Рекомендовано к изданию Комиссией по приемке и аттестации электронных версий учебных и учебно-методических материалов Академии управления при Президенте Республики Беларусь.
Печатается по решению редакционно-издательского совета Академии управления при Президенте Республики Беларусь.
Е.А. Бахтадзе (глава 7, раздел «Модальные глаголы»), О.С. Симанович,
Л.М. Лещева (глава 7, раздел «Наклонение. Типы условных предложений»),
Т.В. Кудрейко (глава 7, раздел «Согласование времен»), Л.К. Козлова (глава 8),
Л.М. Лещева (глава 9).
Под общей редакцией д-ра филил. наук, проф. Л.М. Лещевой
доктор филологических наук, профессор кафедры грамматики английского языка Минского государственного лингвистического университета Д.Г. Богушевич;
заведующий кафедрой иностранных языков Института государственной службы Академии управления при Президенте Республики Беларусь, кандидат филологических наук, доцент А.Г. Храмченков.
ISBN 985-457-
569-1
(
ч
.
3
)
ISBN 985-457-513-6
|
©
|
Академия управления при Президенте Республики Беларусь, 2006
|
C
hapter 7. VERBS
Modal verbs
Entry Test
Unit 2
1. Correct any errors inserting either
can/could
or
to be able to
where necessary
.
1) I read when I was four years old, but I not write very well.
2) His writing was so bad that I not read his letter at first, but with an effort I make out what he said.
3) We not afford to pay for our journey across Africa, but we make it in the end because the bicycle firm lend us the money.
4) When he arrived in Africa, no one tell Stanley if Livingstone was alive or dead, but after a long journey, we find him.
2. Rewrite the following sentences so that each sentence contains the modal verb
can.
5) It’s hardly possible that he was puzzled by such a simple question.
6) I doubt that she was making notes of what he said.
7) It’s hardly possible that he feels more dead than alive.
8) It’s impossible that she is keeping to a milk diet.
9) I doubt that he has been cured of pneumonia so quickly.
10) Where is Silvia hiding? – I’m looking for her everywhere!
Unit 3
3. Complete these sentences with modal verbs to express possibility or uncertainty.
11) Where are you going for your holidays? – I haven’t finally decided but I...
12) What sort of car are you going to buy? – I’m not sure yet but I ...
13) I can’t find Monica anywhere. I wonder where she is. – She ...
14) Why didn’t Tom answer the doorbell? – I’m sure he was in the house at the time. He ...
15) Is Jack in his office? – I’m not sure. He...
16) Look! Sue’s going out. – I wonder where she is going. – She ...
4. Respond to the following questions. Express supposition implying uncertainty.
17) Her eyes are red. What’s the matter? (to cry)
18) Why is Ann absent? (to be interviewed)
19) He looks sick and tired. What’s the matter? (to catch a cold)
20) Where is the nurse? (to give injections to the patients)
5. Insert
may/might
or
can/could
or
to be able to
.
21) I think, when I’m twenty-five, then I ... get control of money.
22) I wonder if I ... ask your advice.
23) It ... never be forgotten!
24) I wish he ... have a pony of his own.
25) If a letter comes for me ... you please forward it to this address.
26) I ... help laughing.
27) The police were suspicious at first but I ... convince them that we were innocent.
28) The swimmer was very tired but he ... reach the shore before he collapsed.
29) I don’t think I ... drive you to the airport.
Unit 4
6. Make the following sentences negative
.
30) She must have been quite conscious of having made a mistake.
31) The telegram must have certainly come in time.
32) She must have been very careful. She didn’t spill a drop of milk.
33) They must have given us the correct information about the road.
34) The students have passed the tests. They must have understood the rules.
35) The dog must have recognised his master. It didn’t bark as we approached the house.
36) He must have been very experienced in sailing navigation.
7. Rewrite the following sentences using a modal verb to
express strong supposition
.
37) Evidently, the doctor is still examining the patient.
38) Surely, she is preparing her report now.
39) I will not bother you any longer; no doubt, you are tired of my talking.
40) Probably, Nancy has been given her impressions of England for an hour already.
41) Evidently, they have been treating him for pneumonia for a month.
8. Translate from Russian into English
.
42) Вы, должно быть, не узнали меня и поэтому не подошли ко мне.
43) Вы, наверное, и не пытались это сделать, иначе вы бы не говорили, что это легко.
44) Она, должно быть, заболела. Иначе она была бы уже на работе.
45) По-видимому, это труднее, чем вы предполагали.
46) В окнах нет света. Должно быть, опять никого нет дома.
47) Мне пора домой.
48) У вас очень много ошибок. Надо уделять больше внимания грамматике.
49) Этот вопрос надо решить немедленно.
Unit 5
9. Rewrite these sentences so that each sentence contains the modal verb
need.
50) We had to stop at the frontier but we were not required to open our cases.
51) It wasn’t necessary to walk. He took us in his car.
52) My employer said, ‘I shan’t require your work tomorrow’.
53) Most people think that civil servants are not required to work very hard.
54) Was it obligatory for us to vote?
Unit 7
10. Answer these questions. Show that a planned action was not carried out
using the modal verb
to be to.
55) Did they start on Saturday?
56) Did she wear that nice dress at the graduation party?
57) Did he join you in your trip?
58) Did they treat you to a ballet?
59) Did he take his child fishing?
60) Did she keep her birthday?
Unit 8
11 Complete each gap using
must, need
or
have to
or their
negative contracted forms
.
61) You ... take an umbrella. It isn’t going to rain.
62) Don’t lose your purse! You ... leave it in the bus.
63) Come on. We ... hurry. We ... be late.
64) We... make our own fun in the old days. There wasn’t any television there.
65) There is so much traffic now. You ... wait ages to cross the road.
66) This report isn’t so important. You ... type the report today.
Unit 9
12. Respond to the following remarks to criticise a past action
.
67) The accident happened because Tom was driving on the wrong side of the road.
68) He was not careful while crossing the road.
69) She didn’t hire a taxi and missed her train.
70) She left her umbrella at home and was caught in the heavy rain.
13. Respond to the following remarks making the following statements emotionally coloured
.
71) You are to go to the dean’s office to tell him all about your problems in your group.
72) Why don’t you go to the station to meet your friend?
73) Your friend is lagging behind the group. He needs your help.
74) Your friend misses lessons very often. You should talk to him to know the reasons.
75) You have done a wrong thing. Now you feel sorry.
Unit 10, 11
14. Put in
shall, will
or
would.
Open the brackets.
76) My grandfather always ... (get up)
at half past five.
77) ...we (go)
to the park? – That … (be)
nice.
78) I’m in terrible trouble. What ... I (do)
?
79) We ... (not to be)
here next September. It’s hard to believe, isn’t it?
80) I ... (not to listen to)
to any more of this nonsense.
81) You ... (do)
as I say!
82) My aunt loved writing letters. She … (write) twenty or thirty a week.
Units 2
-
11
15. Translate from
Russian into English
83) Должно быть, она потеряла его адрес.
84) Вам бы следовало послушаться моего совета.
85) Подумать только! Она согласилась на это предложение.
86) С какой стати я должен это делать!?
87) И до чего дело дошло!
88) Страшно, что с ней случилась такая неприятность.
89) Случись так, что вы увидите Анну, расскажите ей обо всём, что произошло.
90) Ты будешь выполнять мои указания!
91) Неужели она так и не получила мое письмо?
92) Ты могла бы, по крайней мере, посоветоваться с сестрой!
93) Возможно, он боится, что ему сделают укол.
94) Я зря дожидался окончания программы.
95) Мы с вами договорились, что вы ничего не должны говорить!
96) Не двигайся! Стой, где стоишь!
97) Его, возможно, забрали в больницу вчера.
98) Я полагаю, это и есть твой дом!
99) Ей совсем необязательно присутствовать при нашем разговоре.
100) Ради чего я буду разговаривать с ней?
Total: 100/____
Unit 1 Meaning and use
1.
Modal verbs,
or simply modals,
express modality, i.e. the speaker’s attitude towards the action in the sentence. The area of meaning referred to as modality is rather broad, and the degree of modality may be strong or weak. Thus, modal verbs are used to express:
· necessity
(must
shows strong necessity; need
shows weaker necessity; to have to
expresses necessity due to some circumstances);
· possibility
(can
is used for strong possibility; may
for weak possibility);
· duty
(should
and ought to
are used to talk about duty, but ought to
is stronger,) etc.
Each modal verb may express a wide range of modality. Here is a quick reference to the major meanings of the modal verbs dealt in this chapter:
· can /could
express ability, possibility, uncertainty, doubt, astonishment, permission, prohibition;
· may/ might
express possibility, criticism, requests, permission, hope;
· must
is used to express obligation, necessity, prohibition, supposition;
· need
expresses obligation or absence of obligation;
· to have to
expresses necessity;
· to be to
is used for possibility, obligation, orders, and to express things fated to happen;
· ought to
and should
express obligation, advice, deduction. Should
is also found in emphatic constructions and subordinate clauses;
· shall/ will/ would
are used for requests, orders, offers, and to describe characteristic habit, certainty or supposition.
2.
Modal verbs
have the following peculiarities in use:
- They are followed by the Infinitive (all types of the Infinitive are possible) (See Ch. 8) without the particle to
(with the exception of ought to, have to, to be to; need
may be used with and without to
): I must
water the flowers tomorrow
.
They must have been
right. This work can
be done at once.
But: I have to
work. She ought to
know that.
- They have no auxiliaries
in questions, negatives, tags and short answers:
Can
you swim? – No, I can’t
. Dorothy shouldn’
t be doing that, should
she
?
-
Many of them lack
the ending “-s”
in the Present Indefinite for the third person singular: She may
know her address. He can
play the piano.
But: He needs
to look his papers through. She has
to work hard
.
- Only some modals have past forms (could, should, would, might, had, was/were
). Certain past ideas can be expressed by a modal verb followed by a Perfect Infinitive (have
+ Past Participle):
You should have
told
me the truth.
- Besides a full negative form (should not, may not, need not,
etc.), modal verbs
have contracted negative forms: can - cannot – can’t,
could
– couldn’t, will – won’t, shall – shan’t, should – shouldn’t, may – mayn’t, might – mightn’t, would – wouldn’t, must – mustn’t, ought to – oughtn’t to, need (to) – needn’t
: I said that he couldn’t
have done
it. He mustn’t
smoke. You needn’t
do it.
- Modals
have no infinitives
or participles
. It is impossible to say: *to may
, *canning
or *musted
.
E x e r c i s e s
1. Read the following dialogue. Find the modal verbs in it, comment on their meaning, peculiarities of use, and fill in the chart arranging them from possibility to necessity.
Possibility
|
Ability
|
Probability
|
Obligation
|
Necessity
|
John and Anastasia meet on the way home from work.
John:
|
– Hello, Anastasia. Are you going to Uncle Ari’s party next Thursday?
|
Anastasia:
|
– I may go, but I’m still not sure.
|
J.:
|
– Does that mean that you’re not planning to go?
|
A
.:
|
– I didn’t say that. I said that there is a possibility that I might not go. It’s still doubtful.
|
J
.:
|
– Why don’t you know for sure?
|
A
.:
|
– Well, I can come only if I get the night off from work.
|
J
.:
|
– I really think that you should try to attend. We all have an obligation to be there. After all, Uncle Ari is the head of the family, and he will expect everyone to come. Remember, he is arriving from Athens and is bringing our newly married cousins, Christine and Theodore. There will be a large dinner. Most of the food will come from Uncle George’s restaurant.
|
A
.:
|
– That sounds great, but I’m having trouble getting the evening off from work. What would you do in my place?
|
J
.:
|
– In that case, I would try to get someone to replace me.
|
A
.:
|
– I never thought of doing that. Perhaps I could convince my friend Barbara to switch with me.
|
J
.:
|
– Oh, you really should try. In fact, you must be there. We won’t have a good time without you.
|
A.:
|
– Thanks, John. You’ve made me realize that I must come.
|
Unit 2
Can/Could
The modal verb can
has two forms: can
for the Present Indefinite Tense and could
for the Past Indefinite Tense. The equivalent expression to
be able to
supplies all the missing forms of the verb can
:
I can
explain it.
I could
explain it.
I don’t think I’ll be able
to explain it when I see her.
Can
expresses ability or capability, possibility, incredulity or doubt.
§ 1
Can/could
to express ability or capability
Can
is used to talk about general ability
or capability
in present and past (could
) in active and passive structures: I can
read
a little English. George could
play
the piano when he was a boy. Gold can
be found
in these mountains.
To express the meaning of ability
or capability
can
is often found with verbs of perception
(receiving information through the eyes, ears, etc.
) hear, see, smell,
etc.: I can
hear
music. I could
smell
something burning
, or cognitive verbs
understand, follow, remember
: I can’t/don’t
understand
what Edwin is talking about
.
It does not always add very much to the meaning and in this case can
is not rendered in Russian: Я слышу музыку. Я не понимаю, о чем говорит Эдвин.
NOTE:
The expression to be able
to
is also used to express ability or capability in present, future, and past but it is a little more formal and less usual than can
: Frank is good at computers. He can
write/is able to
write programs
.
Moreover, was/were able to
is used to say that ability or opportunity resulted in a particular action, to say that somebody ‘managed to do’
,
‘succeeded in doing’
something on one occasion: She was able to
translate the article without my help. = She managed
to do it.
Compare
these two sentences:
The children could
swim when they were quite young
(a past ability).
The children were able to
swim across the river
(a past action
).
To be able to
is also used in the following structures:
· to-
infinitive:
It’s nice
to go.
– It’s nice to be able to
go
to the Theatre.
· after a modal verb:
George
might
be able to
help us.
· in the Present Perfect Tense:
Dorothy has been able to
translate that article and I’m proud of her.
Could
+ Perfect Infinitive
is used to talk about unrealized past ability or to criticize people for not doing things: You could
have helped
me. (
But you didn’t help.) (Russ.: Ты бы мог мне помочь) You could have told
me you were leaving.
(But you didn’t tell.) (Russ.: Ты мог бы мне сказать, что ты уезжаешь.)
§ 2
Can/could
to express possibility, choices and
opportunities
Can/could
may be used to talk about possibility
:
a) theoretical possibility
:
It can
be quite cold here in summer
.
In this sense could
suggests a less definite possibility: It could
rain later this evening.
b) possibility due to existing laws
:
People can
marry here when they are eighteen.
c) possibility due to circumstances or to choices and opportunities: You can
have the book when I have finished it. There are several ways out. You can
go to the police, you can
visit a lawyer or you can
forget all about that. What shall we do tomorrow? – Well, we could
go fishing
.
Can/could
expressing possibility
is used only with the Indefinite Infinitive.
Russian constructions могло (бы) быть и хуже, могло (бы) быть и лучше
expressing possibility or impossibility with comparative adjectives are rendered in English by could
and Indefinite Infinitive
: The situation couldn’t
be
worse
. It could
be
better
.
Can
is not
found to talk about future probability
– the chances that something will happen: may/might
express this idea. (See Unit 3)
§ 3
Can/could
to express uncertainty, doubt,
astonishment and improbability
1.
Can/could
also convey the meaning of uncertainty, doubt
, and astonishment
(these meanings are closely connected).
Could
is used to imply more uncertainty
: Could
it be time?
They are used in combination with different forms of the Infinitive and are found only in interrogative sentences (general questions): Can
he really be ill? Can
it be true? Can
she be singing in the next room
?
Sentences of this kind are often emotionally coloured
, and in Russian this construction is rendered as: Неужели? Неужели это правда? Неужели он болен? и т.д.
NOTE:
· Can/could
+
Perfect Infinitive
(or Perfect Continuous Infinitive
) are used to refer the action to the past:
Can
he have told
a lie? Could
she have been waiting
for us
so long?
2.
Can/could
are also used to talk about improbability
and are found only in negative sentences (all forms of the Infinitive are possible): It can’t
be
true. She can’
t be singing
in the next room.
NOTE:
Can’t
+
Perfect Infinitive
is used to refer the action to the past
: He can’t
have told
a lie!
Couldn’t
is also used in this meaning to make the statement less categorical: She couldn’t
have told
a lie
!
In Russian it is rendered as: Не может быть, чтобы… Вряд ли это так…
§ 4
Can/could
to express permission, requests,
and offers
1.
Can
and could
are used to:
· ask for
permission
and requests.
Can
I use your pen? Can
I possibly
sit here?
· give permission
: You can
wait in my office.
· refuse permission
: You cannot
stay out late!
Note
:
Could
is more polite and formal than can
:
Could
I borrow your book? Do you think I could
use your office?
To be allowed to
is used to say that the permission resulted in a particular action, something that really happened. I was allowed to
leave work early yesterday. We were allowed to
enter the showing room when we looked around the station.
2.
Can
and could
are also found to offer to do things
for people, could
makes the offer more polite: Can
I help you? Could
I help you?
§ 5
Can/could
in set phrases
Learn the following set phrases
with can/could
:
· Can’t help
doing
means that you can’t stop yourself doing it, something makes you, even though you are being careful not to: She is a naughty girl but I can’t help
admiring
her.
Its rendered as: не могу не делать чего-то).
· Can’t but/can’t help but +
Infinitive
without to
show the same meaning: I can’t but
ask
him about. I couldn’t but
refuse
her.
It’s rendered in Russian as: не могу удержаться от…. or ничего другого не остается, как…
· Can’t stand/Can’t bear
doing
something say that you dislike or hate doing something: She can’t bear
being
alone.
It is rendered in Russian as: терпеть не могу…
E x e r c i s e s
1. Comment on the meaning and the form of the modal verb
can
. Translate the sentences into Russian.
1) You can see the sea from our bedroom window. (Can is used with a verb of perception expressing ability.)
2) I’m afraid I can’t come to your party next Friday.
3) You could join her much later if she wants you to go on the yacht.
4) I wish he could have a pony on his own.
5) It can’t be true!
6) I can’t help laughing.
7) Where’s Miss Laura? She came out right after me. Where can she be?
8) How could she have been so cold, so cruel to this adorable creature?
9) I could always stay up as a child.
10) Could I pick some roses as well?
11) Could you stop the car, please, for a moment?
2. Read the situations and write what you would say.
1) You’ve got a pound note but you need some change. You ask somebody to help you. Can you change a pound/Could you change a pound?
2) You want to borrow your friend’s camera: What do you say to him/her?
3) You have a car and you want to give somebody a lift. What do you say?
4) You have to go to the airport but you don’t know how to get there. You ask a passer-by.
5) You are telephoning the owner of a flat which was advertised in a newspaper. You are interested in the flat and you want to come and see it today. (Do you think I…?)
6) You want to leave work early because you have some important things to do. What do you ask your boss? (Do you think I…?)
7) You want to invite someone to come and stay with you for the weekend.
8) The person in the next room has some music on very loud. How do you ask him politely to turn it down? (Do you think you…?)
9) You have to carry some heavy boxes upstairs. Ask someone to help you.
10) You want your friend to show you how to change the film in your camera. What do you say to him/her?
3. Complete these sentences using the modal verbs
can/could
or
to be able to
. Sometimes it is possible to use either; sometimes only to
be able to
is possible.
1) George has travelled a lot. He can or is able to
speak four languages.
2) Tom … drive but he hasn’t got a car.
3) I can’t understand Oscar, I’ve never … understand him.
4) He was very strong; he … ski all day and dance all night.
5) The car plunged into the river. The driver … get out but the passengers were drowned.
6) When you have taken your degree you … put letters after your name?
7) Don’t try to look at all the pictures in the gallery. Otherwise when you get home you … remember any of them.
8) Ask Ann about your problems. She should … help you.
9) I was a long way from the stage. I … see all right but I … hear very well.
10) I just seem to know nobody who I … ring and say I just feel awful and I haven’t a penny.
11) We … borrow umbrellas; so we didn’t get wet.
12) … you walk or did they have to carry you?
4. Arrange each of the following comments using the modal verb
can’t
into 6 groups according to their basic meaning. (One group will have five comments, the others two each). Think of your own examples
.
I can’t believe it.
|
I can’t work it out.
|
I can’t take it in.
|
I can’t bear it.
|
I can’t understand it.
|
I can’t cope.
|
I can’t manage.
|
I can’t take it.
|
I can’t help it.
|
I can’t put it out of my mind.
|
I can’t get over it.
|
I can’t stand it.
|
I can’t stop myself.
|
I can’t face it.
|
I can’t put up with it.
|
5. Fill in the gaps using the modal verbs
can/could
or
to be able to
plus a notional verb.
1) Did you persuade Jennifer? ~ We tried hard but we couldn’t
persuade her to come with us.
2) I can’t sing now but I … very well when I was a child.
3) He can’t play tennis very well now but he … quite well when he was younger.
4) When she was at school she … faster than anyone else.
5) Did they find your house? ~ Yes, it took them a long time but they …
6) Did you win the match? ~ Yes, it wasn’t easy but I …
7) Ten years ago I … from one side of the lake to the other.
8) Did the thief escape? ~ Yes, the policemen chased the thief but he …
9) I looked everywhere for the book but I …
10) The fire spread quickly but everyone…
6. Fill
in the blanks with a modal verb to talk about unrealized past ability.
1) We didn’t go out last night. We could have gone
to the cinema but we decided to stay at home.
2) I … to the concert but I changed my mind.
3) He … the examination but he decided not to.
4) Fanny … a new car but she hadn’t got enough money.
5) Frank … me to mend my car but he didn’t want to do it.
6) Why didn’t you stop all that? You …some way.
7) Ken … his aunt to the station but he had no driving licence at that moment.
8) Jack … Edward £50 but he didn’t want to.
7. Use the modal verb
can/could
followed by the appropriate infinitive.
1) You can’t have done (not to do)
it. I don’t believe it.
2) She … not (to stay)
at her friends all time.
3) I … (to help)
him but I didn’t know he needed help.
4) Such problems … not (to solve)
easily.
5) How … she (to work)
in the garden now? It is already dark.
6) I simply … not (to refuse)
. They would have been hurt.
7) He wasn’t old. … he … not (to be)
more than forty.
8) They … not (to be)
sister and brother.
9) She is too young. She … not (to suffer from)
constantly from insomnia.
10) … he … (to be operated)
on?
8. Paraphrase the following sentences using the modal verb
can
in the meaning of astonishment, uncertainty or doubt.
1) Is it possible that she is still running a high temperature? – Can/could
she be still running a high temperature?
2) Is it possible that she is still worrying over such a trifle?
3) Do you believe that they live under bad conditions?
4) Do you believe that the patient has recovered?
5) It’s hardly possible that she is in now.
6) It’s impossible that the child is shivering with cold. He’s warmly
wrapped up.
9. Read the dialogue, single out the patterns with the modal verb
can
. Comment on emotional colouring of the meanings. Reproduce this dialogue by heart: Think of your own examples.
- Marjory is still in hospital.
- Good heavens! Can it be true
! How awful! (Can is used to express astonishment.)
- But they say that tomorrow she will be back home from hospital at last! After fourteen months!
- Good gracious! Could she have been actually lying in bed for a year? Poor thing! It’s simply incredible!
- Laura is out again! She has gone to the club.
- Fancy that now. Can she be enjoying herself when her mother is ill? She could have stayed at home if she were a serious girl.
- Do you remember we are going to the concert? If you don’t make haste, we shall be late. We have only half an hour left before the beginning of the concert.
- Why? It can’t be half past six now! Your watch is at least ten minutes fast.
- And where can I have put my eye-glasses?
- Oh, here they are. Don’t make such a fuss. Let’s go!
10. Fill in the following spaces with either
can/could
or
to be able to
.
1) We will be able to
hear.
Mr. Browns lecture on British art next Tuesday.
2) I knew this town so I … (to advise)
him where to go.
3) He … (to speak)
French very well when he was at school.
4) I … (to get)
his new book last week.
5) … you (to translate)
the text last Friday? ~ No, I … (negative)
. ~ I … (to translate)
it next week.
6) When the garage had repaired our car we … (to continue)
our journey.
7) At five years old he … (to read)
quite well.
11. Translate into English.
1) Неужели она все еще ждет нас у станции метро?
2) Неужели она согласна?
3) Не может быть, чтобы он сказал это.
4) Неужели он все еще в больнице?
5) Не могу не смеяться при одном ее виде.
6) Терпеть не могу быть одной в доме.
7) Мне ничего не остается, как принять этот факт.
8) Мне ничего не оставалось, как приютить ее у себя.
9) Я не мог не восхищаться ее пением.
10) Не может быть, чтобы он так все легко воспринимал.
11) Не может быть, чтобы она не узнала нас.
12) Не может быть, чтобы она нам не доверяла.
13) Неужели она так и не получила мое письмо?
14) Неужели так никто и не видел, как он это сделал?
15) Не может быть, чтобы они не осознали опасность.
16) Ты можешь взять словарь. Мне он больше не нужен.
17) Можно мы возьмем Джека с собой?
18) Нет, малыш, зимой мороженое на улице есть нельзя.
19) Вы не могли бы продиктовать мне эту страницу?
20) Вы не могли бы привести свой пример? Нельзя давать примеры только из учебника.
21) Вы можете сейчас продиктовать письма? – Нет, я собираюсь принять несколько посетителей сейчас.
22) Вы не могли бы представить меня некоторым из своих коллег?
23) Когда бы я мог увидеться с вами?
24) Не могли бы вы передать ему мои наилучшие пожелания?
Unit 3 May/might
The modal verb may
has two forms: may
for the present tenses and might
for the past tenses. The expression to be allowed
and to be
permitted
can be used to supply the missing forms of the verb may
: You are to stay in bed until you are allowed
to get up.
May
is chiefly used to express permission
or possibility.
It is also used to express uncertainty, criticism,
and wish
.
§ 1 May/might
to express permission
1.
May
is found:
· to grant
permission
: You may
watch TV for as long as you like.
· to ask for
permission:
May
I borrow your umbrella
,
please?
It is more polite than Can
I borrow your umbrella
?
Might
is also used, it is very polite and formal but is less common: Might
I join you?
NOTE:
To be allowed to
is also used to ask about permission
, yet there is a difference.
Compare:
May
I take a photo of you? = Will you allow it?
Are
we allowed to
take photos? = What is the rule?
· to refuse
permission:
You may not
put TV оn!
2.
To make these sentences past the expression to be allowed
is used (not might
): I may
go today. – I was allowed
to go that day.
But might
is used when the main verb is in the past: He told
me that I might
smoke in the room
(Reported Speech).
§ 2 May/might
to express possibility
1.
Both may
and might +
Present Infinitive
are used to express possibility
in the present or future. Might
is mostly used as a less definitive or more hesitant form of may
. It suggests a smaller chance, when you think something is possible but not very likely.
Compare:
I may
go to London tomorrow.
(≈a 50% chance)
Joe might
come with me.
(≈a 30% chance)
Might
must be used:
· when the main verb of the sentence is in the past: He
said
that he might
be late that night
.
(Reported Speech) But: He
said,
“I may/might
be late tonight”.
· in conditional sentences: If
you poured hot water into, it might
crack.
May/might
+
not
means ‘it is possible that it is not
…’: It
may/might
not
be true
. (=It’s possible that it is not true)
2.
May
and might +
Perfect Infinitive
are used in speculations about
past
actions: He may/might
have gone.
Might +
Perfect Infinitive
is used:
· when the main verb of the sentence is in the past: He said/thought
that she might
have missed the plane;
· in sentences with unreal condition: If
he had taken
the other road we might
have arrived
earlier.
§ 3 May/might
to express wishes, persuasive requests, and criticism
1.
May
expresses wishes
and hopes
. May
always comes at the beginning of the sentence: May
you both be very happy! May
God be with you!
(Might
is not used in this case.)
2.
Might
is often used to make requests or suggestions
in the affirmative clauses: You might
try asking your uncle for a job.
3.
Might +
Perfect Infinitive
occurs to talk about the past criticizing
something or somebody:
You might
have helped
us
. (but you didn’t) It sounds like a reproach.
§ 4 May/might
in set phrases
Learn the following set phrases
with may/might
:
· May/might as well +
Infinitive
are a very mild and unemphatic way of expressing an intention
. It also suggests or recommends an action because there is nothing better, nothing more interesting and etc: I may as well have
something to eat. I might as well stay
at home tonight.
It is rendered in Russian as: пожалуй, будет лучше, если я…
· It might have been
worse
means ‘things are not so bad after all’. (могло (бы) быть и хуже)
· He might have been taken
for
her brother
means ‘
He looked like her brother'. (можно было (бы) принять за …)
§ 5 Compare may
and can
for permission and
possibility
Notice some peculiarities in the usage of may/can
and might/could
.
1.
May
is more common when the speaker gives
permission: You may
borrow my book = ‘I give you permission to take it’
, or in impersonal statements
concerning authority: An accused person may
(=has the right) to appeal). A police officer may
ask for your driving license.
Though in informal English, in colloquial speech can/could
is used: He can
borrow my car.
2.
Can
would be much more usual than may
in the meaning ‘to have permission’
: I can
leave / I’m allowed
to leave
… .
But may/might
is more usual than can/could
in indirect speech: He
says
he may
leave the room / She
said
they might
leave the room.
3.
May/might
expresses future probability
. Can
doesn’t express this idea: We may/might
go hunting this autumn
.
(Not *we can go
…)
4.
Both cannot/could not
and may not/might not
are used to express improbability.
But the degree of faith expressed by may not/might not
are less, this verb points to a less definitive improbability or possibility.
Compare:
It may
not
be true
(Perhaps it is not true).
It can’t be
true
(It is certainly not true).
He may/might not have understood
(Perhaps he didn’t understand).
He can’t/couldn’t have understood
(He certainly didn’t understand).
5.
Can/could
occurs when there is an idea of condition
: Why don’t you ring him? You can/could
use my mobile phone.
E x e r c i s e s
1. Comment on the meaning and the form of the modal verb
may
.
1) The telephone went on ringing. Ann said: ‘It might be Edmund. – It suggests a smaller chance, when you think something is possible but not very likely.
2) He might have missed his plane. If he drives, he may be here at any moment.
3) Supper passed off better than it might have been expected.
4) His eyes were so close together that I honestly thought they might run into each other one day.
5) Well, don’t look on the black side of things. She may get over it in a few weeks.
6) He said I might come to him any day I liked.
7) After all I’ve done for them, they might be more thankful!
8) You might have told us this half an hour ago.
9) You might pay more attention to your lessons.
10) May God be with you!
2. Answer the questions using the modal verb
may/might.
1) Do you know if Ruth is in her room? ~ I’m not sure. She may
be in her room.
2) Do you know if Irene likes ice-cream? ~ …
3) Do you know if they are married? ~ …
4) Do you know if she wants to go to the theatre? ~ …
5) Do you know if he is telling the truth? ~ …
6) Do you know if John has a car? ~ …
7) Do you know if he was serious? ~ …
8) Do you know if she was looking after the baby? ~ …
9) Do you know if they were listening to the news? ~ …
10) Are they ready? ~ …
3. Respond to each situation making up your own sentences.
1) I can’t find George anywhere. I wonder where he is: he might have gone
shopping.
2) Look! She is going out. I wonder where she’s going.
3) Why didn’t Tom answer the doorbell? I’m sure he was in the house at the time.
4) How do you think the fire started?
5) I wonder where Tom was going, when you saw him.
6) Ethel didn’t come to the party. I wonder why not.
7) The weather is dull. There are only black clouds in the sky.
8) Where are you going to hang that picture?
4. Use the modal verb
may
followed by the appropriate infinitive.
1) She asked me if she … (to switch off)
the radio: if she might
switch off …
2) We wish your journey … (to be)
successful.
3) Tell him he … (to warn)
me and not (to put)
me in such an awkward position.
4) The police … (to ask)
a driver to take a breath test.
5) I’ll wait a week so that he … (to have)
time to think it over.
6) He isn’t going to eat it; I … as well (to give)
it to the dog.
7) You … at least (to read)
the letter.
8) You … (to write)
. I’m very annoyed that you didn’t.
9) He said that we … (to use)
his office whenever we liked.
10) I don’t think I’ll succeed but I … (to try)
as well.
11) Two parallel white lines in the middle of the road mean that you … (not to overtake)
.
5. Read these situations and make up sentences with
may/might as well.
1) A friend has invited you to a party. You’re not very keen to go but there isn’t anything else to do, so you think you should go. You say: I might as well go.
2) You are in a café with a friend. You’ve just finished your drinks. You’re not in a hurry, so you think you should both have another drink. You say: We… What would you like?
3) Someone has given you a free ticket for a concert. You are not very keen on the concert, but you think you should go because you have a free ticket. You say: I… It’s a pity to waste a free ticket.
4) You’ve invited some friends to dinner but they haven’t come. The dinner has been ready for half an hour and you think you should begin without them. You say: We… I don’t think they are coming.
6. How would you ask for permission in these situations?
1) You’re at a friend’s flat. You want to make a phone call. ~ Can
I use your phone?
2) You need a calculator. The person sitting next to you has got one.
3) You have gone into a café. There people who you know from work were sitting at a table. You go over to the table.
4) You had to go to a lecture, but you were ill. Your friend went to the lecture and took notes. Next day you are well again and you see your friend.
7. Translate from Russian into English.
1) Право же, вы могли бы сделать это для меня.
2) Можете зайти к нам после семи, если хотите.
3) Ты могла бы, по крайней мере, посоветоваться с сестрой!
4) Оливер спросил, можно ли ему получить еще тарелку каши.
5) Больному стало лучше. Вы можете навестить его завтра.
6) Тебе можно быть и посерьезнее. Ты уже почти взрослый.
7) Она не была англичанкой, но ее можно было принять за нее.
8) Спроси их, можно мне пойти тоже с ними в поход?
9) Ты мог бы купить мне эту книгу! Ты знаешь, что она мне нужна.
10) Может быть, ей и не нравился новый учитель, но она его нисколько не боялась.
11) Может быть, на вас никто и внимания не обратит.
12) Где же мой паспорт? – Возможно, ты забыл его дома.
13) Возможно, его не было на лекции. – Но он говорит, что он там был.
14) Возможно, летом меня не будет в городе.
15) Он стоял довольно далеко от них и, возможно, не слышал их слов.
16) Может быть, он не знает, что ты серьезно болен.
17) У мальчика, возможно, высокая температура.
18) Его, возможно, забрали в больницу вчера.
19) Он, может быть, лежит в постели уже неделю.
20) Возможно, врач уже осмотрел всех больных, и его рабочий день подошел к концу.
21) У него, может быть, не было времени сегодня. Он, возможно, сделает это завтра.
22) Он, может быть, заболел. Он обычно очень рано встает.
23) Возможно, он боится, что ему сделают укол.
Unit 4 Must
Must
has only one form. The expressions to have to
and to be
obliged to
can be used to supply the missing tense forms of the verb must.
Yet must
can be used after a past reporting verb as if it were a past tense: The doctor
said
that I must
stop smoking.
Must
is mostly used to express obligation
or urgent command
, very emphatic advice. It is also used to express prohibition
, and supposition
, bordering on assurance.
§ 1 Must
to express obligation and prohibition
1.
Must
expresses obligation, strong necessity:
a) arising out of the nature of things and consequently inevitable: Plants must
get water. All experience shows that man must
die.
b) due to circumstances (in this meaning it is equivalent to to have to
): He must
earn money.
NOTE:
Must
is not used expressing past necessity
or future obligation
.
Must
occurs in questions
to ask about what the hearer thinks is necessary. In this case must
may acquire additional shades of duty
or necessity
: Must
I clean all the rooms? Must
he do it himself?
The absence of necessity
is expressed by need not
: Must
I go there tomorrow? – No, you needn’t
.
2.
In negative sentences (must + not
or mustn’t
) the modal verb must
expresses absolute prohibition
. In the opinion of the speaker, there is not choice at all: You mustn’t
make noise. The children are sleeping in the next room.
You must
not smoke here!
§ 2 Must
to express a command and
an emphatic request
Must
is used to express a command, an urgent (emphatic) request
:
You must
go. You must
tell the truth
.
(‘It is your duty’ = a command).
You may borrow my book but you must
bring it back before six.
You must
come to see us
= (emphatic request).
When you are in London you must
visit the National Gallery. You must
stop smoking
=
(strong advice)
NOTE:
I must
be going
means ‘I must be off’, ‘It’s time for me to go.’
It is rendered in Russian as: Мне пора уходить.
§ 3 Must
to express supposition
Must
is used to express supposition bordering on assurance
, the conclusion that something is certain or highly probable: He looks so pale. He must
be ill.
1.
In this meaning must
is used with all the forms of the Infinitive (the Indefinite Infinitive if the action refers to the present and the Perfect Infinitive if the action refers to the past) in affirmative sentences only. It corresponds to the Russian должно быть:
They must
want me for something else.
He must
be suffering!
What a comfort you must
have been to your mother!
She must
have been waiting for us for an hour!
2.
To express supposition referring to the future the modal word probably
is used: She will
probably
come tomorrow
.
In negative sentences supposition is expressed by means of the modal word evidently
: Evidently
, she did not
know my address.
Moreover, must
+ verbs to fail, to distrust, to dislike, to disapprove, to disbelieve, to misunderstand
or words nobody, never, nothing
are used to convey supposition with strong probability with negative meaning: She must have failed
to pass her exams.
–
Должно
быть
,
она
провалила
экзамен
.
I must have misunderstood
you.
–
Должно быть, я не понял Вас. Nobody must
have told
the truth. – Должно быть, никто не сказал правду.
§ 4 Compare must
and may
for supposition and
prohibition
Notice some peculiarities in the usage of must
and may:
1.
May/might
denotes supposition implying uncertainty
: He may
be an actor. His face is familiar to me.
Наверное, он актер. Его голос мне знаком.
Must
denotes supposition implying strong probability
: He must
be an actor. His voice carries so well. – Должно быть, он актер, у него поставленный голос.
2
. In negative sentences it is impossible to use ‘may not’
as an answer to express prohibition. In this case must not
or cannot
is used: May
I smoke here? ~ No, you mustn’t
(you can’t
). – Нет, нельзя.
E x e r c i s e s
1. Comment on the meaning and the form of the modal verbs
must
and
may
. Translate the sentences into Russian.
1) Harry, you are horrible! You mustn’t say these dreadful things. – It is a strong prohibition.
2) Nothing must be done in a hurry.
3) You and I are friends, Basil, and we must always remain so.
4) I’m afraid I must be going, Peter.
5) ‘Perhaps he’s her son…’ ‘He may be her husband’. ‘Oh, but the difference in their ages!’
6) What you tell me may be true, but it happened many years ago.
7) He must have got this wound at the same moment when his horse was shot and fell over him.
8) Mr. Graham may have changed since then. It is very difficult to foresee anything.
9) ‘May I escort you home?’ – ‘No, you may not.’
10) ‘May I smoke in here?’ – ‘No, you mustn’t!’
2. Answer these questions using the modal verb
must + a notional verb.
1) ‘Is he British?’ – Yes, he must be British.
2) ‘Are they married?’ – Yes, they must …
3) ‘Is he serious?’ – No, …
4) ‘Were they in a hurry?’ – …
5) ‘Does Ann know a lot of people?’ – …
6) ‘Did Agnes know about that plan?’ – …
7) ‘Do they have much money?’ – …
8) ‘Was he driving carefully?’ – …
9) ‘Are they waiting for somebody?’ – …
3. Read these situations and make up
a sentence using the modal
must
with the proper form of the infinitive
.
1) The phone rang but I didn’t hear it. (to be asleep) I must have been
asleep.
2) That dress you bought is of very good quality. (to be very expensive)
3) I haven’t seen Jim for ages. (to go away)
4) I wonder where my umbrella is. (to leave)
5) Don passed the examination. (to work hard)
6) She knew everything about our plans. (to overhear)
7) Jennifer did the opposite of what I asked her to do. (to misunderstand)
8) When I woke up this morning, the light was on. (to forget)
9) I don’t understand how the accident happened. (to be out of order)
4. Change the following sentences, making them opposite in meaning.
1) She must have understood that rule, the exercise is done well. - She must have failed to understand
that rule, the exercise is done in the wrong way. or
She must have misunderstood…
2) Everybody must have noticed that he was not used to speaking in public.
3) He must have written to them of his arrival in due time.
4) She must have bolted the door forgetting that I was to come later.
5) He must have a fair chance of winning, he is in good form.
6) The man must have understood me, so he nodded his head.
5. Fill in the gaps using the modal verbs
may
or
must
with the proper infinitive.
1) There are a lot of photographers at the airport today. They must
(be)
expecting someone famous to arrive.
2) It … (be)
a film star who’s come to the film festival.
3) Oh, look! Those three men they are enormous. They … (be)
over two meters tall.
4) They … (be)
basketball players. Our team has signed a contract with some new American players. It … be them.
5) They are so big! They … (have)
a very uncomfortable flight.
6. Translate from Russian into English.
1) Анна, должно быть, заболела, иначе, она была бы уже в театре, она никогда не приходит в последний момент.
2) ‘Где Павел?’ ~ ‘Не знаю, возможно, пошел на концерт’. ~ ‘Ну, это не очень любезно с его стороны: он мог бы взять билет и для меня’.
3) Никого сюда не впускать! Понятно!
4) Детей надо учить плавать как можно раньше.
5) Мы должны пойти домой до того как стемнеет.
6) Прекрати шуметь, уже поздно!
7) Тебе нельзя есть мороженое – у тебя больное горло.
8) Хватит рыдать! Слезами горю не поможешь.
9) Мы обязательно должны встретиться и обсудить все тонкости этого дела.
10) Уж он непременно должен быть в курсе всех событий!
11) Иностранец, очевидно, неправильно произнес название этого кушанья, и официант принес ему совсем другое.
12) Вы, должно быть, не в курсе дела, план какой программы изменился?
13) Вам, наверное, ничего об этом не сказали. Иначе вы бы пришли ранее.
14) Она, наверное, все знала, но не хотела меня расстраивать.
15) Очевидно, она сердита на вас, поэтому она не звонит и не заходит.
16) Он, наверняка, не знает о вашем отъезде, а то бы пришел вас проводить.
Unit 5 N e e d
1. Need
can be used both as an ordinary verb in the meaning ‘require, be in need’
(Everyone needs
to rest sometimes.
Do
we need
to
reserve seats? We will need to
repair our house. He did not need
to be told twice. If we want to pass our exams we will need to
work hard)
and as a modal auxiliary verb expressing immediate necessity
and obligation
. (We needn’t
reserve seats – there will be plenty of room.).
2. As a modal verb need
has only one tense – the Present, and the same form is used for all persons.
The modal verb need
is mostly used in negative
sentences where need not
expresses lack of necessity
: You needn’t
go there
and interrogative
sentences: Need
you go?
where a negative answer is often expected: Need
you leave so soon?
(≈ surely not / I hope not). These questions can be answered with must
or needn’t
: Need
I type this letter again? ~ Yes, you must
. / No, you needn’t
. I needn’t
go to the dentist.
Need
also occurs in combination with negative–type adverbs like hardly, never, seldom, rarely, scarcely
: She need
never
know what you have just told me.
Need
not
+
Perfect Infinitive
is served to say that something was done unnecessary
: You needn’t have told
him about my plans.
Need + …
ing
means ‘to require’: Your hair needs
cutting. The windows need
washing.
NOTE
: Need
is not used to talk about habitual, general necessity.
E x e r c i s e s
1. Comment on the meaning of the verb
need.
Translate these sentences into Russian.
1) I was rather afraid of that he might act as though we were intimate friends. But I need not have worried. (something was done unnecessary).
2) You needn’t be afraid of telling me everything.
3) If you don’t like the dress you needn’t take it.
4) You needn’t have walked there. You could have taken a bus.
5) Need we continue working by this plan?
6) I needn’t bother about Margaret any more.
7) I have lots of time. I needn’t go home for hours.
8) “You rest”, she said. “I’ll certainly make the tea. You needn’t have asked me.”
9) Everything is packed, except my shirts, so you needn’t trouble.
10) Our friendship needn’t stop, need it?
11) This garden needs tidying.
12) What is right for us needn’t be right for others.
13) We spent a lot of money that we needn’t have spent.
2. Replace the phrases in italics with modal verb
need
or the full verb
need to
.
1) Is it necessary
for you to go so soon? – Do you need to go so soon?
2) Is it necessary
for me to wait till you return?
3) It's not necessary
for them to wait.
4) It's hardly necessary
for me to explain it.
5) There is no need
for him to learn about this.
6) I don't think there is any need
for you to explain.
3. Use
must not
or
need not
to fill the spaces in the following sentences.
1) You need not
ring the bell; I have a key.
2) Notice in cinema: Exit doors … be locked during performances.
3) You … drink this: it is poison.
4) We … drive fast; we have plenty of time.
5) You … drive fast. There is a speed limit here.
6) Candidates … bring books into the examination room.
7) You … write to him for he will be here tomorrow.
4. Add your comments to the sentences, using
needn’t have
.
1) The letter was so untidy, I wrote it out again. – Really? You needn’t have written
it out again.
2) He was so worried about being late that he sent the letter fax.
3) She was so worried about not getting a seat that she bought a first-class ticket.
4) We were not sure about sheets and towels, so we brought our own.
5) Nill was worried about not fulfilling the work.
6) I have paid the bill in advance.
7) Bill has spoken about that incident to Reagan. Reagan is very upset.
8) The old people thought the room was dirty, so they cleaned it out themselves.
9) I didn’t know that you were coming home, so I cooked my own supper.
Now rewrite these comments using
didn’t need to
.
1) – You didn’t need to write it again
.
2) …………. etc.
5. Translate from Russian into English.
1) Незачем было так торопиться. У нас было достаточно времени.
2) "Должны ли мы перевести всю статью сегодня?" - "Нет, не надо. Вы можете это сделать завтра.
3) Тебе больше не надо носить форму.
4) Ничего не говори, если не хочешь.
5) Возможно, что тебе придется ехать поездом.
6) Я зря дожидался окончания программы.
7) Не надо так громко говорить, я слышу.
8) Напрасно вы так волновались, все прошло отлично.
9) Надо починить крышу и перекрасить стены в доме.
10) Зря ты последовал его советам, я в нем не уверена.
11) Я думаю, что тебе надо проконсультироваться у опытного юриста.
12) Вам совсем не надо было ехать в такую даль.
Unit 6 To have (got)
+ Infinitive
The verb to have + Infinitive
,
or to have to
,
is not a defective verb. It has all the necessary finite forms and auxiliary verbs building up the interrogative
and negative
forms: I have to
work to make a living. Hugo has to
work. They had to
work. Did
they hav
e to
work? You didn’t have to
work. I will
not have to
work.
The verb to have got
+ Infinitive
, or to have got
to
is used in colloquial and especially in American English. It is found in all kinds of sentences but it has no auxiliary verbs in the interrogative and negative forms: He hasn’t got to
go. Has
he got to
go?
1.
To have (got) to
is served to convey obligation or necessity imposed
by circumstances
in present future or past: I have to
visit my sister. (Я должен = я вынужден, мне приходится = посетить сестру). You will have to
work to make your living. You had to
work to make your living.
2.
Do not have/have not got
are served to say that there is no obligation
: Simon doesn’t have
to
tell Patrick about that accident.
E x e r c i s e s
1.
Comment on the meaning of
have to
and
have got to
. Translate the sentences into Russian.
1) Bill saw me and I had to tell him what had happened. (necessity due to some circumstances)
2) Something – he didn’t know what – had to be done at once.
3) I will have to go home and get some things from the laboratory.
4) He is almost giddy with anger, and has to steady himself on the chair.
5) He may have to go to Monte Carlo with his father.
6) I had to fight my tears back while listening to his stories.
7) Things that were dangerous had to be destroyed.
8) She will have to see that doctor.
9) You have got to think about me now.
10) What you have got to do is to destroy the thing that is upstairs.
2. Use a construction with the modal verb
have to
in place of the words in italics.
1) It will be necessary
for him to try harder if he wants to win the prize. He will have to try harder.
2) It has been necessary
for them to save hard to buy their new hi-fi.
3) Because of the snow she has been finding it necessary
to walk to college.
4) It had already been necessary
for us to clear the office floor twice before the boss asked us to clear it again.
5) It would have been necessary
for me to pay twice as much to travel first class.
6) We are finding it necessary to
cut back on staff because of a shortage of orders.
3.
Match these clauses with the
have (got) to
clauses.
1) It’s getting late……
2) You broke the window…….
3) The car has broken down…….
4) Mother is away……..
5) I have got it all wrong……
6) Her son is ill……..
7) The date fixed in the bill is Friday………
|
a) So I am afraid we’ve got to walk.
b) So I have got to start all over again.
c) So we’ve got to look after ourselves.
d) So you have got to pay the bill on Thursday.
e) So we have to go home .
f) So you have to pay for it.
g) So she has to see the doctor.
|
4. Translate from Russian into English.
1) Нам пришлось ждать управляющего целый день.
2) Следующий рейс будет только утром. Тебе придется купить билет на поезд.
3) Если так будет продолжаться, то мы вынуждены будем принять меры.
4) Сколько вам пришлось потратить времени на перевод этой книги?
5) Ей совсем необязательно присутствовать при нашем разговоре.
6) Мне все приходится делать самому.
7) Вы не должны беспокоить Марту в такое тяжелое для нее время.
8) Не нужно было приходить так рано.
9) Мне не пришлось самому переводить эту статью вчера..
Unit 7 To be
+ Infinitive
To be
+ Infinitive,
or to be to
, is a modal expression that can be used only in two Tenses – the Present Indefinite (is, are
) and the Past Indefinite (was, were
).
1.
The major meanings of to be to
are expressions of:
· an arrangement and order
:
We are to
meet at six. (part of a plan) The President is to
visit this country next month. (part of a
plan
)
Is
he to
arrive tomorrow? (part of a plan) You are to
say nothing about it. (order, part of a plan)
NOTE: Was/were to
+ Perfect Infinitive
are used to show that a previously arranged event didn’t happen: I was to
have met
you at six, but something urgent
happened
.
· something that is destined to happen
: He gave up the idea of becoming an actor. It was to
be.
It is rendered in Russian by ‘суждено’.
· possibility
: Where is
he to
be found? Nothing was to
be done!
2.
To be to
may be used in if
-clauses
. The main clause expresses a precondition – something that must happen first if something else is to happen: If we are to
get there by lunchtime we had better hurry up.
3.
Be
+ Passive Infinitive
is often found in notices and instructions
: This cover is
not to be removed
.
NOTE
: Sometimes only the Passive Infinitive is used in this case: To be
taken
three times a day after meals (on a medicine bottle).
Learn the following set phrases
:
· What am
I to
do?- Что мне делать? Как мне быть?
· What is to
become of me?- Что со мною будет?
· Where am
I to
go?- И куда же мне идти?
· Who is to
blame?-Кого винить?
· What is to
be done?- Что теперь делать?
· Who is to
begin?-Кому начинать?
E x e r c i s e s
1.
Comment on the meaning of the verb
to be to.
Translate into Russian.
1) I was to call on his office to clinch a deal at 9 o’clock in the morning, so I got up early in the morning. (an arranged plan
) .
2) We are to see her tonight, if that boy doesn’t forget his appointment.
3) They were to have gone away together this morning at dawn.
4) Where am I to go?
5) My dear father, if I am to get married, surely you will allow me to choose the time, place and person.
6) “You are to bring an answer”, said the lady.
7) We were to have played a duet together.
8) Dorian wasn’t to be found.
9) What is to become of me?
10) I was to leave the Embassy with the military attache.
2. Fill in the blanks with
must, have to
or
be to
.
1) You are to
take Juliet down to your club at once.
2) The work with method, one … begin from the beginning.
3) I … be getting sentimental.
4) Nowadays one … do nearly everything oneself.
5) I … think who she was talking about. She … have meant your father.
6) He … leave the vessel at Melbourne and go off at once to the gold – fields.
7) I had left my key at home, and my servant … let me in.
8) I … be mad, coming here like this.
9) We … dine together and then go to the Opera.
10) But who was it- Daniel or Matthew? It … have been one of the two.
3. Combine the modal verb
to be to
with the proper form of the infinitive in the brackets
.
1) I stood at the window, looking at them disappear, and my heart kept repeating ‘Good-bye, good-bye!’ I was not (to see)
them for nearly five years. – I was not to see them …
2) I was (to arrive)
in London by the ten o’clock train, but I couldn’t get a ticket for it and nobody met me.
3) Remember that we are (to be)
at this place not later than eight.
4) Why are you so late? Didn’t you get my letter saying that was (to meet)
at four?
5) There was a violent storm that night and the ‘Stella” which was (to arrive)
at the port in the morning had to drop anchor near an island a hundred miles off the port.
4. Paraphrase the following sentences using the modal verb
to be to
. Translate your sentences.
1) We can see a lot of ancient buildings in the centre of London. – A lot of ancient buildings are to be seen
in the centre of London.
2) One can find various sorts of trees in Hyde Park and Kensington Gardens.
3) Nothing could be done under the circumstances.
4) One can visit several large museums in South Kensington.
5) It’s possible to buy all sorts of newspapers in Fleet Street.
5. Translate from Russian into English.
1) Нам не суждено было встретиться до его отъезда во Францию.
2) Позавчера я должен был встречать мою сестру, но мои часы, должно быть, отстали, и я опоздал.
3) Я должен ждать его здесь, так было решено.
4) Ей суждено было побывать в этих краях еще много раз, и она это знала.
5) Это должно было случиться. Никто не мог этому помешать.
6) Что теперь с ним будет? Куда ему идти? Что ему делать?
7) Хранить в прохладном месте, верхний клапан убирать нельзя. (инструкция)
8) Принимать по одной чайной ложке 2 раза в день после еды. (инструкция)
9) Если нам надо успеть до начала сеанса, то следует поспешить.
10) Мы с вами договорились, что вы ничего не должны говорить!
Unit 8 Must, to have to,
and to be to
in comparison
Notice specific shades in the meaning of must, to have to, to be to.
1.
Must
indicates obligation imposed by the speaker
:
You must
wipe your feet when you come in.
To have to
expresses external
obligation
: I have to
wipe my feet every time I come in.
To be to
describes obligation resulting from an arrangemen
t
: I’m to
wait for her at the entrance.
Note:
Sometimes the idea of obligation is absent and to be to
expresses only a previously arranged plan: He is
to go
to the office this morning.
2.
Don’t have to
refers to an absence of obligation
: You don’t
have to
work tomorrow.
Must not
refers to an obligation not to do something:
You must not
leave the room before the end of the exam.
3.
Must
is found to express obligation imposed by interna
l authorities
: Visitors must
not feed the animals.
-(at the Zoo)
To have to
is used to express obligation imposed by external
authority
: You will have to
cross the line by the footbridge.
4.
Must
has no past forms. But it is used in Reported Speech: He said
he must
do it himself.
Had to
denotes an action in the past as a result of obligation or
necessity imposed by circumstances
: I had to
sell my car (I needed
money).
Was/were to
denote a planned action
for the future which is viewed from the past: We were to
meet him at the station (It’s not clear from the sentence if the action will take place).
Was/were to
+ Perfect Infinitive
make it clear at once that the plan was not carried out
: We were to have met
him at the station. (But we didn’t meet)
E x e r c i s e s
1. Comment on the meaning and the form of the verbs
need, have
to, be to.
1) Don’t forget to bring the book tomorrow, I need it for my report – it refers to immediate necessity
.
2) You may keep the money I’ve given you, I don’t need it .
3) ‘Must I go there immediately?’ – ‘No, you needn’t. Wait till I ring you up.’
4) Need you bother about such trifles?
5) You will have to leave at six to catch the train.
6) We all have to learn how the world changes every day.
7) You saw me, and I had to tell you what had happened.
8) I don’t know what I’m to do.
9) We are to see her tonight, if that boy doesn’t forget about his appointment.
2. Replace the words in bold type by
need not/need
etc, or a negative/ interrogative
have to
form.
1) I’ve been invited to a wedding; but I can’t go. Will it be
necessary
for me to send a present? Shall
I have to
send a present?
2) It isn’t necessary
for him to go on working. He had already reached retiring age.
3) Was it necessary
for you to wait a long time for your bus?
4) It is not necessary
for me to water my tomato plants every day.
5) It will be necessary
for them to get up early when they go out to work every day.
3. Change the following sentences into the negative and interrogative.
1) Mother has to cook dinner after work. – Does your mother have to cook? – No, my mother doesn’t have to cook.
2) He had to sit up late with his work.
3) You will have to get up early tomorrow.
4) The girl had to take care of her younger sisters and brothers.
5) She will have to do it once over again.
6) These documents have got to be filled in.
7) They had to cover the whole distance on foot.
8) Richard has got to finish his translation.
9) We shall have to speak to him about it.
4. Fill in the blanks with
must
or
have to
with the proper form
of the Infinitive.
1) The man warned us that the place was dangerous to bathe in and we had to
look for a safer spot.
2) When I asked him why he was so late, he told me that he had missed an earlier train and … wait for another one.
3) I told you we … make haste if we wanted to find him in.
4) She … leave him at eight every morning at present.
5) Notice in a picture gallery: Cameras, sticks and umbrellas … be left at the desk.
6) He sees very badly: he … wear glasses all the time.
7) I ... do all the typing at my office.
5. Write a sentence with
must, have to
to respond to the remarks.
1) The sign says: ‘Passengers must show their tickets!’ So passengers have to
show their tickets.
2) The children have to be in bed by nine. Their parents said:
3) Laura has to get to work on time.
4) The police told Nick: ‘You must keep your dog under control.’
5) The students have to listen carefully.
6) The new sign says: ‘Visitors must report to the security officer.’
6. Put in
must
or
have to
. Choose which is the best for the situation.
1) I have to
go to the airport. I’m meeting someone.
2) You … lock the door when you go out. There’ve been a lot of break-ins recently.
3) Jennifer … go to the bank. She hasn’t any money.
4) I … work late tomorrow. We’re very busy at the office.
5) You really … make less noise. I’m trying to concentrate.
6) I think you … pay to park here. I’ll just go and read that notice.
7) You rally … hurry up, Vicky. We don’t want to be late.
8) I … put the heating on. I feel really cold.
7. Insert
to have
or
to be
in the appropriate form.
1) I told you to stay with her every minute I was away. You are
not to be
trusted.
2) There were thirty poems in the collection and he … to receive a dollar apiece for them.
3) You … to speak slowly at your lecture so that we can all understand you.
4) The night-coach by which Susan … to go was on the point of departure.
5) The time was fixed for his sailing. It … to take place almost immediately.
6) Much remained to be done; many domestic preparations … to be made.
7) I’m very sorry but I … to explain the urgency of the case.
8. Complete this article about learning to drive in Britain. Put in a positive or negative form of
be allowed to
or
have to
.
In Britain you are allowed to
drive a car when you're seventeen. You (1) ..... get a special two-year driving licence before you can start. When you're learning, someone with a full licence always (2) ..... be in the car with you because you (3) ..... take the car on the road alone. You (4) ..... go to a driving school or a friend can teach you. The person with you (5) ..... take money for the lesson unless he's got a teacher's licence.
Before you (6) ..... have a full licence, you (7) ..... take a driving test. You can take a test in your own car, but it (8) ..... be fit for the road. In the test you (9) ..... drive round for about half an hour and then answer a few questions. If you don't pass the test, you (10) ..... take it again a few weeks later if you want to. In 1970 a woman passed her fortieth test after 212 driving lessons! When you’ve passed your test, you (11) ..... take it again, and you (12) ..... go on driving as long as you like, provided you are fit. Britain’s oldest driver was a Norfolk man who drove in 1974 at the age of 100.
Before 1904 everyone (13) ..... drive, even children. Then from 1904 motorists (14) ..... have a licence. But they (15) ..... take a test until 1935. In the early days of motoring, before 1878, cars (16) ..... go faster than four miles an hour, and someone (17) ..... walk in front of the car with a red flag.
9. Write a few sentences about learning to drive in your country.
10. Translate from Russian into English.
1) Он отказался от идеи стать актером. Так было суждено.
2) Я не знал в то время, что ему суждено было стать знаменитым артистом.
3) Они надеялись работать в одной школе. Но этому не суждено было сбыться.
4) Куда мне деваться? Что мне делать? Что со мной будет?
5) Кто будет украшать новогоднюю ёлку?
6) Кто виноват?
7) У нас поставили телефон, и нам теперь не нужно ходить к соседям.
8) Вам незачем идти на улицу; у соседей есть телефон.
9) У нас теперь построили стадион, и детям не приходится ездить далеко.
10) Им незачем ездить так далеко; можно заниматься в нашем читальном зале.
11) Можешь не отвечать на этот вопрос, если не хочешь!
12) Тебе не нужно отвечать на все вопросы письменно.
13) Если ничего серьезного не будет, можешь не звонить.
14) Не обязательно вам приходить самому. Можете прислать кого-нибудь.
15) Пойдемте пешком. Нам незачем торопиться.
16) Ему незачем беспокоиться. Все будет в порядке.
17) Нам не нужно было ходить в библиотеку. У нас были все необходимые книги.
18) К вечеру зуб перестал болеть, и он решил, что ему не надо идти к врачу.
19) Нам нужно будет позвонить вам или вы сами придете?
20) Много ли вам пришлось потратить времени на эту работу?
Unit 9 Should
and ought to
§ 1 Should
and ought to
in comparison
Should
and ought to
are very much alike in meaning and are often interchangeable.
Ought to
has more stress on the meaning of moral obligation
, whereas should
is common in instructions
and corrections
.
1.
Should/ought to
are used to talk about
· obligation, duty
and similar ideas:
You shouldn’t
say things like that. You ought to
know it.
· advice
:
You ought to
read this book. You should
read this book. It is very interesting.
NOTE: Should
may acquire additional shades of meaning, such as desirability: It’s late. You should
go to bed.
· in formal notices
and on information
sheets
: Students should
be prepared to answer questions on this point
.
NOTE: Ought to
is not used in this case.
· assumption
about present
or past actions
. The plane should
be landing
now
(I expect it is landing).
The letter should have arrived
by now
(I expect it has arrived).
2.
Should/ought to
+ Continuous Infinitive
express the idea that the subject is not fulfilling his obligations
or that he is acting rashly or foolishly: He ought to
be studying
for the exams.
He shouldn’t
be playing
baseball for hours.
3.
Should/ought to
+ Perfect Infinitive
in:
a) an affirmative sentence indicates an unfulfilled
or neglected
action in the past: He looks very ill. He should
have stayed
at home.
b) a negative sentence means that an undesirable action was carried out: They shouldn’t have concealed
it from us.
§ 2 Must, should,
and ought to
in comparison
Notice some peculiarities in the shades of meanings of must, should, ought to:
1. Should/ought to
express obligation
or advisability
. Must
in this meaning sounds too forceful
and peremptory
: You should
do it at once. You ought to
do it at once. You must
do it at once.
2. Should / ought to
+ Perfect Infinitive
show that the action has
not been fulfilled
though it was desirable:
You should have helped
him.
(But you didn’t do that)
3. Must
+ Perfect Infinitive
denotes conclusions about the past
: He must have come
by taxi
.
(I suppose)
§3 Emotional should
: in subordinate clauses,
emphatic constructions
1.
Should
is found in:
· that-clauses
after adjectives and nouns expressing the importance (important, necessary, vital, essential, eager, anxious, concerned, wish):
It is importan
t
that
she should
talk to me when she gets here. Is it necessary
that
my uncle should
be informed? It is his wish
that
the money should
be given to charity
· object clauses:
a) following the principal clause with it as a formal subject after such expressions as (it is wonderful, absurd, monstrous, natural, old, queer, strange, terrible, etc
):
It is absurd
that
such things should
happen to me. It was strange
that
he should
be asking those questions
b) beginning with why
: I don’t know
why
we shouldn’t
make friends.
· rhetorical questions
beginning with why:
Why
should
I do that?
It’s rendered in Russian as: с какой стати…?
Why
shouldn’t
you have dinner with us?
· attributive clauses
beginning with why
after the noun ‘reason’
: I don’t see any
reason why
we shouldn’t
be happy.
· subordinate clauses
after words expressing personal judgements
and reactions
: It’s astonishing
that she should
say that sort of things to you. I’m sorry
you should
think I did it on purpose
· after the words in case
, for bear that
and lest
, so that
, in order that
: She turned the radio down
so that
she shouldn’t
wake the children up.
NOTE:
It is impossible to use ought to
for emotional colouring.
2.
Learn some set phrases with should
:
· How should
I know?
· I’m sorry that you should
think so badly of me.
· That it should
come to this! (И до чего дошло дело!)
· To think that it should
come to this! (Только подумать, до чего дело дошло!)
· To think that it should have happened
to me! (Только подумать, что это произошло со мной!)
E x e r c i s e s
1. Comment on the meaning of the modal verbs
should/ought to
. Translate the sentences.
1) What do you think we ought to do about babies? – asking for an opinion about something.
2) He ought to be in looking after his mother.
3) I should have hated that, but I enjoyed going there so awfully.
4) You shouldn’t go out without an overcoat.
5) If you are interested in pictures you should look in at the British Museum.
6) Why should I tell you a lie?
7) Why shouldn’t I stay with you?
8) Why, where should I be without you?
9) Why in the world, shouldn’t you listen to me?
10) Should you find it necessary to communicate with me, send a message.
2. Give some advice to a person or express disapproval.
1) Your friend is always coughing because he smokes too much. – You should stop smoking.
2) Your friend has a bad toothache.
3) Your friend rides his bicycle at night without lights on.
4) Your friend is going to visit Greece.
5) The bus driver is driving too fast.
6) The tourists are discussing their further rout of the trip too loudly.
7) Two girls are arguing about the history of Westminster Abbey.
3. Complete these sentences.
1) I don’t suppose you’ll see Tom this evening but if you should see
him, can you ask him to phone me?
2) I don’t think Ann will arrive before I get home but …
3) I don’t think there will be any letters for me while I’m away but …
4) I don’t suppose you’ll need any help but …
5) The doctor recommended that …
6) Our advertising manager insisted that …
7) The museum guide suggested that …
8) The landlord demanded that …
4
. Complete these sentences using the modal verbs
must/should/ought to
.
1) Doctor! I think the patient stopped breathing. You must
come immediately!
2) I don’t think anything’s seriously wrong with the patient, but you … call in and see her if you have time.
3) Jeanie’s got a cold. I don’t think she … go to school today.
4) What Jeanie has is infectious. She … go to school.
5) If she has a high temperature, she … stay in bed until the doctor comes.
6) It won’t do her any harm to go out, but she … wear an overcoat, there’s a cold wind.
7) If a woman is expecting a child, and hasn’t had German measles, she … be vaccinated against it because it can carry a serious risk.
8) It’s not compulsory for children to be vaccinated against measles but in my opinion they … be.
5. Respond to the statements with constructive suggestions, using the words in brackets
.
1) John’s very overweight. (diet)
He ought to go
on a diet.
2) The train leaves in less than half an hour. (hurry up)
3) My handbag’s been stolen. (report to police)
4) We’re going to Africa on a safari holiday. (buy a good camera)
5) She stayed in the sun too long and was badly sunburst. (be more sensible)
6) You shall sit by me, and amuse me.
7) Now you shall look at it face to face.
8) Shall I leave the things here, sir?
9) I made a mistake about this afternoon. It shall not occur again.
10) If I come there you shall know about it.
11) You shall not slip through my fingers!
12) “ You shall see that Chris yourself tonight.”
6. Complete these sentences using the modal verbs
should
or
have to
with the correct form of the infinitive in brackets.
1) We should have called (call)
on him yesterday, but we were too busy as we … (attend)
an extra meeting. – We should have called on him yesterday, but we were too busy as we had to attend an extra meeting.
2) I … not (tell)
him this news; he was so much upset, but I really … (do)
so, for the circumstances demanded that.
3) You … (see)
him dance! You’ve missed a lot. I … (take)
you to the concert.
4) It was very hard work but we … (do)
it.
5) The mother … ( punish)
the boy severely to make him understand he was not right.
6) Although it was very painful for the mother but she … (punish)
the boy.
7. Translate from Russian into English.
1) Вы, должно быть, ошибаетесь, на двадцать пятой странице нет таких слов.
2) Вам следует помочь ей, она ведь очень устала.
3) Вам бы следовало сделать то, что я вам говорила, тогда вы не оказались бы в таком глупом положении.
4) Вы должны были мне сказать, что вы больны.
5) Вы не должны позволять ей читать в сумерки, она может испортить глаза.
6) Я вас, должно быть, неправильно понял и поэтому пришел так рано.
7) Почему я должен хвалить вашу работу? Она неудовлетворительна.
8) Почему я должен принять его предложение? Я не согласен с ним.
9) С какой стати я должен ему помогать?!
10) Ради чего я буду разговаривать с ней?
11) И зачем ты поедешь туда?
12) Это лекарство следует держать в холодном месте.
13) Вам не следует разочаровываться.
14) Вам следовало бы прекратить спор, как только поняли, что вы неправы.
15) Вам следует еще раз обдумать это предложение, прежде чем отвергнуть его.
16) Он должен был бы отказаться от приглашения, если он был так занят.
Unit 10 S h a l l
Shall
is found to express obligation,
warning, promise, threat.
It is also used to ask for instructions.
1.
Shall
is used in interrogative sentences with the first and third persons meaning obligation
or asking for instructions
: Shall
I
get you some coffee?
Who
shall
answer the phone?
It is rendered in Russian as: Принести вам еще кофе? Кому отвечать по телефону? Shall
I open the window? What on earth shall
we do?
2.
Shall
is used to express obligation
but it is always combined with the function of an auxiliary verb of the future tense. Shall
occurs in affirmative and negative sentences:
We shall
be landing
in Paris in 10 minutes. I shall
miss him terribly.
The verb is found with the second and the third person expressing promise, threat, warning.
You shall
have my answer tomorrow. You shall
stay just where you are! He shall
do as I say
!
I want to know all the gossip , all the scandal. – You shall
dear, you shall.
3.
Shall
is often used with third person to refer to duties:
The officer shall
be responsible for the fleet of lorries. The President shall
hold office for 5 years.
E x e r c i s e s
1. Comment on the meaning of the verb
shall
. Translate the sentences.
1) The victory of peace can and shall be won. There shall be no war! Shall expresses promise
it is always combined with the function of an auxiliary verb of the future tense
2) He shall do it whether he wants it or not.
3) What shall I do with it?
4) You shall answer for it!
5) The senior manager shall be responsible for this department.
6) It was an incredible feat, one which I shall never forget.
7) A player shall not lift the seam of the ball for any reason.
8) Shall we sort you out and make you more comfy?
9) The Prime Minister shall have power to fill up all vacancies that may happen in this field.
10) Verily I say unto you, that one of you shall betray me.
11) I shall be calling fore you at seven o’clock.
12) The editor’s decision is final and shall evermore remain so.
2. Make offers for the following situations. Think of your own situations.
1) An old lady clearly wants to put her large suitcase on the luggage rack.
2) A young woman is shivering and the window is open.
3) Your friend accidentally drops some sheets of paper on the floor.
3. Make suggestions to a friend for the following situations. You feel like ...
1) going for a swim? Shall we go for a swim?
Yes, let's./Yes. let's, shall we? No. I'd rather we didn't.
2) driving to the coast,
3) having a meal out this evening,
4) travelling first class,
5) having a holiday in.
6) going to the theatre,
7) visiting an art gallery,
8) baking a pie,
9) making a sea voyage,
10) climbing up the mountain,
11) calling a taxi,
4. Translate these sentences from Russian into English.
1) В котором часу мне приходить?
2) Ты никуда не пойдешь, пока не сделаешь уроки!
3) Не двигайся! Стой, где стоишь!
4) Эти глупцы будут делать то, что я им велю.
5) Сегодня ты выслушаешь меня, я не дам тебе уйти.
6) Они за всё мне ответят, вот увидишь!
7) Мне принести ещё кофе? – Да, спасибо.
8) Кому делать доклад? Кто будет отвечать за все?
9) Что же мы теперь будем делать!?
10) Финансовым отделом будет руководить Г-н Смитс.
Unit 11 Will and would
Will
and would
are considered to be the forms of the same verb. Its original meaning is volition
. However, in some of their meanings the use of will
is equal only to would
which denotes an actual fact in the past; in other meanings will
is
found alongside would
which expresses unreality in the present or serves as a more polite form of will.
§ 1 Will
and Would
for characteristic habit,
criticizing, natural tendency, and requests
1.
Will/would
describe characteristic habit/behaviour
or is used to criticise a person’s characteristic behaviour: In fine weather he will
often sit in the sun for hours. Marjory will
keep leaving her things all over the floor.
Moreover, would
is used with the same meaning as used to
. It refers to repeated actions and events in the past:
When we were children we would
go skating every winter.
2.
Will/would
are found to express natural tendency
: Water will
boil at 100°С. I planted a yucca plant last year but it wouldn
’t grow because it didn’t get enough sun.
3.
Will/would
+ not
are used as a refusal to perform an action: Drink your milk, Jeremiah! – I won’t
. The car wouldn’t
start this morning.
4.
Will/would
are found as requests, orders, offers
: Will
you send me the bill, please? Would
you be quiet!
E X E R C I S E S
1. Comment on the meaning of the verb
will
and
would
. Translate the sentences.
1) You will not discuss this matter with anyone.
2) Will you drive me home?
3) He kicked pushed that door. It wouldn’t open.
4) He will leave his socks lying all over the place and it drives me mad.
5) The show will be open to the public at 2 p.m.
6) Won’t you stay here and have supper with us?
7) All right, I will forgive you.
8) My car won’t start!
2. Make requests for the following situations. You want someone to
1) hold the door open for you. Will/would you hold the door open for me?
2) dial a number for you
3) translate a letter for you
4) deliver some flowers for you.
5) show the way to the station.
3. Use a phrase with
will
or
would
in place of the words in italics.
1) She always used
to tell us a story before we went to bed. She would always tell us a story before we went to bed.
2) She still tells
us a story occasionally.
3) They only used to
discuss family matters with the priest.
4) He's very good, you know. He plays with that toy for hours on end
.
5) When he needed extra money, he used to
work overtime.
6) She doesn't always tell
the truth, I'm afraid.
§ 2 Will
and would
for intention, insistence,
certainty or supposition
1.
Will/would
are used with the first person to express will, intention
or determination
: I say I will
do anything for him. We thought we wouldn’t
interfere
.
2.
Will/would
are served to imply insistence
or consent
in if-clauses
: ‘
It’s about forty minutes’ walk from here and if you will
come now I’ll go with you. If you would
help me I should make another attempt.
NOTE:
Will
is not normally used after if-
clauses: If the weather is
fine, we will go to the bank of the river
(conditional sentence).
3.
Will
may convey the meaning of certainty
or supposition
about present or future situations: Don’t phone them now. – They will
be having dinner. This will
be the school, I believe
.
Will
+ Perfect
Infinitive
expresses certainty about the past: We can’t go and see them now. They will
have gone
to bed.
4.
Would
is found to express that something was to be expected
. The meaning is rather sarcastical: ‘Paula is very brave.’ ‘Yes, she would
be brave.’ I don’t approve of his decision.’ ‘No, you wouldn’t
.’
It is rendered in Russian as: этого и следовало ожидать.
Learn some set phrases:
· Boys will
be boys (Мальчишки остаются мальчишками)
.
· Accidents will
happen (Без несчастных случаев дело не обходится).
· Would rather
,
would sooner
are followed by an Infinitive
without to
.
They mean ‘to prefer’.
I would rather
do
it myself.
· Would…mind…doing
in questions means ‘to object’: Would
you mind
my smoking
in?
The construction may express a polite request: Would
you mind getting
me a cup of tea?
E x e r c i s e s
1. Comment on the meaning of the verb
will
and
would
. Translate the sentences.
1) If you overcook the pancakes they will be difficult to roll.
2) I will say no more on this matter, important though it was
3) As many as ten million children will have been infected with the virus by the end of the decade.
4) The holidays will have done him the world of good.
5) He expressed the hope that on Monday elementary schools would be reopened.
6) It was half past nine; her mother would be annoyed because she was so late.
7) They said they would give the police their full cooperation.
2. Emma and Sadie are students. They've both got exams tomorrow. Complete their conversation using a
modal verb + be + the -ing
form of each verb in brackets. Use the modal verbs
ought to, might, must
and
would.
Sadie: –
You (1) (do) some work. You ought to be doing some work, Emma.
Emma:
- Hello, Sadie. Aren't you doing any work? You (2) (revise) for the exams.
Sadie : –
I (3) (read) my notes if I had them, but I've lost them.
Emma:
- Good Lord! How awful! Do you want to look at mine?
Sadie:
- No, thanks. It's okay. Don't worry, Emma. Exams aren't important.
Emma
: -Not important! You (4) (joke)
! I (look)
everywhere if my notes were lost.
Sadie:
- Well, I'll probably find them before tomorrow.
Emma:
-Have you seen Lisa? She's got a book of mine.
Sadie:
-She was in here not long ago. Perhaps she's outside. She (5) (sit)
in the garden.
Emma
: – I'll go and have a look. Then I (6) (go).
I have to get to the library before it closes.
Sadie:
- What are you doing tonight, Emma?
Emma:
- Revising, of course. Aren't you?
Sadie:
- I (7) (play)
tennis with Rebecca if the weather stays fine.
3. Oral Activity.
Say what you would be doing at the moment if today were a different day of the week. Find out what the other members of the class would be doing (or might be doing) if it were a Saturday or a Sunday.
4. Put in appropriate forms of the past
used to, will
,
would
. Alternatives are possible. Retell the story.
WATER, WATER EVERYWHERE.
The thing I remember most about my childhood was my visits to my aunt Charlotte in her lovely country house. She (1) (be)
used to be
/was
a remarkable woman by any standards. She (2) (be)
really skilled at water-divining and she (3) (find)
water on the most unpromising bits of land. The farmers (4) (love)
her, especially as she (5) (never accept)
money for water-divining. “Water (6) (always find)
its own level” she (7) (say)
and “I know exactly where that level is.” “Water-divining is a gift from God and you don't accept payment for that.” She had a gift for noticing changes in the weather, too. “It’s going to rain soon,” she (8) (say)
. “I can feel it in my bones,” and she (9) (always be)
right! In her later years, she developed a bad back and (10) (often visit)
her osteopath. She (11) (never tired)
of telling us that her osteopath (12) (say)
as he massaged her painful back. “It’s going to rain, Charlotte, I can feel it in your bones!”
5. Fill in the blanks with the modal verbs
shall/will
or
should/would
.
1) Can you walk as far as the car or shall
I bring it round?
2) I … not come down with you. I … go home.
3) If I’ve got him, they can’t take him. He … not go. I … not let him.
4) You’ve asked for my opinion and by God you … have it.
5) No harm … be done to your child. I … see to it.
6) If you … not take any steps you … never got rid of the malady.
7) When he grew blind he … sit hour after hour in those two rooms that he had painted, looking at his works with sightless eyes.
8) I let the young man to go where he … with my box and money.
9) My aunt … not hear of staying to dinner, lest she … by any chance fail to arrive at home.
6. Translate the following sentences into English.
1) Вы этого не сделаете. Запомните это!
2) Я сделаю эту работу к сроку, хотя бы мне и пришлось не спать всю ночь.
3) Магазин, должно быть, еще открыт. Если вы поторопитесь, вы успеете купить хлеб.
4) Он сказал, что ему придется уехать через несколько дней, но мы и слушать не хотели.
5) Не старайтесь доказать ему, что вы правы; его никогда нельзя убедить. Он очень упрямый.
6) Вы ответите за ваши действия.
7) Вам придется держать экзамен еще раз. Вам надо обратить большое внимание на грамматику.
8) Какое упражнение мне читать? – Можете начать с любого.
9) Я полагаю, это и есть твой дом!
10) Я не допущу, чтобы вы разговаривали со мной в таком тоне.
11) Дети – всегда дети.
12) Я скорее сделаю это сама, чем оставлю это своей сестре.
Review Exercises
1. Peter, Jan and Lima are foreign students at an English-speaking university. Put each verb in brackets into the simple present, simple past or present perfect. What rules do governments usually make about people entering their country? Are there different rules for tourists, for students, and for people who want to live and work there? Discuss with other members of your class.
Peter:
|
-
I'll be sad to leave here. But I (1) (have to)
leave at the end of my course.
|
Jan:
|
- I still don't know if I can stay longer or not. I (2) (not be able to)
make any plans during the last two years, Lima. My problem was getting in here. I (3) (have to)
get a visa before I left home. I wanted to come here a year earlier, but I (4) (not allowed to)
|
Peter:
|
-
Money is a problem, too. I (5) (not be allowed to)
work since I came here.
|
Jan:
|
-
Ever since I came here, I (6) (have to)
report to the police every week.
|
2. Choose the most suitable words underlined.
1) I don’t think you could/should
tell anyone yet.
2) I couldn’t/shouldn’t
possibly leave without pain.
3) That mustn’t/can’t
be the place Patrick told us about.
4) There are times when the traffic here can/could
be really heavy.
5) We are enjoying our holiday though the weather could/must
be better.
6) You couldn’t/shouldn’t
really be sitting here.
7) You could/may
be older than me, but that doesn’t mean you are cleverer.
8) I might/should
suppose your job is rather difficult.
9) No member of the association must/shall
remove official documents from these premises without written permission.
10) You may/can
be in charge, but it doesn’t give you the right to be rude.
11) Although I tried hard I couldn’t/mightn’t
lift the suitcase.
12) This beach should be/shall be
deserted.
13) I think you should/must
go to Brighton for a week.
3.
Oral Activity
Imagine that tomorrow you plan to go on a 15-mile walk in the country with three or four other people in your class. Discuss with them what you ought to wear and what you ought to take with you. Give reasons for your suggestions.
4. Put in
will have to, must, having to, has to, should, had to, have to, should have.
Retell the story.
ARIJABA!
The Post Office in Britain is famous for getting letters and parcels to their destinations. The problem is that we the public (1) have to
observe the rules. For example, we (2) ...... put a stamp on a letter. If we don’t, the recipient (3) ....... pay double. We often see the sign ALL LETTERS (4) ......... BE CORRECTLY ADDRESSED. These days, this means (5) ......... use postcodes. If you didn’t use a postcode, it’s no good complaining that your letter (6) ......... arrived sooner. Parcels are a problem because they (7) ........ be correctly packaged. If Aunt Sophia is going to send you a jar of your favourite jam, she (8) ........ wrap it up well. The most important thing we (9) ........ do is to address our letters and parcels legibly and correctly. This means clear handwriting and correct spelling. What we (10) ........ do and what we actually do are often miles apart. Recently, the Post Office (11) …….. deliver a letter which showed a name followed by the word ARIJABA. What is this, do you think? Arabic? Hindustani? Wrong both times! Say it out loud and you will see it is just plain (misspelt!) English: HARWICH HARBOUR!
5. Complete the sentences with appropriate modals (
can, must, may
).
1) It’s a beautiful dress. It ... (cost)
a lot of money.
2) There’s been a terrible accident. We ... (ring)
for an ambulance.
3) You ... (eat)
between meals. You’ll get fat.
4) You ... (let)
the children get their hands on those bottles. The contents are poisonous.
5) You ... (finish)
the job this evening. There is no hurry.
6) I ... (go)
to work by bus but since the fares went up I’ve been going on foot.
7) He had to go by train because he ... (not afford)
the air fare.
8) You’d better take an umbrella. It’s cloudy and it ... (rain)
.
9) I think we’ve probably missed the train but we ... (catch)
it if we run all the way to the station.
10) Anyone ... (make)
a mistake. No one is perfect.
11) She ... (not take)
the money. She wasn’t in the office that day.
12) They are all taking photographs of the person getting off the plane. It ... (be)
someone famous.
13) I’m sorry. I don’t seem to have brought the papers with me. I ... (leave)
them in my office.
14) I don’t think they know one another but they come from the same town, so they ... (meet)
when they were children.
6. Choose the sentence closest in meaning to the sentences given.
1) It’s possible that we’ll know the answers tomorrow.
a)
We may know all the answers tomorrow.
b)
We should know all the answers tomorrow.
2) I don’t think you should ring him now. It’s rather late.
a)
You might not ring him now. It’s rather late.
b)
You’d better not ring him now. It’s rather late.
3) You needn’t come if you don’t want to.
a)
You won’t come if you don’t want to.
b)
You don’t have to come if you don’t want to.
4) I think it’s wrong for you to work so hard.
a)
You don’t have to work so hard.
b)
You shouldn’t work so hard.
5) I hope one day we can meet again in more favourable circumstances.
a)
It’s possible that we’ll meet again in more favourable circumstances.
b)
I hope to meet you again in more favourable circumstances.
6) In the end we succeeded in communicating with sign language.
a)
In the end we might communicate with sign language.
b)
In the end we were able to communicate with sign language.
7.
Rewrite each of the following sentences using the modal verb
should
and one of the words listed:
important, normal, odd, insisted, warned, incredible