ECMA-262 (12th Edition) ECMAScript 2021 Language Specification - page 48

n such that

The value of

Number.MIN_SAFE_INTEGER

(n)

21.1.2.7 Number.MAX_VALUE

21.1.2.8 Number.MIN_SAFE_INTEGER

21.1.2.9 Number.MIN_VALUE

21.1.2.10 Number.NaN

21.1.2.11 Number.NEGATIVE_INFINITY

21.1.2.12 Number.parseFloat (

string

)

509

The value of the

Number.parseFloat

data property

is the same built-in

function object

that is the initial value of

the

"parseFloat"

property of the

defined in

19.2.4

The value of the

Number.parseInt

data property

is the same built-in

function object

that is the initial value of the

"parseInt"

property of the

defined in

19.2.5

The value of

Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY

∞

𝔽

This property has the attributes { [[Writable]]:

false

, [[Enumerable]]:

false

, [[Configurable]]:

false

The initial value of

Number.prototype

is the

Number prototype object

This property has the attributes { [[Writable]]:

false

, [[Enumerable]]:

false

, [[Configurable]]:

false

The

Number prototype object

%Number.prototype%

is an

ordinary object

is itself a Number object; it has a [[NumberData]] internal slot with the value

𝔽

has a [[Prototype]] internal slot whose value is

%Object.prototype%

Unless explicitly stated otherwise, the methods of the Number prototype object defined below are not generic and the

this

value passed to them must be either a

or an object that has a [[NumberData]] internal slot that has

been initialized to a

The abstract operation

thisNumberValue

takes argument

value

. It performs the following steps when called:

1. If

(

value

) is Number, return

value

2. If

(

value

) is Object and

value

has a [[NumberData]] internal slot, then

a. Let

value

.[[NumberData]].

) is Number.

c. Return

3. Throw a

TypeError

exception.

The phrase “this

” within the specification of a method refers to the result returned by calling the

abstract operation

Return a String containing this

with the

this

value of the method invocation passed as the argument.

The initial value of

Number.prototype.constructor

%Number%

21.1.2.13 Number.parseInt (

string

radix

)

21.1.2.14 Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY

21.1.2.15 Number.prototype

21.1.3 Properties of the Number Prototype Object

21.1.3.1 Number.prototype.constructor

510

include as many significand digits as necessary to uniquely specify the Number (just like in

represented in decimal exponential notation with one digit before the

significand's decimal point and

fractionDigits

digits after the significand's decimal point. If

fractionDigits

undefined

except that in

this case the Number is always output in exponential notation). Specifically, perform the following steps:

1. Let

be ?

(

this

value).

2. Let

(

fractionDigits

: If

fractionDigits

undefined

, then

is 0.

4. If

is not finite, return !

Number::toString

5. If

< 0 or

> 100, throw a

RangeError

exception.

6. Set

(

7. Let

be the empty String.

8. If

< 0, then

a. Set

"-"

b. Set

to -

9. If

= 0, then

a. Let

be the String value consisting of

+ 1 occurrences of the code unit 0x0030 (DIGIT ZERO).

b. Let

be 0.

10. Else,

a. If

fractionDigits

is not

undefined

, then

i. Let

and

be integers such that 10

≤

< 10

+ 1

and for which

is as close to zero as

possible. If there are two such sets of

and

, pick the

and

for which

is larger.

b. Else,

i. Let

, and

be integers such that

≥

0, 10

≤

< 10

+ 1

, and

is as small as

possible. Note that the decimal representation of

has

+ 1 digits,

is not divisible by 10, and the

least significant digit of

is not necessarily uniquely determined by these criteria.

c. Let

be the String value consisting of the digits of the decimal representation of

(in order, with no

leading zeroes).

11. If

≠

0, then

a. Let

be the first code unit of

b. Let

be the other

code units of

c. Set

to the

"."

, and

12. If

= 0, then

a. Let

"+"

b. Let

"0"

13. Else,

a. If

> 0, let

"+"

b. Else,

< 0.

ii. Let

"-"

iii. Set

to -

c. Let

be the String value consisting of the digits of the decimal representation of

(in order, with no

leading zeroes).

14. Set

to the

"e"

, and

15. Return the

and

21.1.3.2 Number.prototype.toExponential (

fractionDigits

)

511

NOTE

NOTE 1

The following steps are performed:

1. Let

be ?

(

this

value).

2. Let

(

fractionDigits

: If

fractionDigits

undefined

, then

is 0.

4. If

is not finite, throw a

RangeError

exception.

5. If

< 0 or

> 100, throw a

RangeError

exception.

6. If

is not finite, return !

Number::toString

7. Set

(

8. Let

be the empty String.

9. If

< 0, then

a. Set

"-"

b. Set

to -

10. If

≥

, then

a. Let

be !

)).

11. Else,

a. Let

be an

integer

for which

/ 10

is as close to zero as possible. If there are two such

, pick the

larger

b. If

= 0, let

be the String

"0"

. Otherwise, let

be the String value consisting of the digits of the decimal

representation of

(in order, with no leading zeroes).

c. If

≠

0, then

i. Let

be the length of

ii. If

≤

, then

1. Let

be the String value consisting of

+ 1 -

occurrences of the code unit 0x0030 (DIGIT

ZERO).

2. Set

to the

and

3. Set

+ 1.

iii. Let

be the first

code units of

iv. Let

be the other

code units of

v. Set

to the

"."

, and

12. Return the

returns a String containing this

and

For implementations that provide more accurate conversions than required by the rules above, it
is recommended that the following alternative version of step

10.b.i

be used as a guideline:

i. Let

, and

be integers such that

≥

0, 10

≤

< 10

+ 1

, and

is as small as

possible. If there are multiple possibilities for

, choose the value of

for which

is closest in value to

. If there are two such possible values of

, choose the one that is

even.

toFixed

Produces a String value that represents this

represented in decimal fixed-point

notation with

fractionDigits

digits after the decimal point. If

fractionDigits

undefined

, 0 is

assumed.

21.1.3.3 Number.prototype.toFixed (

fractionDigits

)

512

NOTE 2

An ECMAScript implementation that includes the ECMA-402 Internationalization API must implement the

Number.prototype.toLocaleString

method as specified in the ECMA-402 specification. If an ECMAScript

implementation does not include the ECMA-402 API the following specification of the

toLocaleString

method

is used.

formatted according to the conventions of the

host

environment

's current locale. This function is

, and it is permissible, but not encouraged, for it

to return the same thing as

toString

The meanings of the optional parameters to this method are defined in the ECMA-402 specification; implementations
that do not include ECMA-402 support must not use those parameter positions for anything else.

Return a String containing this

represented either in decimal exponential notation with one digit before

the significand's decimal point and

precision

- 1 digits after the significand's decimal point or in decimal fixed notation

with

precision

significant digits. If

precision

undefined

, call

instead. Specifically, perform the following

steps:

1. Let

be ?

(

this

value).

2. If

precision

undefined

, return !

3. Let

be ?

precision

4. If

is not finite, return !

Number::toString

5. If

< 1 or

> 100, throw a

RangeError

exception.

6. Set

(

7. Let

be the empty String.

8. If

< 0, then

a. Set

to the code unit 0x002D (HYPHEN-MINUS).

b. Set

to -

9. If

= 0, then

a. Let

be the String value consisting of

occurrences of the code unit 0x0030 (DIGIT ZERO).

b. Let

be 0.

10. Else,

a. Let

and

be integers such that 10

- 1

≤

< 10

and for which

+ 1

is as close to zero as

possible. If there are two such sets of

and

, pick the

and

for which

+ 1

is larger.

b. Let

be the String value consisting of the digits of the decimal representation of

(in order, with no

leading zeroes).

c. If

< -6 or

≥

, then

≠

The output of

toFixed

may be more precise than

toString

for some values because toString

only prints enough significant digits to distinguish the number from adjacent Number values.
For example,

(1000000000000000128).toString()

returns

"1000000000000000100"

, while

(1000000000000000128).toFixed(0)

returns

"1000000000000000128"

21.1.3.4 Number.prototype.toLocaleString ( [

reserved1

[ ,

reserved2

] ] )

21.1.3.5 Number.prototype.toPrecision (

precision

)

513

ii. If

≠

1, then

1. Let

be the first code unit of

2. Let

be the other

- 1 code units of

3. Set

to the

"."

, and

iii. If

> 0, then

1. Let

be the code unit 0x002B (PLUS SIGN).

iv. Else,

< 0.

2. Let

be the code unit 0x002D (HYPHEN-MINUS).

3. Set

to -

v. Let

be the String value consisting of the digits of the decimal representation of

(in order, with

no leading zeroes).

vi. Return the

, the code unit 0x0065 (LATIN SMALL LETTER E),

, and

11. If

- 1, return the

and

12. If

≥

0, then

a. Set

to the

of the first

+ 1 code units of

, the code unit 0x002E (FULL STOP),

and the remaining

- (

+ 1) code units of

13. Else,

a. Set

to the

of the code unit 0x0030 (DIGIT ZERO), the code unit 0x002E (FULL

STOP), -(

+ 1) occurrences of the code unit 0x0030 (DIGIT ZERO), and the String

14. Return the

and

NOTE

The following steps are performed:

1. Let

be ?

(

this

value).

2. If

radix

undefined

, let

radixMV

be 10.

3. Else, let

radixMV

be ?

(

radix

4. If

radixMV

< 2 or

radixMV

> 36, throw a

RangeError

exception.

5. If

radixMV

= 10, return !

6. Return the String representation of this

using the radix specified by

radixMV

. Letters

are

used for digits with values 10 through 35. The precise algorithm is

algorithm should be a generalization of that specified in

, however the

6.1.6.1.20

The

toString

function is not generic; it throws a

TypeError

exception if its

this

value is not a Number or a Number

object. Therefore, it cannot be transferred to other kinds of objects for use as a method.

The

"length"

property of the

toString

method is

𝔽

1. Return ?

(

this

value).

The optional

radix

should be an

value in the inclusive range

𝔽

. If

radix

undefined

then

𝔽

is used as the value of

radix

21.1.3.6 Number.prototype.toString ( [

radix

] )

21.1.3.7 Number.prototype.valueOf ( )

514

Number instances are ordinary objects that inherit properties from the

Number prototype object

. Number instances

also have a [[NumberData]] internal slot. The [[NumberData]] internal slot is the

represented by this

Number object.

The BigInt

%BigInt%

is the initial value of the

"BigInt"

property of the

performs a type conversion when called as a function rather than as a

is not intended to be used with the

new

operator or to be subclassed. It may be used as the value of an

extends

clause of a class definition but a

super

call to the BigInt

will cause an exception.

When

BigInt

is called with argument

value

, the following steps are taken:

1. If NewTarget is not

undefined

, throw a

TypeError

exception.

2. Let

prim

ToPrimitive

(

value

number

3. If

(

prim

) is Number, return ?

NumberToBigInt

prim

4. Otherwise, return ?

ToBigInt

(

value

The abstract operation NumberToBigInt takes argument

number

(a Number). It performs the following steps when

called:

1. If

IsIntegralNumber

number

) is

false

, throw a

RangeError

exception.

2. Return the BigInt value that represents

(

number

The value of the [[Prototype]] internal slot of the BigInt

has the following properties:

When the

BigInt.asIntN

function is called with two arguments

bits

and

bigint

, the following steps are taken:

1. Set

bits

to ?

ToIndex

bits

2. Set

bigint

to ?

ToBigInt

(

bigint

3. Let

mod

(

bigint

)

modulo

bits

21.1.4 Properties of Number Instances

21.2 BigInt Objects

21.2.1 The BigInt Constructor

21.2.1.1 BigInt (

value

)

21.2.1.1.1 NumberToBigInt (

number

)

21.2.2 Properties of the BigInt Constructor

21.2.2.1 BigInt.asIntN (

bits

bigint

)

515

4. If

mod

≥

bits

- 1

(

mod

- 2

bits

mod

When the

BigInt.asUintN

function is called with two arguments

bits

and

bigint

, the following steps are taken:

1. Set

bits

to ?

ToIndex

bits

2. Set

bigint

to ?

ToBigInt

(

bigint

3. Return the BigInt value that represents

(

bigint

modulo

bits

The initial value of

BigInt.prototype

is the

BigInt prototype object

This property has the attributes { [[Writable]]:

false

, [[Enumerable]]:

false

, [[Configurable]]:

false

The

BigInt prototype object

%BigInt.prototype%

is an

ordinary object

is not a BigInt object; it does not have a [[BigIntData]] internal slot.
has a [[Prototype]] internal slot whose value is

%Object.prototype%

The abstract operation

thisBigIntValue

takes argument

value

. It performs the following steps when called:

1. If

(

value

) is BigInt, return

value

2. If

(

value

) is Object and

value

has a [[BigIntData]] internal slot, then

Produces a String value that represents this BigInt value formatted according to the conventions of the

value

.[[BigIntData]]) is BigInt.

b. Return

value

.[[BigIntData]].

3. Throw a

TypeError

exception.

The phrase “this BigInt value” within the specification of a method refers to the result returned by calling the abstract
operation

thisBigIntValue

with the

this

value of the method invocation passed as the argument.

The initial value of

BigInt.prototype.constructor

%BigInt%

An ECMAScript implementation that includes the ECMA-402 Internationalization API must implement the

BigInt.prototype.toLocaleString

method as specified in the ECMA-402 specification. If an ECMAScript

implementation does not include the ECMA-402 API the following specification of the

toLocaleString

method

is used.

host

environment

's current locale. This function is

, and it is permissible, but not encouraged, for it

to return the same thing as

toString

21.2.2.2 BigInt.asUintN (

bits

bigint

)

21.2.2.3 BigInt.prototype

21.2.3 Properties of the BigInt Prototype Object

21.2.3.1 BigInt.prototype.constructor

21.2.3.2 BigInt.prototype.toLocaleString ( [

reserved1

[ ,

reserved2

] ] )

516

NOTE

The following steps are performed:

1. Let

be ?

thisBigIntValue

(

this

value).

2. If

radix

undefined

, let

radixMV

be 10.

3. Else, let

radixMV

be ?

(

radix

4. If

radixMV

< 2 or

radixMV

> 36, throw a

RangeError

exception.

5. If

radixMV

= 10, return !

6. Return the String representation of this

using the radix specified by

radixMV

. Letters

are

used for digits with values 10 through 35. The precise algorithm is

algorithm should be a generalization of that specified in

, however the

6.1.6.2.23

The

toString

function is not generic; it throws a

TypeError

exception if its

this

value is not a BigInt or a BigInt

object. Therefore, it cannot be transferred to other kinds of objects for use as a method.

1. Return ?

thisBigIntValue

this

value).

The initial value of the

@@toStringTag

property is the String value

"BigInt"

This property has the attributes { [[Writable]]:

false

, [[Enumerable]]:

false

, [[Configurable]]:

true

The Math object:

%Math%

is the initial value of the

"Math"

property of the

is an

ordinary object

has a [[Prototype]] internal slot whose value is

%Object.prototype%

is not a

function object

does not have a [[Construct]] internal method; it cannot be used as a

with the

new

operator.

does not have a [[Call]] internal method; it cannot be invoked as a function.

NOTE

The optional

radix

should be an

value in the inclusive range

𝔽

. If

radix

undefined

then

𝔽

is used as the value of

radix

In this specification, the phrase “the

for

” has a technical meaning defined in

6.1.6.1

21.2.3.3 BigInt.prototype.toString ( [

radix

] )

21.2.3.4 BigInt.prototype.valueOf ( )

21.2.3.5 BigInt.prototype [ @@toStringTag ]

21.3 The Math Object

517

for

, the base of the natural logarithms, which is approximately 2.7182818284590452354.

This property has the attributes { [[Writable]]:

false

, [[Enumerable]]:

false

, [[Configurable]]:

false

for the natural logarithm of 10, which is approximately 2.302585092994046.

This property has the attributes { [[Writable]]:

false

, [[Enumerable]]:

false

, [[Configurable]]:

false

for the natural logarithm of 2, which is approximately 0.6931471805599453.

This property has the attributes { [[Writable]]:

false

, [[Enumerable]]:

false

, [[Configurable]]:

false

for the base-10 logarithm of

, the base of the natural logarithms; this value is approximately

0.4342944819032518.

This property has the attributes { [[Writable]]:

false

, [[Enumerable]]:

false

, [[Configurable]]:

false

NOTE

for the base-2 logarithm of

, the base of the natural logarithms; this value is approximately

1.4426950408889634.

This property has the attributes { [[Writable]]:

false

, [[Enumerable]]:

false

, [[Configurable]]:

false

NOTE

for

, the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, which is approximately

3.1415926535897932.

This property has the attributes { [[Writable]]:

false

, [[Enumerable]]:

false

, [[Configurable]]:

false

for the square root of

, which is approximately 0.7071067811865476.

The value of

Math.LOG10E

is approximately the reciprocal of the value of

Math.LN10

The value of

Math.LOG2E

is approximately the reciprocal of the value of

Math.LN2

21.3.1 Value Properties of the Math Object

21.3.1.1 Math.E

21.3.1.2 Math.LN10

21.3.1.3 Math.LN2

21.3.1.4 Math.LOG10E

21.3.1.5 Math.LOG2E

21.3.1.6 Math.PI

21.3.1.7 Math.SQRT1_2

518

This property has the attributes { [[Writable]]:

false

, [[Enumerable]]:

false

, [[Configurable]]:

false

NOTE

for the square root of 2, which is approximately 1.4142135623730951.

This property has the attributes { [[Writable]]:

false

, [[Enumerable]]:

false

, [[Configurable]]:

false

The initial value of the

@@toStringTag

property is the String value

"Math"

This property has the attributes { [[Writable]]:

false

, [[Enumerable]]:

false

, [[Configurable]]:

true

NOTE

Returns the absolute value of

; the result has the same magnitude as

but has positive sign.

When the

Math.abs

method is called with argument

, the following steps are taken:

1. Let

, the freely distributable mathematical library from Sun

(

2. If

NaN

, return

NaN

3. If

-0

𝔽

, return

𝔽

4. If

∞

𝔽

, return

∞

𝔽

5. If

𝔽

, return -

6. Return

The value of

Math.SQRT1_2

is approximately the reciprocal of the value of

Math.SQRT2

The behaviour of the functions

acos

acosh

asin

asinh

atan

atanh

atan2

cbrt

cos

cosh

exp

expm1

hypot

log

log1p

log2

log10

pow

random

sin

sinh

sqrt

tan

, and

tanh

is not precisely specified here except to require specific results for certain

argument values that represent boundary cases of interest. For other argument values, these
functions are intended to compute approximations to the results of familiar mathematical
functions, but some latitude is allowed in the choice of approximation algorithms. The general
intent is that an implementer should be able to use the same mathematical library for
ECMAScript on a given hardware platform that is available to C programmers on that platform.

Although the choice of algorithms is left to the implementation, it is recommended (but not
specified by this standard) that implementations use the approximation algorithms for

IEEE 754-

2019

arithmetic contained in

fdlibm

Microsystems (

http://www.netlib.org/fdlibm

21.3.1.8 Math.SQRT2

21.3.1.9 Math [ @@toStringTag ]

21.3.2 Function Properties of the Math Object

21.3.2.1 Math.abs (

)

21.3.2.2 Math.acos (

)

519

Returns the inverse cosine of

. The result is expressed in radians and ranges from

𝔽

), inclusive.

When the

Math.acos

method is called with argument

, the following steps are taken:

1. Let

(

2. If

NaN

𝔽

, or

-1

𝔽

, return

NaN

3. If

𝔽

, return

𝔽

value representing the result of the inverse cosine of

Returns the inverse hyperbolic cosine of

When the

Math.acosh

method is called with argument

, the following steps are taken:

1. Let

(

2. If

NaN

∞

𝔽

, return

3. If

𝔽

, return

𝔽

4. If

𝔽

, return

NaN

5. Return an

Returns the inverse sine of

(

/ 2), inclusive.

When the

Math.asin

method is called with argument

, the following steps are taken:

1. Let

(

2. If

NaN

𝔽

, or

-0

𝔽

, return

3. If

𝔽

-1

𝔽

, return

NaN

(

Returns the inverse hyperbolic sine of

When the

Math.asinh

method is called with argument

, the following steps are taken:

1. Let

(

2. If

NaN

𝔽

-0

𝔽

∞

𝔽

, or

∞

𝔽

, return

3. Return an

value representing the result of the inverse hyperbolic sine of

(

Returns the inverse tangent of

. The result is expressed in radians and ranges from

/ 2) to

/ 2), inclusive.

When the

Math.atan

method is called with argument

, the following steps are taken:

1. Let

(

2. If

NaN

𝔽

, or

-0

𝔽

, return

21.3.2.3 Math.acosh (

)

21.3.2.4 Math.asin (

)

21.3.2.5 Math.asinh (

)

21.3.2.6 Math.atan (

)

520

3. If

∞

𝔽

value representing

/ 2.

4. If

∞

𝔽

value representing -

/ 2.

5. Return an

value representing the result of the inverse tangent of

(

Returns the inverse hyperbolic tangent of

When the

Math.atanh

method is called with argument

, the following steps are taken:

1. Let

(

2. If

NaN

𝔽

, or

-0

𝔽

, return

3. If

𝔽

-1

𝔽

, return

NaN

4. If

𝔽

, return

∞

𝔽

5. If

-1

𝔽

, return

∞

𝔽

6. Return an

value representing the result of the inverse hyperbolic tangent of

(

Returns the inverse tangent of the quotient

of the arguments

and

, where the signs of

and

are used to

determine the quadrant of the result. Note that it is intentional and traditional for the two-argument inverse tangent
function that the argument named

be first and the argument named

be second. The result is expressed in radians

and ranges from -

to +

, inclusive.

When the

Math.atan2

method is called with arguments

and

, the following steps are taken:

1. Let

(

2. Let

(

3. If

NaN

, return

NaN

4. If

∞

𝔽

, then

a. If

∞

𝔽

value representing

/ 4.

b. If

∞

𝔽

, return an

value representing 3

/ 4.

c. Return an

value representing

/ 2.

5. If

∞

𝔽

, then

a. If

∞

𝔽

value representing -

/ 4.

b. If

∞

𝔽

, return an

value representing -3

/ 4.

c. Return an

value representing -

/ 2.

6. If

𝔽

, then

a. If

𝔽

, return

𝔽

b. Return an

value representing

7. If

-0

𝔽

, then

a. If

𝔽

, return

-0

𝔽

b. Return an

value representing -

is finite and is neither

𝔽

nor

-0

𝔽

9. If

𝔽

, then

a. If

∞

𝔽

, return

𝔽

21.3.2.7 Math.atanh (

)

21.3.2.8 Math.atan2 (

)

521

b. If

∞

𝔽

, return an

value representing

c. If

𝔽

-0

𝔽

, return an

value representing

/ 2.

10. If

𝔽

, then

a. If

∞

𝔽

, return

-0

𝔽

b. If

∞

𝔽

, return an

value representing -

c. If

𝔽

-0

𝔽

, return an

value representing -

/ 2.

11.

is finite and is neither

𝔽

nor

-0

𝔽

12. Return an

value representing the result of the inverse tangent of the quotient

(

Returns the cube root of

When the

Math.cbrt

method is called with argument

, the following steps are taken:

1. Let

(

2. If

NaN

𝔽

-0

𝔽

∞

𝔽

, or

∞

𝔽

, return

3. Return an

value representing the result of the cube root of

(

Returns the smallest (closest to -

∞

)

value that is not less than

. If

is already an

the result is

When the

Math.ceil

method is called with argument

, the following steps are taken:

1. Let

(

2. If

NaN

𝔽

-0

𝔽

∞

𝔽

, or

∞

𝔽

, return

3. If

𝔽

and

-1

𝔽

, return

-0

𝔽

4. If

is an

, return

5. Return the smallest (closest to -

∞

value that is not less than

NOTE

When the

Math.clz32

method is called with argument

, the following steps are taken:

1. Let

ToUint32

(

2. Let

be the number of leading zero bits in the unsigned 32-bit binary representation of

3. Return

NOTE

The value of

Math.ceil(x)

is the same as the value of

-Math.floor(-x)

𝔽

-0

𝔽

, this method returns

𝔽

. If the most significant bit of the 32-bit binary

encoding of

is 1, this method returns

𝔽

21.3.2.9 Math.cbrt (

)

21.3.2.10 Math.ceil (

)

21.3.2.11 Math.clz32 (

)

522

Returns the cosine of

. The argument is expressed in radians.

When the

Math.cos

method is called with argument

, the following steps are taken:

1. Let

(

2. If

NaN

𝔽

, or

-0

𝔽

, return

3. If

∞

𝔽

∞

𝔽

, return

NaN

Returns the hyperbolic cosine of

When the

Math.cosh

method is called with argument

, the following steps are taken:

1. Let

(

2. If

NaN

∞

𝔽

, or

∞

𝔽

, return

3. If

𝔽

-0

𝔽

, return

𝔽

NOTE

Returns the exponential function of

(

raised to the power of

, where

is the base of the natural logarithms).

When the

Math.exp

method is called with argument

, the following steps are taken:

1. Let

(

2. If

NaN

∞

𝔽

, return

3. If

𝔽

-0

𝔽

, return

𝔽

4. If

∞

𝔽

, return

𝔽

5. Return an

(

Returns the result of subtracting 1 from the exponential function of

(

raised to the power of

, where

is the base of

the natural logarithms). The result is computed in a way that is accurate even when the value of

is close to 0.

When the

Math.expm1

method is called with argument

, the following steps are taken:

1. Let

(

2. If

NaN

𝔽

-0

𝔽

, or

∞

𝔽

, return

3. If

∞

𝔽

, return

-1

𝔽

Returns the greatest (closest to +

value representing the result of subtracting 1 from the exponential

The value of

Math.cosh(x)

is the same as the value of

(Math.exp(x) + Math.exp(-x)) / 2

21.3.2.12 Math.cos (

)

21.3.2.13 Math.cosh (

)

21.3.2.14 Math.exp (

)

21.3.2.15 Math.expm1 (

)

523

∞

value that is not greater than

When the

Math.floor

method is called with argument

, the following steps are taken:

1. Let

(

2. If

NaN

𝔽

-0

𝔽

∞

𝔽

, or

∞

𝔽

, return

3. If

𝔽

and

𝔽

, return

𝔽

4. If

is an

, return

5. Return the greatest (closest to +

∞

value that is not greater than

NOTE

When the

Math.fround

method is called with argument

, the following steps are taken:

1. Let

(

2. If

NaN

, return

NaN

3. If

is one of

𝔽

-0

𝔽

∞

𝔽

, or

∞

𝔽

, return

4. Let

n32

be the result of converting

to a value in

IEEE 754-2019

binary32 format using roundTiesToEven mode.

5. Let

n64

be the result of converting

n32

to a value in

IEEE 754-2019

binary64 format.

6. Return the ECMAScript

corresponding to

n64

Returns the square root of the sum of squares of its arguments.

When the

Math.hypot

method is called with zero or more arguments which form the rest parameter ...

args

, the

following steps are taken:

1. Let

coerced

be a new empty

List

2. For each element

arg

args

, do

a. Let

(

arg

b. Append

coerced

3. Let

onlyZero

true

4. For each element

number

coerced

, do

a. If

number

NaN

number

∞

𝔽

, return

number

b. If

number

∞

𝔽

, return

∞

𝔽

c. If

number

is neither

𝔽

nor

-0

𝔽

, set

onlyZero

false

5. If

onlyZero

true

, return

𝔽

6. Return an