʤʚʧʨʘʛ ʞ ʩʦʤʘʛʣʲ ʗʛʝʦʖʗʤʨʞʬʱ ʦʖʘʛʣ ʣʩʡʴ

ʗ ʆʛʮʛʣʞʛ 

ɶʡʲʨʛʦʣʖʨʞʘʣʱʛ ʞʝʚʛʦʜʠʞ ʥʦʞ ʥʦʤʞʝʘʤʚʧʨʘʛ

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ċ ʛʚʞʣʞʬ ɾʙʦʛʠʖ ʅʦʤʞʝʘʛʚʛʣʣʱʟ ɾʠʧ ʢʤʜʣʤ ʤʗʢʛʣʵʨʲ ʣʖ ʢʞʦʤʘʤʢ ʦʱʣʠʛ

ʣʖ ċȜ ʛʚʞʣʞʬ ɾʙʦʛʠʖ ʞ ʞʨʤʙʛ ʩ ʧʨʦʖʣʱ ʗʩʚʛʨ ʗʤʡʲʮʛ ɾʙʦʛʠʖ ʭʛʢ ʞʝʣʖʭʖʡʲʣʤ ʥʦʞ ʨʖʠʤʢ ʜʛ ʠʤ
ʡʞʭʛʧʨʘʛ ɾʠʧʖ ɽʣʖʭʞʨ ʧʨʦʖʣʖ ʧʢʤʜʛʨ ʥʤʡʩʭʞʨʲ ʞ ʗʤʡʲʮʛ ʠʤʢʡʥʛʠʨʤʘ ʭʛʢ ʞʝʣʖʭʖʡʲʣʤ  ʨʖʠ ʠʖʠ

:

ʚʤʥʤʡʣʞʨʛʡʲʣʱʫ ʛʚʞʣʞʬ ɾʙʦʛʠʖ ʡʛʙʠʤ ʥʦʛʘʦʖʨʞʨʲ ʘ

:

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č ʠʤʢʥʡʛʠʨʤʘ

 ʉʢʛʣʲʮʖʨʲ ʜʛ ʥʦʤʞʝʘʤʚʧʨʘʤ ɾʠʧʖ ʥʤ ʧʦʖʘʣʛʣʞʴ ʧ ʥʩʣʠʨʤʢ ʖ ʣʛʘʱʙʤʚʣʤ ʨʖʠ ʠʖʠ jʢʛʣʵʵx

ɾʠʧ ʣʖ ɾʙʦʛʠ ʘʣʩʨʦʞ ʧʨʦʖʣʱ ʚʘʞʙʖʵʧʲ ʥʤ ʀʅɸ ʘʡʛʘʤ ʢʱ ʥʤʡʩʭʞʢ ʨʤʡʲʠʤ  ɾʙʦʛʠʖ ʝʖ ʠʖʜʚʩʴ
ʛʚʞʣʞʬʩ ɾʠʧʖ ʖ ʣʖ ʢʞʦʤʘʤʢ ʦʱʣʠʛ ʥʤʡʩʭʞʢ ʚʘʛ ʛʚʞʣʞʬʱ

ʆʖʧʧʩʜʚʖʵ ʨʖʠʞʢ ʤʗʦʖʝʤʢ ʭʨʤ ʧʨʦʖʣʛ ʘʱʙʤʚʣʤ ʣʖʦʖʯʞʘʖʨʲ ʥʦʤʞʝʘʤʚʧʨʘʤ ɾʠʧʖ ʥʤʠʖ ʖʡʲʨʛʦ

ʣʖʨʞʘʣʱʛ ʞʝʚʛʦʜʠʞ ʳʨʤʙʤ  ʘ ʨʛʦʢʞʣʖʫ ɾʙʦʛʠʖ ʢʛʣʲʮʛ ʭʛʢ ʠʤʡʞʭʛʧʨʘʤ ʚʤʥʤʡʣʞʨʛʡʲʣʱʫ ʛʚʞʣʞʬ
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 ʖʥʦʛʡʵ  ʙ

ʟ ʨʩʦ ɽʖʚʖʭʞ

ʣʱʟ ʤʗʰʛʢ ʥʦʤʞʝʘʤʚʧʨʘʖ ɾʠʧʖ ʩʚʤʘʡʛʨʘʤʦʵʴʯʞʟ ʩʧʡʤʘʞʴ

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ʛʚʞʣʞʬ ɾʙʦʛʠʖ ʞ ʝʣʖʭʞʨ  ʛʚʞʣʞʬ ʢʤʜʣʤ ʥʦʛʘʦʖʨʞʨʲ ʘ  ʠʤʢʥʡʛʠʨʤʘ ʃʖ ʥʦʤʞʝʘʤʚʧʨʘʛ ɾʠʧʖ
ʗʩʚʛʨ ʝʖʚʛʟʧʨʘʤʘʖʣʤ  ʞʝ  ʛʚʞʣʞʬ ʨʦʩʚʖ ʈʖʠʞʢ ʤʗʦʖʝʤʢ ʩʦʤʘʛʣʲ ʗʛʝʦʖʗʤʨʞʬʱ ʧʤʧʨʖʘʞʨ
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ʠʩ

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ʥʦʤʫʤʚʵʯʛʟ ʭʛʦʛʝ

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 ʅʦʞ ʳʨʤʢ ʤʗʢʛʣ ʗʩʚʛʨ ʥʦʤʞʧʫʤʚʞʨʲ ʚʤ ʥʛʦʛʧʛʭʛ

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−

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ʢʛʣʖ ʚʡʵ ʧʨʦʖʣʱ ʘ ʬʛʡʤʢ  ʧ ʩʭʛʨʤʢ ʘʣʛʮʣʛʨʤʦʙʤʘʱʫ ʤʥʛʦʖʬʞʟ ʙʤʧʩʚʖʦʧʨʘʖ ʗʩʚʛʨ ʠʖʠ ʞ ʦʖʣʲʮʛ
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ʆʛʮʛʣʞʛ 

ʀʖʠ ʩʜʛ ʗʱʡʤ ʤʨʢʛʭʛʣʤ ʦʖʣʛʛ ʣʛʝʖʘʞʧʞʢʤ ʤʨ ʘʛʡʞʭʞʣʱ ʨʖʦʞʪʖ ʪʖʠʨʞʭʛʧʠʖʵ ʥʦʤ

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ʦʖʝ ʧʤʤʨʘʛʨʧʨʘʩʛʨ ʥʦʤʥʤʦʬʞʞ ʤʗʢʛʣʖ Ċ

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ʇʤʚʛʦʜʖʨʛʡʲʣʤ ʘʘʛʚʛʣʞʛ ʨʖʦʞʪʖ ʧʠʖʜʛʨʧʵ ʣʖ ʳʠʤʣʤʢʞʠʛ ʧʡʛʚʩʴʯʞʢ ʤʗʦʖʝʤʢ ʅʤʧʠʤʡʲʠʩ

ʞʢʥʤʦʨʣʱʟ ɾʙʦʛʠ ʧʨʖʣʛʨ ʢʛʣʛʛ ʚʤʧʨʩʥʛʣ ʥʦʤʞʝʘʤʚʧʨʘʤ ʤʨʛʭʛʧʨʘʛʣʣʤʙʤ  ʨʦʩʚʤʛʢʠʤʙʤ ɾʙʦʛʠʖ
ʩʘʛʡʞʭʞʨʧʵ ʘ ʦʛʝʩʡʲʨʖʨʛ ʭʛʙʤ ʗʛʝʦʖʗʤʨʞʬʖ ʧʤʠʦʖʨʞʨʧʵ ʅʦʞ ʳʨʤʢ ʭʖʧʨʞʭʣʤ ʢʛʜʚʩʣʖʦʤʚʣʖʵ ʨʤʦ
ʙʤʘʡʵ ʧʤʫʦʖʣʞʨʧʵ ʭʨʤ ʥʤʝʘʤʡʞʨ ʧʨʦʖʣʛ ʥʦʤʚʤʡʜʖʨʲ ʥʤʡʩʭʖʨʲ ʭʖʧʨʲ ʘʱʙʤʚ ʤʨ ʧʥʛʬʞʖʡʞʝʖʬʞʞ

ʅʦʞʢʛʭʖʣʞʵ

•

ɻʧʡʞ ʗʱ ʞʝʰʵʨʱʟ ɾʙʦʛʠ ʩʣʞʭʨʤʜʖʡʧʵ ʘʘʛʚʛʣʞʛ ʨʖʦʞʪʖ ʘʧʛ ʦʖʘʣʤ ʢʤʙʡʤ ʗʱ ʥʤʘʱʧʞʨʲ ʤʗʯʛ
ʧʨʘʛʣʣʤʛ ʗʡʖʙʤʧʤʧʨʤʵʣʞʛ ɸ ʠʖʭʛʧʨʘʛ ʩʥʦʖʜʣʛʣʞʵ ʣʖʟʚʞʨʛ ʘʛʡʞʭʞʣʩ ʨʖʦʞʪʖ ʠʤʨʤʦʖʵ ʢʖʠ
ʧʞʢʞʝʞʦʩʛʨ ʗʡʖʙʤʧʤʧʨʤʵʣʞʛ ʘ ʳʨʤʢ ʧʡʩʭʖʛ  ʀʤʣʛʭʣʤ ʧʖʢʖ ʢʖʠʧʞʢʖʡʲʣʖʵ ʘʛʡʞʭʞʣʖ ʗʡʖʙʤ
ʧʤʧʨʤʵʣʞʵ ʚʤʡʜʣʖ ʥʤʡʩʭʞʨʲʧʵ ʢʛʣʲʮʛ ʭʛʢ ʘ ʥʩʣʠʨʛ ʙ

•

ʅʦʛʚʥʤʧʱʡʠʖ ʤ ʨʤʢ ʭʨʤ jʳʠʤʣʤʢʞʠʖ ʦʖʗʤʨʖʛʨ ʨʖʠ ʭʨʤʗʱ ʢʖʠʧʞʢʞʝʞʦʤʘʖʨʲ ʠʤʡʞʭʛʧʨʘʤ ʠʤʢ
ʥʡʛʠʨʤʘx ʗʩʚʛʨ ʘʱʥʤʡʣʵʨʲʧʵ ʣʖʥʦʞʢʛʦ ʥʦʞ ʧʡʛʚʩʴʯʞʫ ʩʧʡʤʘʞʵʫ   ʃʖ ʢʞʦʤʘʤʢ ʦʱʣʠʛ
ɾʠʧ ʧʨʤʞʨ ċ

Q

ʚʛʣ ʛʚ ʖ ɾʙʦʛʠ ‰

Q

ʚʛʣ ʛʚ  ʭʨʤ ʠʖʠ ʦʖʝ ʧʤʤʨʘʛʨʧʨʘʩʛʨ ʥʦʤʥʤʦʬʞʞ ʤʗʢʛʣʖ

Ċ

∶

ċ   ɸʧʛ ʦʱʣʠʞ ʧʤʘʛʦʮʛʣʣʤʠʤʣʠʩʦʛʣʨʣʱʛ ʞ ʣʛʨ ʨʦʖʣʧʥʤʦʨʣʱʫ ʦʖʧʫʤʚʤʘ ʨʖʠ ʭʨʤ ʬʛʣʱ

ʘʣʩʨʦʞ ʧʨʦʖʣʱ ʦʖʘʣʱ ʢʞʦʤʘʱʢ ʬʛʣʖʢ   ʄʗʰʛʢʱ ʥʦʤʞʝʘʤʚʧʨʘʖ ʘʱʗʞʦʖʴʨʧʵ ʨʖʠ ʭʨʤʗʱ
ʧʩʢʢʖʦʣʖʵ ʘʱʦʩʭʠʖ ʥʦʤʞʝʘʤʚʞʨʛʡʛʟ ʗʱʡʖ ʢʖʠʧʞʢʖʡʲʣʖ ʥʦʞ ʚʖʣʣʱʫ ʬʛʣʖʫ   ɸʧʵ ʘʱʦʩʭ
ʠʖ ʥʦʤʞʝʘʤʚʞʨʛʡʛʟ ʤʗʦʖʯʖʛʨʧʵ ʘ ʚʤʫʤʚʱ ʥʤʨʦʛʗʞʨʛʡʛʟ   ʅʤʨʦʛʗʞʨʛʡʞ ʥʤʡʣʤʧʨʲʴ ʨʦʖ
ʨʵʨ ʚʤʫʤʚ ʣʖ ʥʤʠʩʥʠʩ ʠʤʢʥʡʛʠʨʤʘ ɸ ʳʨʤʟ ʞʣʨʛʦʥʦʛʨʖʬʞʞ ʥʦʵʢʱʛ

M

Ċ

M

ċ

ʞ

M

Č

 ʞʝʤʗʦʖʜʛʣʣʱʛ

ʣʖ ʦʞʧʩʣʠʛ ʗʩʚʩʨ ʤʚʣʤʘʦʛʢʛʣʣʤ ʵʘʡʵʨʲʧʵ ʡʞʣʞʵʢʞ ʤʚʞʣʖʠʤʘʤʟ ʘʱʦʩʭʠʞ ʞ ʗʴʚʜʛʨʣʱʢʞ
ʤʙʦʖʣʞʭʛʣʞʵʢʞ ʥʤʨʦʛʗʞʨʛʡʵ

•

ɺʡʵ ʥʤʡʣʤʨʱ ʠʖʦʨʞʣʱ ʢʤʜʣʤ ʦʖʧʧʭʞʨʖʨʲ ʘʛʡʞʭʞʣʩ ʤʗʯʛʧʨʘʛʣʣʤʙʤ ʗʡʖʙʤʧʤʧʨʤʵʣʞʵ ʅʦʞ
ʥʤʡʣʤʢ ʝʖʥʦʛʨʛ ʨʤʦʙʤʘʡʞ ʗʡʖʙʤʧʤʧʨʤʵʣʞʛ ʦʖʘʣʤ  ʅʦʞ ʥʤʡʣʤʟ ʡʞʗʛʦʖʡʞʝʖʬʞʞ ʨʤʦʙʤʘʡʞ
ʤʣʤ ʨʖʠʜʛ ʦʖʘʣʤ  ʅʦʞ ʘʘʛʚʛʣʞʞ ʤʥʨʞʢʖʡʲʣʤʙʤ ʨʖʦʞʪʖ ʤʣʤ ʧʤʧʨʖʘʞʨ

8

(

đĉ

)

=

Ďč

ʇʫʛʢʖ ʤʬʛʣʞʘʖʣʞʵ

ʖ

ʂʖʠʧʞʢʩʢ  ʗʖʡʡʤʘ ɾʝ ʣʞʫ